SOLUTION: The internal extension was connected to the Native port rather than the Programming port.
I took it apart. Disconnected the extension, and tried connecting to the port it was plugged into. No good. Then I noticed the other port, noticed the labelling, and thought "hey, I remember this Native/Programming port thing". I reread the messages in this thread, and got the gist that I should be plugged into the Programming port. I plugged my MacBook into the Programming port and it worked like a charm. I plugged the extension into the Programming port, reassembled everything, and it all works perfectly!
If I set 001 and hold DEPOSIT when powering up, I can connect through wi-fi. If I don't hold DEPOSIT up, I can connect to USB.
I am VERY happy, albeit a little slow on the uptake. Thank you for all the help.