files generated in MBASIC would be saved inside the DISK Image as a file which is on the SD inside the disk image you mounted.
1) you could pull files from the DISK Image using CPMTOOLS. so you would transfer the SD to your PC then use CPMTOOLS to open the disk image and pull out the file you want.
2) you could transfer the files using XMODEM(pcput/pcget) to and from your modern PC using terminal software. this requires either a wifi or serial connection and i find it much faster and easier since you
do not have to keep removing the micro SD from the altair-duino.
Yes, you can hook up a serial printer or a parallel printer with a serial converter.
Directly using a parallel printer is more difficult and would require programming a driver and using the I/O BUS parallel card.
I use a few different OKIDATA printers with my setup.