That's an interesting observation about the third letter of the word
determining which indefinite article is to be used. I can't think of
many exceptions on the spur of the moment.
The rule that I've always applied determines the article by the way that
the "u" is pronounced. If it's pronounced as though there's a hidden
"y" in front of the "u" (as in "usual" but not in "unusual") then you
use "a" otherwise, you use "an".
rmj
For example we say A UNIVERSITY but AN UMBRELLA. A quick look through
the dictionary suggests that if the third letter of the noun is I then
A is used otherwise we use AN.
Is this correct.
As I do not usually read this group an e-mail reply would be
appreciated but I will try to look hear over the next few days.
:
We are born naked, wet and hungry. Then it gets worse.
>John Cranmer wrote:
>>
>> For example we say A UNIVERSITY but AN UMBRELLA. A quick look through
>> the dictionary suggests that if the third letter of the noun is I then
>> A is used otherwise we use AN.
>>
>> Is this correct.
No, you should use a question mark after an interrogative.
--
Markus Deill
>Forgive me if this is a FAQ but I have been asked by a Dutch friend to
>clarify the correct use of A or AN infront of nouns starting with the
>letter U.
>
>For example we say A UNIVERSITY but AN UMBRELLA. A quick look through
>the dictionary suggests that if the third letter of the noun is I then
>A is used otherwise we use AN.
>
>Is this correct.
The rule is to use "an" when the next word starts with a vowel sound,
and "a" when the next word starts with a consonant sound.
"Umbrella" clearly starts with a vowel sound, the "short u".
"University", on the other hand, starts with "long u", as in
"yoonivertity". Since it starts with a "y" sound, it is preceded with
"an" instead of "a".
Other examples:
a ukelele
a unit
a use
an uncle
an udder
an undertaker
>As I do not usually read this group an e-mail reply would be
>appreciated but I will try to look hear over the next few days.
Posted and e-mailed at your request. Please don't reply by e-mail.
Edward
--
J. Edward Sanchez <je...@lightlink.com>
http://www.spiresoft.com/ (SoftArts)
http://www.spiresoft.com/jess/ (Edward's Place)
A unanimous rejection of what was
an unintentional joke ? Sheesh.
>The rule that I've always applied determines the article by the way that
>the "u" is pronounced. If it's pronounced as though there's a hidden
>"y" in front of the "u" (as in "usual" but not in "unusual") then you
>use "a" otherwise, you use "an".
Right. The pronunciation determines whether the article is "a" or "an."
This one, though it gets frequently asked, isn't in the FAQ. Probably
because it's too simple. The FAQ doesn't list elementary grammar rules
either.
Daan "learned this one in grade school - as a foreign language" Sandee
Burlington, MA Use this email address: sandee (at) east . sun . com
From the alt.usage.english FAQ:
> "A" is used before words beginning with consonants; "an", before
> words beginning with vowels. This is determined by sound, not
> spelling ("a history", "an hour", "a unit", "a European", "a one").
So your Dutch friend must know how the word is supposed to be
pronounced. If it starts with a vowel sound, use "a", and if it
starts with a consonant sound, regardless of which letter it
begins with, use "an". "Unit" begins with a "y" sound, "one"
begins with a "w" sound, "university" with a "y".
-Curtis Cameron
John
> For example we say A UNIVERSITY but AN UMBRELLA. A quick look through
> the dictionary suggests that if the third letter of the noun is I then
> A is used otherwise we use AN.
That rule holds for surprisingly many examples, even though it is not
the general rule. The general rule is: spelling is irrelevant, if the
PRONUNCIATION of the word begins with a consonant sound, use "a",
otherwise, use "an". University is pronounced as though it begins
with the consanant Y (Yewniversity), so it takes the article "A".
Some examples:
a univerisity
a unanimous verdict (breaks your "third letter I" rule)
an umbrella
an utterance
an ugly duckling
a Ukranian (breaks the "third letter I" rule)
a unique situation
an historic occasion (if you don't pronounce the "H" in "historic")
a historic occasion (if you DO pronounce the "H" in "historic")
Note the ambiguity with "historic". Since its pronunciation varies
regionally, the selection of "a" vs. "an" varies likewise.
--Rich
Well said, and it would have been even better if the examples had included
one for which John's "rule" fails: An uninvited guest.
On Tue, 4 Feb 1997, Ralph M Jones wrote:
> John Cranmer wrote:
> >
> > For example we say A UNIVERSITY but AN UMBRELLA. A quick look through
> > the dictionary suggests that if the third letter of the noun is I then
> > A is used otherwise we use AN.
> >
> > Is this correct.
> >
> > jo...@jacy.demon.co.uk
>
> That's an interesting observation about the third letter of the word
> determining which indefinite article is to be used. I can't think of
> many exceptions on the spur of the moment.
>
> The rule that I've always applied determines the article by the way that
> the "u" is pronounced. If it's pronounced as though there's a hidden
> "y" in front of the "u" (as in "usual" but not in "unusual") then you
> use "a" otherwise, you use "an".
>
> rmj
>
* 'An' also has to appear before words which a silent 'h' before
vowels thus:
an hour an historical essay an honour and (US) an herb but
(Brit.) a herb
I've found, as a teacher of English as a Foreign Language, that while to
native speakers there is a supreme ease in using 'an' before a following
vowel sound (and it's the sound on the phoneme level which is crucuial,
not the orthographical level) for many people learning English it's quite
usual to use 'a' in such cases. If you or I tried this (if you are a
native speaker) you might find it jars.
Can anyone think of any other cases where 'an' is used apart from before a
vowel (at orthographic level), except when the sound is [ju:] or 'h'
precedes the vowel?
mpds
The second case is also a US/British difference:
US (most dialects): a historical essay
Brit: an historical essay
That is, in the US, most people pronounce the "h" on "historical"
just as the British pronounce the "h" on "herb".
--
Larry Krakauer (lar...@kronos.com)
And, of course, "an 11th hour reprieve".
Philip Eden
Ah, but FAQ takes a different article depending on how you say FAQ
a fack
an eff-ay-cue
Rick
> Can anyone think of any other cases where 'an' is used apart from before a
> vowel (at orthographic level), except when the sound is [ju:] or 'h'
> precedes the vowel?
On the orthographic level, before letters that have an initial vowel
sound? "An MGM production", for instance.
Adrian
(who once heard an audience member whispering to the rest of the theatre
"Shouldn't that be '*A* MGM'?")
Actually, in the UK also, most people pronounce the "h" on "historical".
Using "an" is just an affectation, and quite rare. It tends to come
up in some stock phrases, like "This is an historical occasion".
Hysterical, isn't it?
--
Chris Perrott
Quoting "M.P.D.Simmons"<mpds from a message in alt.usage.english
>* 'An' also has to appear before words which a silent 'h' before
>vowels thus:
>an hour an historical essay an honour
>and (US) an herb but (Brit.) a herb
Do you really say "an 'istorical"? I would say "a historical".
Bill McCray (billm...@delphi.com)
Lexington, KY
I'm no linguist. I suspect, however, that there can be different
degrees of aspiration and, thus, that a rule like "'a' is used before
words beginning with a consonant-sound" can fail even though
"historical", for instance, be aspirated.
+Larry Krakauer wrote:
+>
+> That is, in the US, most people pronounce the "h" on "historical"
+> just as the British pronounce the "h" on "herb".
+
+Actually, in the UK also, most people pronounce the "h" on "historical".
+Using "an" is just an affectation, and quite rare. It tends to come
+up in some stock phrases, like "This is an historical occasion".
+Hysterical, isn't it?
I think you mean 'an historic occasion' - the use of the present tense
with 'historical' seems to lack logic!
regards
Gareth Williams <g...@fmode.demon.co.uk>
Adrian Tan <as...@usyd.edu.au> wrote in article
<3308E0...@usyd.edu.au>...
> I'm no linguist. I suspect, however, that there can be different
> degrees of aspiration and, thus, that a rule like "'a' is used before
> words beginning with a consonant-sound" can fail even though
> "historical", for instance, be aspirated.
This is very interesting. It seems comfortable for me to use the phrase
"an historic whatever" but I would never say "an hip" or "an hill."
Hmmm....
My introspection brings up another question: Is there a rule for the
pronunciation of the word "a?" When is it proper to say "*ay* hill" versus
"*uh* hill." (Sorry guys, I don't know the appropriate pronunciation
symbols.)
--Scott
> +Using "an" is just an affectation, and quite rare. It tends to come
> +up in some stock phrases, like "This is an historical occasion".
>
> I think you mean 'an historic occasion' - the use of the present tense
> with 'historical' seems to lack logic!
"An historic occasion" is certainly more conventional :-)
--
Chris Perrott
Ruud Harmsen: http://utopia.knoware.nl/users/rharmsen/index.htm
_________________________________________________________________________
Michael P.D. Simmons Tel: +44 (0)1227 787800 x70
Assistant to the Vice-Chancellor Fax: +44 (0)1227 784267
Chaucer College, University Road, Canterbury, Kent UK CT2 7LJ
But I could also ask 'Do you really say 'erb, I say herb'.
mpds
>
>
>
On second thoughts, I'm not sure that that speculation amounts to much
more than an example of me being whimsical. I find the "use 'an' before
words beginning with aitch that aren't accented on the first syllable"
idea much more persuasive (but do people who use "an" with "hundred"
aspirate "hundred"?).
On third thoughts, no stress might correspond to less aspiration
anyway...
Adrian
(who just doesn't know, and never did)
The rule is that `a' is used before a consonant sound, `an' before a vowel
sound. The spelling is an imperfect guide, as `h' may or may not represent
a sound, `eu' is pronounced `yoo', and `u' may be.
`An historical' is a special case. Historical used to be pronounced without
an `h' sound, so `an' was regular. Now that the h sound has been introduced
from the spelling (and from `history'), `an historical' is without justification
other than as a piece of cute academic affectation :->
Kim
Quoting "M.P.D.Simmons"<mpds from a message in alt.usage.english
>But I could also ask 'Do you really say 'erb, I say herb'.
>mpds
Actually, I've said it both ways. However, my question was not
just whether you pronounce the "h" or not. It was whether you
pronounce the "h" after "an" in "an historical"? I pronounce the
"h", so I precede it with "a", not "an".
Incidentally, on the "degrees of aspiration" idea, I've found some
support in Michael Swan's "Practical English Usage" -- "There are a few
other words, like _hotel_... , _habitual_..., which begin with _h_ in an
unstressed syllable. Some people use the articles _an_ and _the_...
before these and drop the _h_, or pronounce it very lightly."
I didn't realize that "historical" used to be pronounced without the
aitch. :-)
: Kim Bastin wrote:
:
: > In <330D6A...@usyd.edu.au> as...@usyd.edu.au writes:
:
: > > On second thoughts, I'm not sure that that speculation amounts to much
: > > more than an example of me being whimsical. I find the "use 'an' before
: > > words beginning with aitch that aren't accented on the first syllable"
: > > idea much more persuasive (but do people who use "an" with "hundred"
: > > aspirate "hundred"?).
: > > On third thoughts, no stress might correspond to less aspiration
: > > anyway...
: >
: > `An historical' is a special case. Historical used to be pronounced without
: > an `h' sound, so `an' was regular. Now that the h sound has been introduced
: > from the spelling (and from `history'), `an historical' is without justification
: > other than as a piece of cute academic affectation :->
:
: Incidentally, on the "degrees of aspiration" idea, I've found some
: support in Michael Swan's "Practical English Usage" -- "There are a few
: other words, like _hotel_... , _habitual_..., which begin with _h_ in an
: unstressed syllable. Some people use the articles _an_ and _the_...
: before these and drop the _h_, or pronounce it very lightly."
: I didn't realize that "historical" used to be pronounced without the
: aitch. :-)
All these words used to be. They are borrowed from French, which has no _h_
(except in the spelling). There has been a tendency in English to introduce
an _h_ sound from the spelling, with the result that e.g. _an 'otel_, though
historically right, is now either pedantic or - paradoxically - non-standard.
A contrary tendency, still with us, is to drop _h_ (the sound) in unstressed
syllables. This can be seen in the weak forms of _his_, _him_, _her_, _have_,
_has_, _had_. This may have tended to maintain pairs such as _history_ (_h_ in
stressed syllable) vs. _(h)istoric(al)_ (_h_ in unstressed syllable).
Kim
French now has two aitches: one, as you say, completely silent
(as in "l'hotel", "l'histoire"), and one with an aspiration
(as in "le homard", "la harpiste"; note that this aspiration doesn't
have a puff of air from the lungs as in some English aitches).
I don't know what the French pronunciation situation was when these
words were imported to English.
..................
Naughty quipu quip
Matthew Rabuzzi
Yes, "an" is used before the letters F, H, L, M, N, R, S, and X
when they are pronounced as letters (because they all start with
vowel sounds), even those these letters are called consonants:
an FDA regulation
an HMO
an L.L. Bean catalog
an M&M
an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
an R&B band
an SF novel
an X ray
There are also examples like these:
an Yves Saint Laurent suit
an yttrium compound
And going the other way, "a" is used before the letter U when
it's pronounced as a letter:
a U-turn
a UN peacekeeping operation
It's also used before words that begin with the letter O in
writing but a /w/ in sound:
a one
a Ouija board
a Ouagadougou resident
People who are confused just need to abandon the idea that the
choice of "a" versus "an" has anything to do with starting
letters. It is based purely on whether the starting *sound* is
a vowel or a consonant.
Keith C. Ivey <kci...@cpcug.org> Washington, DC
Contributing Editor/Webmaster
The Editorial Eye <http://www.eeicom.com/eye/>