On Wed, 22 Sep 2021 13:44:11 -0700 (PDT), "Peter T. Daniels"
I remember the Vietnam War, Tootsie. Very clearly.
Tan Son Nhut Air base, Saigon, RVN
1968 - 1969
Lecture I put together in graduate school:
>Let me begin by giving you a short, cultural vignette of the French
>colonization of Indochina in the 19th Century. This area was a
>veritable melting pot of nationalities when the French arrived in 1885
>- the Vietnamese, Chinese, Cambodians (or the Khmer) and a variety of
>mountain tribes. The French, then, rapidly colonized the area under
>the name of French Indochina.
>
>Reports tell us that the French administration of Indochina was as
>well run and as efficient as the best of the colonial governments, but
>the truth is that the French kept the colony for more prestige than
>economic logic. The colonial budgets for not only Indochina but other
>French colonies show that they were expensive and costly to operate.
>
>The French built a system of roads, bridges, canals, railways, and
>communication facilities. Another thing they did throughout their
>colonial empire was to encourage first-born native sons to pack their
>bags and attend the finest French academies and schools. The only
>problem with this plan was that these well-educated young men
>eventually returned to Indochina only to find themselves unemployed or
>at best, underemployed. French colonial administration refused to
>employ nationals in their civil service positions as a matter of
>foreign policy.
>
>As a result, of course, there was a growing pool of discontented and
>disillusioned young men, and we can imagine that the first
>anti-French, pro-Vietnamese independence nationalist groups arose.
>These clandestine organizations operated in the 1920s and into the
>1930s engaging in hit-and-run activities and sabotage. One of these
>groups was a little more successful than the others - The
>Revolutionary League for the Independence of Vietnam, popularly called
>the "Viet Minh". Its leader was a young, passionate revolutionary with
>the birth name of Nguyen Sinh Cung, also known as Nguyen Tat Thành and
>"Nguyen Ái Quoc".
>
>Ai Quoc came from a fairly well-to-do family; he attended schools in
>both Vietnam and France. He reported lived in the Soho section of
>London, and Harlem in New York City where he witnessed first-hand the
>urban squalor of the industrialized world. We might appreciate why
>this disillusioned Vietnamese son turned to the writings of Karl Marx
>and other radicals for some answers. Ai Quoc's discontent was
>compounded by America's refusal to give anything but lip service to
>the frantic pleas of Vietnamese nationals following World War I.
>President Wilson had espoused on several occasions support for
>Vietnamese independence from France, but the problems he encountered
>following the war focused his attention elsewhere.
>
>So Nguyen Ái Quoc was leading his band of rebels on various
>clandestine activities against the French in the 1920s and 1930s. At
>various periods throughout this time, he was imprisoned, and at one
>point he was sentenced to death in absentia by a French colonial
>court. Apparently, he would have been extradited from Hong Kong to
>probable execution in Vietnam had a young British lawyer not pleaded
>his case and won. At various times throughout his early life, Ai Quoc
>was forced to use various aliases and assumed names, but in 1941, he
>secretly traveled from China to Vietnam and began to use the name, "Ho
>Chi Minh", meaning "He Who Enlightens".
>
>(A word about China: China had been organized under the leadership of
>Sun Yat Sen, The Father of Modern China and founder of the
>Nationalist Chinese Movement, the Kuomintang (various spellings). Sun
>Yat Sen died in 1925 and was replaced by his chief disciple, Chang
>Kai Sheck. In the late 1930s, Chang watched and supported any
>anti-French group operating in southern China, an area that provided
>excellent "hit and run" activities for the various indigenous groups
>who were in conflict with the French.)
>
>With the defeat of the French in 1940, Indochina was left virtually
>helpless without any support at all from the Allies. In 1942, Japan
>over-ran Southeast Asia and quickly occupied the country.
>
>Now, unlike the French, the Japanese chose to staff its civil service
>with Vietnamese nationals who pledged cooperation. There were a
>number of political organizations in operation at that time, as well,
>the largest of which was the "Viet Minh" headed by the Marxist
>revolutionary, Nuguyen Ai Quoc, who was now known popularly as "Ho Chi
>Minh". The brutality of the Japanese in occupying the region is
>well-documented, and in 1943, the Viet Minh promised to aid the Allied
>war effort; thus, they created the first "anti-Japanese guerrilla
>force in Vietnam that was responsible for rescuing American flyers
>shot down in Indochina. The Viet Minh supplied valuable intelligence
>and helped spread propaganda, too. It was the American view that any
>anti-Japanese group operating in Southeast Asia would be actively
>aided and supported. At various times throughout the conflict,
>American OSS agents were parachuted into Southeast Asia to collaborate
>with the Viet Minh in anti-Japanese activities.
>
>TBC.....
The Viet Minh were at this time operating as "double agents. On the
one hand, they assisted the Japanese in the administration of Vietnam;
on the other hand, they were subversively sabotaging the Japanese war
effort in any way possible. From this situation we can perhaps
understand why President Roosevelt sent messages to both Charles De
Gaulle, head of the French free government, and to the leaders of the
anti-Japanese subversive groups operating in Southeast Asia stating
unequivocally that France would have to divest herself Indochina at
the conclusion of the war. At the earlier conferences of Tehran and
Yalta, all parties generally agreed, though some with reluctance, that
France had mismanaged and misruled Indochina over the years, and a
kind of trustee arrangement leading to self-rule was thought to be the
best solution.
In the Spring of 1945, Germany capitulated, and most of the attention
was focused on the Pacific Theater where an early end to the
hostilities did not seem promising. A study by the Joint Chiefs of
Staff concluded that a satisfactory conclusion of the war would not
take place for a minimum of two years. Of course, this would change
with the detonation of the two atomic devices at Hiroshima and
Nagasaki. Americans were flabbergasted and totally unprepared for the
swift Japanese surrender in August, 1945.
There is little doubt in my mind from the diplomatic reports I am
familiar with that had President Roosevelt lived, the French would not
have returned to Indochina , but unfortunately, FDR died in April,
1945 and was replaced by his vice-president, Harry S. Truman. Much
has been said about Truman's "straight-talking", "no-nonsense", "the
buck stops here" type of personality, but Truman just didn't have the
background and sensitivity that Roosevelt possessed, and as a result,
Truman overlooked Indochina; he was more interested in winning the war
against Japan. Furthermore, FDR had kept him largely in the dark
about war matters. By the time Truman went to Pottsdam in the summer
of 1945, the free French under De Gaulle had already decided to return
to Indochina. De Gaulle even threatened an invasion, but one product
of the Pottsdam conference was the introduction of the 17th Parallel
that split the nation into two zones to facilitate administration -
North and South Vietnam.
The Burma Campaign under Stillwell and Mountbatten never really got
off the ground, and when VJ Day came on September 1, 1945, another
problem was created by thousands of Japanese troops who all had to be
repatriated. Under the agreement at Pottsdam, General Chang Kai Sheck
sent an army from southern China to police the area north of the 17th
Parallel; a combined force of British, Indian and Gurka troops
occupied the southern zone where they took care of administration and
re-organization. Also, on this day, General Charles De Gaulle let it
be known to the world by announcing that France was returning to
Indochina. About the same time, an American general and Ho Chi Minh
were standing on the balcony of the Presidential Palace in Hanoi
toasting "a free and independent Vietnam!"
But Ho smelled a "sell-out" and ordered his fighters into Hanoi; the
French had returned en-masse in early 1946, and the "old life" began
to return. General Chang Kai Sheck was only too glad to relinquish
control of the north to the French; he wanted to return to China where
there was worsening instability. Eventually, all of the Japanese
troops, both in the north and south, were successfully repatriated
during this period.
TBC.....