Absolutely! Ordinary Germans couldn't get (real) coffee so they sure
weren't going to obtain it for prisoners. (Apparently, the Germans *did*
have fake coffee, made with chicory or such things, but it wasn't
considered satisfactory compared to real coffee. I'm not sure if POWs
had even fake coffee.)
> The
> POWs counted on those Red Cross packages. They weren't outright
> mistreated, but if there was a storm, I bet they weren't going to shift
> manpower to clearing the tracks to get supplies to the camps if it meant
> not getting supplies to the soldiers at the front.
I suspect you're right. I can imagine some Nazi bigshot declaring that
they weren't going to let soldier starve or do without ammunition just
so that foreign prisoners could live decently.
> I'm sure they
> weren't allowed to keep the huts really hot, and I bet they weren't well
> insulated.
>
Germany had an abundance of coal and there was no stigma to burning coal
in those days so heating may not have been a big problem. Then again,
people to mine the coal were probably mostly at the front. I'm not sure
what kind of stockpiles they'd accumulated by the time the war started.
If the stockpiles were big enough, maybe they could just use the
stockpiles while the miners put on uniforms and headed off to the front....
>> (The Soviet Union hadn't signed the Geneva Accords so the Germans did
>> not treat Soviet POWs nearly as well as British/American/Canadian
>> prisoners.) However, if you read Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago, it
>> is clear that harsh weather was not going to get you a day off. Soviet
>> prisoners sometimes went out to work in -75 degree weather. Their
>> winter clothing was meager and their buildings - when they had
>> buildings - were poorly heated at best. On top of that, they were very
>> poorly fed and made to work at least 6 days a week and often 7 for
>> long hours. They often had to walk for a couple of hours each way to
>> get to a work site - felling trees for instance - before they could
>> start their work assignments. They were marched under guard and with a
>> warning that a single step away from the rest of the group would get
>> them shot without warning or mauled by one of the guard dogs.
>>
> The Gulag was more like the nazi concentration camps. I don't think the
> Soviets really cared about the prisoners, whether they were German POWs,
> or Soviet political prisoners. It didnt' seem to matter how many died,
> and they probably figured it wsa better. Remember, if you went to the
> Gulag, you generally were sentenced for life. You had a finite
> sentence, but in many cases, you were supposed to stay in SIberia. That
> changed with time, especially after Stalin died.
>
You're essentially right. Sentences *were* finite. Typically, political
prisoners got three years in the very early days after the revolution.
This gradually got extended to 8 years, then 25 years. It was very
common for people nearing the end of their sentence to get another
slapped on. Survivors of the camps - and only one in seven survived -
were usually prohibited from living in European Russia. They usually had
to stay a fixed distance from Moscow - I think it was 150km - but that
left a LOT of country.
> I seem to recall reading that some of those political prisoners were
> there simply because they'd been caught by the nazis. It was considered
> a crime to become a POW.
>
The ones who got sent to the Gulag were the lucky ones. Many former POWs
were simply shot. Churchill was very concerned about this as WW II wound
down. He knew Stalin's views and fought hard - but unsuccessfully - to
prevent forced repatriations of Soviet POWs. He knew they would feel
Stalin's wrath.
It was common knowledge in the Red Army that you NEVER admitted to being
captured by the enemy. There were cases of Soviet soldiers being
captured by the Germans and then escaping just a few hours later. In
every case, they were shot. Stalin was sure that if they had been in the
German clutches for even a few hours, they would have been "turned" and
were now enemies of the Soviet Union. After a few such incidents, Soviet
soldiers realized that the only conceivable thing was to say that you'd
been briefly lost in the forest or whatever and NOT captured.
>> In some cases, prisoners had no buildings of any kind. When a new camp
>> was being started, they'd simply dig holes and STAND in them all night
>> to get some shelter from the elements. Then, they'd get a meager meal
>> and be expected to do the heavy work of felling trees and constructing
>> buildings. It might be days or weeks before the barracks were
>> completed or at least habitable.
>>
> There are at least two books about Americans who ended up in the USSR
> during the 30s (because there was work and their parents brought them
> over), who ended up in the Gulag. "Coming out of the Ice" was one of
> them, made into a movie that I saw a bit of 20 years ago on tv. But
> then I read the book about fifteen years ago, when he's released he's
> supposed to fend for himself, but he can't go back to "civilization". So
> he chops a hole in the frozen earth under a tree to live. My first
> reaction was "how primitive", then I remembered that wasn't that far
> from how many people had lived before the revolution. They had "houses"
> but I bet they werne't that well insulated or sealed up. 1950 or so
> wasn't that long after people generally lived in such primitive conditions.
>
I was in South Dakota about 20 years back and stopped to see a local
museum about life for the pioneers on the prairies. Early settlers often
built "soddies" (that's the Canadian term; I can't remember if the
Dakotans used the same term), houses made of sod, for the first couple
of years until they could build a proper house. Probably not each and
every settler but a significant number started that way.
I know that life in Tsarist Russia was very difficult. The peasants were
90% of the populace and life among the peasants was poor and difficult.
I don't know a lot of details but I *do* know that in WW II, it was
widely noticed by Soviet soldiers entering Central Europe how prosperous
the villages looked compared to their own. Solzhenitsyn wrote about
this; he and his fellow soldiers found it very striking to see how
different East Prussia was compared to Poland and Ukraine. Apparently
Soviet soldiers entering Romania and Hungary had the same experience.
>> How many days could any of us survive in such conditions? It's no
>> wonder so few people survived their trip to the Gulag.
>>
> The mind boggles. I've never had to live outdoors, I've always had
> heat, and generally pretty good winter clothing. I've read books about
> antarctic explorers, and it's the same thing. Shackleton was able to
> keep everyone alive when his ship got caught in the ice, but only the
> expedition members (not the ship's crew) had proper clothing for it all.
> Over a year in that cold with little heat, and generally wet most of the
> time? That's amazing. Admiral Byrd spent a winter alone and away from
> the base camp one year in the thirties, even with the stove on it got up
> to maybe the freezing point. And then he suffered from carbon dioxide
> poisoning, so he couldn't even use the stove much. NO, I don't want to
> live that way, and I think I'd just give up.
>
A great many of the people in the Gulag did exactly that: gave up.
And who can blame them? Falsely accused of trying to overthrow the
state, usually after having been forced to confess via torture, sent to
the Gulag for many years and prohibited from ever returning to their
families, fed meager amounts of very bad food, freezing in summer, and
forced to work very hard under often dangerous conditions for what
little they had. That's not much to live for.
Solzhenitsyn observed that religious believers generally did better than
non-believers. Their faith made life seem just a little more tolerable.
--
Rhino