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Therapeutic Intervention for Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain [Alpha-blockers, antibiotics, and combinations of the two failed to show statistically or clinically significant NIH-CPSI reductions.2012]
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PLOS ONE 2012
Therapeutic Intervention for Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041941
Jeffrey M. Cohen, Adam P. Fagin, Eduardo Hariton, Joshua R. Niska, Michael W. Pierce, Akira Kuriyama, Julia S. Whelan, Jeffrey L. Jackson, Jordan D. Dimitrakoff
Full-Text Cite this paper Add to My Lib
Abstract:
Background Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) has been treated with several different interventions with limited success. This meta-analysis aims to review all trials reporting on therapeutic intervention for CP/CPPS using the National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI). Methods We searched Medline, PubMed, the Cochrane Pain, Palliative & Supportive Care Trials, the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the NIDDK website between 1947 and December 31, 2011 without language or study type restrictions. All RCTs for CP/CPPS lasting at least 6 weeks, with a minimum of 10 participants per arm, and using the NIH-CPSI score, the criterion standard for CP/CPPS, as an outcome measure were included. Data was extracted from each study by two independent reviewers. Gillbraith and I-squared plots were used for heterogeneity testing and Eggers and Peters methods for publication bias. Quality was assessed using a component approach and meta-regression was used to analyze sources of heterogeneity. Results Mepartricin, percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), and triple therapy comprised of doxazosin + ibuprofen + thiocolchicoside (DIT) resulted in clinically and statistically significant reduction in NIH-CPSI total score. The same agents and aerobic exercise resulted in clinically and statistically significant NIH-CPSI pain domain score reduction. Acupuncture, DIT, and PTNS were found to produce statistically and clinically significant reductions in the NIH-CPSI voiding domain. A statistically significant placebo effect was found for all outcomes and time analysis showed that efficacy of all treatments increased over time. Alpha-blockers, antibiotics, and combinations of the two failed to show statistically or clinically significant NIH-CPSI reductions. Conclusion Results from this meta-analysis reflect our current inability to effectively manage CP/CPPS. Clinicians and researchers must consider placebo effect and treatment efficacy over time and design studies creatively so we can more fully elucidate the etiology and role of therapeutic intervention in CP/CPPS.
References
[1] Krieger JN, Nyberg L, Nickel JC (1999) NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis. JAMA 282: 236–237.
[2] Engeler D, Baranowski A, Elneil S, Hughes J, Messelink E, et al. (2012) Guidelines on chronic pelvic pain. European Association of Urology.
[3] McNaughton Collins M, MacDonald R, Wilt TJ (2000) Diagnosis and treatment of chronic abacterial prostatitis: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 133: 367–381.
[4] Litwin M, McNaughton-Collins M, Fowler FJ, Nickel J, Calhoun E, et al. (1999) The National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index: development and validation of a new outcome measure. Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network. J Urol 162: 369–375.
[5] Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2009) Group TP (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement. Open Med 3: e123–e130.
[6] Follmann D, Elliott P, Suh I, Cutler J (1992) Variance imputation for overviews of clinical trials with continuous response. J Clin Epidemiol 45: 769–773.
[7] Jackson JL, Shimeall W, Sessums L, Dezee KJ, Becher D, et al. (2010) Tricyclic antidepressants and headaches: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 341: c5222.
[8] Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, et al. (1996) Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials 17: 1–12.
[9] Higgins JPT, DG A (2008) Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, S G, editors. Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
[10] DerSimonian R, Laird N (1986) Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 7: 177–188.
[11] Cochrane Handbook for Systemic Reviews of Interventions. In: Higgins J, Green S, editors: The Cochrane Collaboration.
[12] Galbraith RF (1988) A note on graphical presentation of estimated odds ratios from several clinical trials. Stat Med 7: 889–894.
[13] Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327: 557–560.
[14] Peters JL, Sutton AJ, Jones DR, Abrams KR, Rushton L (2006) Comparison of two methods to detect publication bias in meta-analysis. JAMA 295: 676–680.
[15] Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C (1997) Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315: 629–634.
[16] Sharp S (1998) sbe23: Meta-analysis Regression. Stata Technical Bulletin. pp. 16–22.
[17] Knapp G, Hartung J (2003) Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate. Stat Med 22: 2693–2710.
[18] Alexander RB, Propert KJ, Schaeffer AJ, Landis JR, Nickel JC, et al. (2004) Ciprofloxacin or tamsulosin in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. A randomized, double-blind trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 141: 581–589.
[19] Cheah PY, Liong ML, Yuen KH, Teh CL, Khor T, et al. (2003) Terazosin therapy for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A randomized, placebo controlled trial. Journal of Urology 169: 592–596.
[20] Mehik A, Alas P, Nickel JC, Sarpola A, Helstrom PJ (2003) Alfuzosin treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study. Urology 62: 425–429.
[21] Nickel JC, Narayan P, McKay J, Doyle C (2004) Treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome with tamsulosin: A randomized double blind trial. Journal of Urology 171: 1594–1597.
[22] Nickel JC, Krieger JN, McNaughton-Collins M, Anderson RU, Pontari M, et al. (2008) Alfuzosin and symptoms of chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 359: 2663–2673.
[23] Nickel JC, O’Leary MP, Lepor H, Caramelli KE, Thomas H, et al. (2011) Silodosin for men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: results of a phase II multicenter, double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Urol 186: 125–131.
[24] Sivkov AV, Oshchepkov VN, Egorov AA (2005) [Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of terazosine efficacy in patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis]. Urologiia. 47–53.
[25] Tu？cu V, Ta？？i AI, Fazlio？lu A, Gürbüz G, Ozbek E, et al. (2007) A placebo-controlled comparison of the efficiency of triple- and monotherapy in category III B chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS). Eur Urol 51: 1113–1117; discussion 1118.
[26] Nickel JC, Downey J, Clark J, Casey RW, Pommerville PJ, et al. (2003) Levofloxacin for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: A randomized placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Urology 62: 614–617.
[27] Nickel JC, Downey J, Pontari MA, Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI (2004) A randomized placebo-controlled multicentre study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of finasteride for male chronic pelvic pain syndrome (category IIIA chronic nonbacterial prostatitis). BJU International 93: 991–995.
[28] Nickel JC, Forrest JB, Tomera K, Hernandez-Graulau J, Moon TD, et al. (2005) Pentosan polysulfate sodium therapy for men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled study. Journal of Urology 173: 1252–1255.
[29] De Rose AF, Gallo F, Giglio M, Carmignani G (2004) Role of mepartricin in category III chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A randomized prospective placebo-controlled trial. Urology 63: 13–16.
[30] Nickel J, Pontari M, Moon T, Gittelman M, Malek G, et al. (2003) A randomized, placebo controlled, multicenter study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rofecoxib in the treatment of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. J Urol 169: 1401–1405.
[31] Zhao WP, Zhang ZG, Li XD, Yu D, Rui XF, et al. (2009) Celecoxib reduces symptoms in men with difficult chronic pelvic pain syndrome (Category IIIA). Braz J Med Biol Res 42: 963–967.
[32] Wagenlehner FME, Schneider H, Ludwig M, Schnitker J, Brahler E, et al. (2009) A Pollen Extract (Cernilton) in Patients with Inflammatory Chronic Prostatitis-Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: A Multicentre, Randomised, Prospective, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study. European Urology 56: 544–551.
[33] Pontari MA, Krieger JN, Litwin MS, White PC, Anderson RU, et al. (2010) Pregabalin for the treatment of men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 170: 1586–1593.
[34] Lee SWH, Liong ML, Yuen KH, Leong WS, Chee C, et al. (2008) Acupuncture versus Sham Acupuncture for Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain. American Journal of Medicine 121: 79.e71–79.e77.
[35] Giubilei G, Mondaini N, Minervini A, Saieva C, Lapini A, et al. (2007) Physical Activity of Men With Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome Not Satisfied With Conventional Treatments-Could it Represent a Valid Option? The Physical Activity and Male Pelvic Pain Trial: A Double-Blind, Randomized Study. Journal of Urology 177: 159–165.
[36] Zimmermann R, Cumpanas A, Miclea F, Janetschek G (2009) Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome in Males: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. European Urology 56: 418–424.
[37] Kabay S, Kabay SC, Yucel M, Ozden H (2009) Efficiency of posterior tibial nerve stimulation in category IIIB chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain: a Sham-Controlled Comparative Study. Urol Int 83: 33–38.
[38] Cha WH, Kim KH, Seo YJ (2009) Comparison of the efficacy of a terpene mixture and alpha-blocker for treatment of category III chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A prospective study. Korean Journal of Urology 50: 148–153.
[39] Jeong CW, Lim DJ, Son H, Lee SE, Jeong H (2008) Treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Levofloxacin, doxazosin and their combination. Urologia Internationalis 80: 157–161.
[40] Jung YH, Kim JG, Cho IR (2006) The efficacy of terazosin in the management of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS): Comparison between category IIIa and IIIb. Korean Journal of Urology 47: 1191–1196.
[41] Kaplan SA, Volpe MA, Te AE (2004) A prospective, 1-year trial using saw palmetto versus finasteride in the treatment of category III prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Journal of Urology 171: 284–288.
[42] Lee CB, Ha US, Lee SJ, Kim SW, Cho YH (2006) Preliminary experience with a terpene mixture versus ibuprofen for treatment of category III chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. World Journal of Urology 24: 55–60.
[43] Li B, Jiang LJ, Chai J (2007) [Clinical observation on treatment of chronic prostatitis syndrome type III B by Tiaoshen Tonglin Decoction]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 27: 251–254.
[44] Morgia G, Mucciardi G, Gali A, Madonia M, Marchese F, et al. (2010) Treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome category IIIA with serenoa repens plus selenium and lycopene (Profluss(registered trademark)) versus S. repens Alone: An Italian randomized multicenter-controlled study. Urologia Internationalis 84: 400–406.
[45] Paick JS, Lee SC, Ku JH (2006) More effects of extracorporeal magnetic innervation and terazosin therapy than terazosin therapy alone for non-inflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A pilot study. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 9: 261–265.
[46] Shen SL, He DL, Luo Y (2006) [Clinical trials of combined therapy of an oral Chinese medicine with massage for chronic nonbacterial prostatitis]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 12: 851–853.
[47] Tan Y, Zhu X, Liu Y (2009) Clinical efficiency of Tamsulosin combining with Prostant in the treatment of patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis. Chinese Journal of Andrology 23: 44–47.
[48] Ye ZQ, Lan RZ, Yang WM, Yao LF, Yu X (2008) Tamsulosin treatment of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis. J Int Med Res 36: 244–252.
[49] Youn CW, Son KC, Choi HS, Kwon DD, Park K, et al. (2008) Comparison of the efficacy of antibiotic monotherapy and antibiotic plus alpha-blocker combination therapy for patients with inflammatory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Korean Journal of Urology 49: 72–76.
[50] Ziaee AM, Akhavizadegan H, Karbakhsh M (2006) Effect of allopurinol in chronic nonbacterial prostatitis: A double blind randomized clinical trial. International Braz J Urol 32: 181–186.
[51] Zeng X, Ye Z, Yang W, Liu J, Zhang X, et al. (2004) [Clinical evaluation of celecoxib in treating type IIIA chronic prostatitis]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 10: 278–281.
[52] Zhou Z, Hong L, Shen X, Rao X, Jin X, et al. (2008) Detection of Nanobacteria Infection in Type III Prostatitis. Urology 71: 1091–1095.
[53] Propert K, Alexander R, Nickel J, Kusek J, Litwin M, et al. (2002) Design of a multicenter randomized clinical trial for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology 59: 870–876.
[54] De Rose A, Gallo F, Giglio M, Carmignani G (2004) Role of mepartricin in category III chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized prospective placebo-controlled trial. Urology 63: 13–16.
[55] Turner JA, Ciol MA, Von Korff M, Berger R (2004) Prognosis of patients with new prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome episodes. J Urol 172: 538–541.
[56] Kusek J, Nyberg L (2008) Strategies for improving the understanding of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. In: Shoskes D, editor. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp. 248–249.
[57] Nickel JC, Downey J, Hunter D, Clark J (2001) Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a population based study using the National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index. J Urol 165: 842–845.
[58] Nickel JC, Downey JA, Nickel KR, Clark JM (2002) Prostatitis-like symptoms: one year later. BJU Int 90: 678–681.
[59] Kaptchuk TJ (2001) The double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: gold standard or golden calf? J Clin Epidemiol 54: 541–549.
[60] Wechsler ME, Kelley JM, Boyd IO, Dutile S, Marigowda G, et al. (2011) Active albuterol or placebo, sham acupuncture, or no intervention in asthma. N Engl J Med 365: 119–126.
[61] Shoskes D, Nickel J, Dolinga R, Prots D (2009) Clinical phenotyping of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and correlation with symptom severity. Urology 73: 538–542; discussion 542–533.
[62] Anothaisintawee T, Attia J, Nickel JC, Thammakraisorn S, Numthavaj P, et al. (2011) Management of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA 305: 78–86.
http://www.oalib.com/paper/87428#.WTS7kSNOnqA
Therapeutic Intervention for Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041941
Jeffrey M. Cohen, Adam P. Fagin, Eduardo Hariton, Joshua R. Niska, Michael W. Pierce, Akira Kuriyama, Julia S. Whelan, Jeffrey L. Jackson, Jordan D. Dimitrakoff
Full-Text Cite this paper Add to My Lib
Abstract:
Background Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) has been treated with several different interventions with limited success. This meta-analysis aims to review all trials reporting on therapeutic intervention for CP/CPPS using the National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI). Methods We searched Medline, PubMed, the Cochrane Pain, Palliative & Supportive Care Trials, the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the NIDDK website between 1947 and December 31, 2011 without language or study type restrictions. All RCTs for CP/CPPS lasting at least 6 weeks, with a minimum of 10 participants per arm, and using the NIH-CPSI score, the criterion standard for CP/CPPS, as an outcome measure were included. Data was extracted from each study by two independent reviewers. Gillbraith and I-squared plots were used for heterogeneity testing and Eggers and Peters methods for publication bias. Quality was assessed using a component approach and meta-regression was used to analyze sources of heterogeneity. Results Mepartricin, percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), and triple therapy comprised of doxazosin + ibuprofen + thiocolchicoside (DIT) resulted in clinically and statistically significant reduction in NIH-CPSI total score. The same agents and aerobic exercise resulted in clinically and statistically significant NIH-CPSI pain domain score reduction. Acupuncture, DIT, and PTNS were found to produce statistically and clinically significant reductions in the NIH-CPSI voiding domain. A statistically significant placebo effect was found for all outcomes and time analysis showed that efficacy of all treatments increased over time. Alpha-blockers, antibiotics, and combinations of the two failed to show statistically or clinically significant NIH-CPSI reductions. Conclusion Results from this meta-analysis reflect our current inability to effectively manage CP/CPPS. Clinicians and researchers must consider placebo effect and treatment efficacy over time and design studies creatively so we can more fully elucidate the etiology and role of therapeutic intervention in CP/CPPS.
References
[1] Krieger JN, Nyberg L, Nickel JC (1999) NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis. JAMA 282: 236–237.
[2] Engeler D, Baranowski A, Elneil S, Hughes J, Messelink E, et al. (2012) Guidelines on chronic pelvic pain. European Association of Urology.
[3] McNaughton Collins M, MacDonald R, Wilt TJ (2000) Diagnosis and treatment of chronic abacterial prostatitis: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 133: 367–381.
[4] Litwin M, McNaughton-Collins M, Fowler FJ, Nickel J, Calhoun E, et al. (1999) The National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index: development and validation of a new outcome measure. Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network. J Urol 162: 369–375.
[5] Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2009) Group TP (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement. Open Med 3: e123–e130.
[6] Follmann D, Elliott P, Suh I, Cutler J (1992) Variance imputation for overviews of clinical trials with continuous response. J Clin Epidemiol 45: 769–773.
[7] Jackson JL, Shimeall W, Sessums L, Dezee KJ, Becher D, et al. (2010) Tricyclic antidepressants and headaches: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 341: c5222.
[8] Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, et al. (1996) Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials 17: 1–12.
[9] Higgins JPT, DG A (2008) Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, S G, editors. Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
[10] DerSimonian R, Laird N (1986) Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 7: 177–188.
[11] Cochrane Handbook for Systemic Reviews of Interventions. In: Higgins J, Green S, editors: The Cochrane Collaboration.
[12] Galbraith RF (1988) A note on graphical presentation of estimated odds ratios from several clinical trials. Stat Med 7: 889–894.
[13] Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327: 557–560.
[14] Peters JL, Sutton AJ, Jones DR, Abrams KR, Rushton L (2006) Comparison of two methods to detect publication bias in meta-analysis. JAMA 295: 676–680.
[15] Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C (1997) Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315: 629–634.
[16] Sharp S (1998) sbe23: Meta-analysis Regression. Stata Technical Bulletin. pp. 16–22.
[17] Knapp G, Hartung J (2003) Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate. Stat Med 22: 2693–2710.
[18] Alexander RB, Propert KJ, Schaeffer AJ, Landis JR, Nickel JC, et al. (2004) Ciprofloxacin or tamsulosin in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. A randomized, double-blind trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 141: 581–589.
[19] Cheah PY, Liong ML, Yuen KH, Teh CL, Khor T, et al. (2003) Terazosin therapy for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A randomized, placebo controlled trial. Journal of Urology 169: 592–596.
[20] Mehik A, Alas P, Nickel JC, Sarpola A, Helstrom PJ (2003) Alfuzosin treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study. Urology 62: 425–429.
[21] Nickel JC, Narayan P, McKay J, Doyle C (2004) Treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome with tamsulosin: A randomized double blind trial. Journal of Urology 171: 1594–1597.
[22] Nickel JC, Krieger JN, McNaughton-Collins M, Anderson RU, Pontari M, et al. (2008) Alfuzosin and symptoms of chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 359: 2663–2673.
[23] Nickel JC, O’Leary MP, Lepor H, Caramelli KE, Thomas H, et al. (2011) Silodosin for men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: results of a phase II multicenter, double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Urol 186: 125–131.
[24] Sivkov AV, Oshchepkov VN, Egorov AA (2005) [Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of terazosine efficacy in patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis]. Urologiia. 47–53.
[25] Tu？cu V, Ta？？i AI, Fazlio？lu A, Gürbüz G, Ozbek E, et al. (2007) A placebo-controlled comparison of the efficiency of triple- and monotherapy in category III B chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS). Eur Urol 51: 1113–1117; discussion 1118.
[26] Nickel JC, Downey J, Clark J, Casey RW, Pommerville PJ, et al. (2003) Levofloxacin for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: A randomized placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Urology 62: 614–617.
[27] Nickel JC, Downey J, Pontari MA, Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI (2004) A randomized placebo-controlled multicentre study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of finasteride for male chronic pelvic pain syndrome (category IIIA chronic nonbacterial prostatitis). BJU International 93: 991–995.
[28] Nickel JC, Forrest JB, Tomera K, Hernandez-Graulau J, Moon TD, et al. (2005) Pentosan polysulfate sodium therapy for men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled study. Journal of Urology 173: 1252–1255.
[29] De Rose AF, Gallo F, Giglio M, Carmignani G (2004) Role of mepartricin in category III chronic nonbacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A randomized prospective placebo-controlled trial. Urology 63: 13–16.
[30] Nickel J, Pontari M, Moon T, Gittelman M, Malek G, et al. (2003) A randomized, placebo controlled, multicenter study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rofecoxib in the treatment of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis. J Urol 169: 1401–1405.
[31] Zhao WP, Zhang ZG, Li XD, Yu D, Rui XF, et al. (2009) Celecoxib reduces symptoms in men with difficult chronic pelvic pain syndrome (Category IIIA). Braz J Med Biol Res 42: 963–967.
[32] Wagenlehner FME, Schneider H, Ludwig M, Schnitker J, Brahler E, et al. (2009) A Pollen Extract (Cernilton) in Patients with Inflammatory Chronic Prostatitis-Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: A Multicentre, Randomised, Prospective, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study. European Urology 56: 544–551.
[33] Pontari MA, Krieger JN, Litwin MS, White PC, Anderson RU, et al. (2010) Pregabalin for the treatment of men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 170: 1586–1593.
[34] Lee SWH, Liong ML, Yuen KH, Leong WS, Chee C, et al. (2008) Acupuncture versus Sham Acupuncture for Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain. American Journal of Medicine 121: 79.e71–79.e77.
[35] Giubilei G, Mondaini N, Minervini A, Saieva C, Lapini A, et al. (2007) Physical Activity of Men With Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome Not Satisfied With Conventional Treatments-Could it Represent a Valid Option? The Physical Activity and Male Pelvic Pain Trial: A Double-Blind, Randomized Study. Journal of Urology 177: 159–165.
[36] Zimmermann R, Cumpanas A, Miclea F, Janetschek G (2009) Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for the Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome in Males: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. European Urology 56: 418–424.
[37] Kabay S, Kabay SC, Yucel M, Ozden H (2009) Efficiency of posterior tibial nerve stimulation in category IIIB chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain: a Sham-Controlled Comparative Study. Urol Int 83: 33–38.
[38] Cha WH, Kim KH, Seo YJ (2009) Comparison of the efficacy of a terpene mixture and alpha-blocker for treatment of category III chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A prospective study. Korean Journal of Urology 50: 148–153.
[39] Jeong CW, Lim DJ, Son H, Lee SE, Jeong H (2008) Treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Levofloxacin, doxazosin and their combination. Urologia Internationalis 80: 157–161.
[40] Jung YH, Kim JG, Cho IR (2006) The efficacy of terazosin in the management of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS): Comparison between category IIIa and IIIb. Korean Journal of Urology 47: 1191–1196.
[41] Kaplan SA, Volpe MA, Te AE (2004) A prospective, 1-year trial using saw palmetto versus finasteride in the treatment of category III prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Journal of Urology 171: 284–288.
[42] Lee CB, Ha US, Lee SJ, Kim SW, Cho YH (2006) Preliminary experience with a terpene mixture versus ibuprofen for treatment of category III chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. World Journal of Urology 24: 55–60.
[43] Li B, Jiang LJ, Chai J (2007) [Clinical observation on treatment of chronic prostatitis syndrome type III B by Tiaoshen Tonglin Decoction]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 27: 251–254.
[44] Morgia G, Mucciardi G, Gali A, Madonia M, Marchese F, et al. (2010) Treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome category IIIA with serenoa repens plus selenium and lycopene (Profluss(registered trademark)) versus S. repens Alone: An Italian randomized multicenter-controlled study. Urologia Internationalis 84: 400–406.
[45] Paick JS, Lee SC, Ku JH (2006) More effects of extracorporeal magnetic innervation and terazosin therapy than terazosin therapy alone for non-inflammatory chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A pilot study. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases 9: 261–265.
[46] Shen SL, He DL, Luo Y (2006) [Clinical trials of combined therapy of an oral Chinese medicine with massage for chronic nonbacterial prostatitis]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 12: 851–853.
[47] Tan Y, Zhu X, Liu Y (2009) Clinical efficiency of Tamsulosin combining with Prostant in the treatment of patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis. Chinese Journal of Andrology 23: 44–47.
[48] Ye ZQ, Lan RZ, Yang WM, Yao LF, Yu X (2008) Tamsulosin treatment of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis. J Int Med Res 36: 244–252.
[49] Youn CW, Son KC, Choi HS, Kwon DD, Park K, et al. (2008) Comparison of the efficacy of antibiotic monotherapy and antibiotic plus alpha-blocker combination therapy for patients with inflammatory chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Korean Journal of Urology 49: 72–76.
[50] Ziaee AM, Akhavizadegan H, Karbakhsh M (2006) Effect of allopurinol in chronic nonbacterial prostatitis: A double blind randomized clinical trial. International Braz J Urol 32: 181–186.
[51] Zeng X, Ye Z, Yang W, Liu J, Zhang X, et al. (2004) [Clinical evaluation of celecoxib in treating type IIIA chronic prostatitis]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 10: 278–281.
[52] Zhou Z, Hong L, Shen X, Rao X, Jin X, et al. (2008) Detection of Nanobacteria Infection in Type III Prostatitis. Urology 71: 1091–1095.
[53] Propert K, Alexander R, Nickel J, Kusek J, Litwin M, et al. (2002) Design of a multicenter randomized clinical trial for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology 59: 870–876.
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