jefferson was a liberal, not a libertarian, he despised
l"CONSERVATISM".
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/7842/otj50.htm
Objectivism and Thomas Jefferson
Seven Essays on the Philosophy of Ayn Rand
5. Capitalism Over Self-Government
The Randian ideal is not a nation built upon self-government,
establishing a free society in which capitalism emerges, but a nation
built upon the relationships established by, and conducive to,
capitalism. Capitalism replaces government of the people as the
security for their rights.
• "If one wishes to advocate a free society--that is capitalism--one
must realize that its indispensable foundation is the principle of
individual rights, one must realize that capitalism is the only system
that can uphold and protect them." --Ayn Rand: The Virtue of
Selfishness
Equal rights become the adjunct, not of republican government, but of
the economic system.
• "Those who advocate laissez-faire capitalism are the only advocates
of man's rights." --Ayn Rand: The Virtue of Selfishness
This, however, is putting the cart before the horse in a free society,
because capitalism flourishes best under the protections and
guarantees of a republic founded on self-government. And it is a
people themselves who are the safest depository of rights.
• "The mass of the citizens is the safest depository of their own
rights." --Thomas Jefferson to John Taylor, 1816.
This is an important point, because Rand in other areas proposes ideas
that undermine the concept of popular sovereignty. Thus, what she is
really doing is replacing government of the people with capitalism and
capitalistic principles. This idea runs into a few problems when it
comes time to decide who is actually running things. But on that Rand
punts, asserting that our free society was established under the
Constitution, and its basic guarantees cannot be altered, thus
skirting a head-on confrontation with the issue of "popular
sovereignty."
The foundation of American society is not the economic relationships
of the capitalist system, but the natural rights derived from a proper
understanding of human nature. A consideration of natural rights must
come first, else we have no criteria for determining what are the
proper relationships under capitalism. Shall we have laissez-faire
capitalism, or some level of regulation? And if regulated, how much
regulation? Who decides, and upon what principle? According to Rand,
it should be laissez-faire capitalism.
• "When I say 'capitalism', I mean a full, pure uncontrolled,
unregulated laissez-faire capitalism--with a separation of state and
economics, in the same way and for the same reasons as the separation
of state and church." --Ayn Rand: "The Objectivist Ethics," The Virtue
of Selfishness
Church and state were separated because the church previously had
promoted itself through the agency of the state and to the detriment
of the people. But under a separation of state and economics,
especially with laissez-faire capitalism, the state no longer has a
role to play in protecting the people and assuring their happiness.
Laissez-faire means capitalism is outside the regulatory control of
the state and that the people are entirely at the mercy of the
capitalists. Thus, Rand assigns a very limited role to the government,
which has the interests of all the people to look after, and an
unlimited role to capitalism, over which the people of a nation will
have no control whatsoever.
Separation of church and state has worked fine, because it means that
any person can choose to affiliate themselves with any church they
please, or no church at all, if that pleases them. But does the same
condition apply under laissez-faire capitalism? Are the people free to
participate or not to participate in the economy? Is the economy a
function of society about which the people as a whole have no
interests that need protecting?
Quite the contrary. Economic concerns were, and always have been, at
the root of social and political concerns. The "rich" and the role
they play have always been a threat to liberty, leading Jefferson to
observe,
• "That liberty [is pure] which is to go to all, and not to the few
or the rich alone." --Thomas Jefferson to Horatio Gates, 1798.
As a rule, the wealthy do fairly well under any form of government.
The rich have always worked their way into government to their own
advantage, and to the detriment of the poor.
• "Experience declares that man is the only animal which devours his
own kind, for I can apply no milder term to the governments of Europe,
and to the general prey of the rich on the poor." --Thomas Jefferson
to Edward Carrington, 1787.
According to Rand, however, this distrust of the rich arises from
illiterates who misinterpret the intentions of those who seek wealth
above all.
• "Since time immemorial and pre-industrial, 'greed' has been the
accusation hurled at the rich by the concrete-bound illiterates who
were unable to conceive of the source of wealth or of the motivation
of those who produce it." --Ayn Rand.
Through clever manipulations, rationalizations, and redefinitions,
Rand attempts to turn morality on its head as she makes its opposite
intellectually acceptable. The self-destructive tendency of self-
interest is not only ignored, but converted into a good. Rational self-
interest always considers ultimate consequences, but where except in
some fictional Utopia does unregulated self-interest always--or ever--
turn rational? Whereas Rand apparently would give the rich carte
blanche, Jefferson felt that they were hardly the ones we would rely
upon for the preservation of liberty.
• "I am not among those who fear the people. They, and not the rich,
are our dependence for continued freedom." --Thomas Jefferson to
Samuel Kercheval, 1816.
Those seeking profits, were they given total freedom, would not be the
ones to trust to keep government pure and our rights secure. Indeed,
it has always been those seeking wealth who were the source of
corruption in government.
• "No other depositories of power [but the people themselves] have
ever yet been found, which did not end in converting to their own
profit the earnings of those committed to their charge." --Thomas
Jefferson to Samuel Kercheval, 1816.
Are we to assume that under laissez-faire capitalism, unregulated
wealth would keep itself apart from government, would not be corrupted
by the opportunity to use governmental powers towards its own ends?
Shall we preserve liberty by limiting government and giving the
wealthy full reign?
Putting an economic system outside the control of government ignores
the natural tendency of individuals to use all powers for their own
interests and to the detriment of others, if they can get away with
it. Economical considerations form some of the strongest motivations
in man. The idea that absolute economic freedom is conducive to
justice and fairness, not to corruption, might work in the world of
fiction, but it has no relationship to the real world.
• "Mankind soon learn to make interested uses of every right and
power which they possess, or may assume." --Thomas Jefferson: Notes on
Virginia, 1782.
Recognizing this, and protecting against it, was one of the aims of
the Founders. Rand proposed certain rules to protect citizens against
one another, such as the "non-initiation of force," but only in a
novelist's imaginary world could it be assumed that a rule would
protect against those who would abuse power if the protection is not
an intrinsic part of the way society is organized. Every government
tends toward corruption abetted by self-interest.
• "In every government on earth is some trace of human weakness, some
germ of corruption and degeneracy, which cunning will discover, and
wickedness insensibly open, cultivate and improve." --Thomas
Jefferson: Notes on Virginia, 1782.
Protection was to be found, not in admonitions or trust, but in strict
oversight of government by the people.
• "It would be a dangerous delusion were a confidence in the men of
our choice to silence our fears for the safety of our rights.
Confidence is everywhere the parent of despotism. Free government is
founded in jealousy, and not in confidence. It is jealousy and not
confidence which prescribes limited constitutions, to bind down those
whom we are obliged to trust with power. Our Constitution has
accordingly fixed the limits to which, and no further, our confidence
may go... In questions of power, then, let no more be heard of
confidence in man, but bind him down from mischief by the chains of
the Constitution." --Thomas Jefferson: Draft, Kentucky Resolutions,
1798.
Throughout the history of the world, men have struggled and died to
win freedom from the corruptions of wealth and power. In this country,
their struggles resulted in a form of government that guaranteed to
all the blessings of liberty. The Founding Fathers determined that the
key to securing this liberty was self-government, not an economic
system.
• "May [our Declaration of Independence] be to the world, what I
believe it will be (to some parts sooner, to others later, but finally
to all), the signal of arousing men to burst the chains under which
monkish ignorance and superstition had persuaded them to bind
themselves, and to assume the blessings and security of self-
government... All eyes are opened, or opening, to the rights of man."
--Thomas Jefferson to Roger C. Weightman, 1826.
It is this right of self-government which secures our other rights,
because it puts the people themselves in charge as overseers. It is
the establishment of self-government that is the foundation upon which
all other social functions are built. It is only under self-government
that reason can be effective, i.e., that reason instead of force can
be the power which directs the course of government.
• "I have so much confidence in the good sense of man, and his
qualifications for self-government, that I am never afraid of the
issue where reason is left free to exert her force." --Thomas
Jefferson to Comte Diodati, 1789.
Thus, when Rand speaks of capitalism, as in the following passage,
• "A pure system of capitalism has never yet existed, not even in
America; various degrees of government control had been undercutting
and distorting it from the start." --Ayn Rand
she is putting capitalism and its requirements above government of the
people. But it is the forms of self-government that allow capitalism
to flourish, not the other way around. Unregulated wealth and power
always tend to corruption, and corruption to despotism and force.
Certainly, it succeeds in the beginning, else it would not commence on
such a course. But for the long-term preservation of liberty, a nation
requires a government of the people, not a society where wealth and
power roam ad libitum.
Thus Rand builds her theories on the outcome without comprehending the
true source of both liberty and capitalism. Ignoring the dynamics of
the struggle for liberty throughout history, she assumes the results
of that struggle and builds a system that ignores what created the
system to begin with.
• Against Collectivism
Under the guise of opposing "collectivism," what Rand is actually
opposing is self-government, i.e., government of the people.
• "A complex legal system, based on objectively valid principles, is
required to make a society free and to keep it free--a system that
does not depend on the motives, the moral character or the intentions
of any given official, a system that leaves no opportunity, no legal
loophole for the development of tyranny." --Ayn Rand: The Virtue of
Selfishness
Law based on "objectively valid principles," however, ignores the fact
that if there is law, there must be a lawgiver. Law emerges from a
sovereign will, not from a philosophical principle. Principles are
effective only in their influence on the holders of sovereignty. In a
free society, we can criticize the results, and claim that certain
acts are not in accordance with principle. But a free society can only
be preserved by a free people, not by a set of rules, not even by the
rule of law, for as Jefferson wrote:
• "Law is often but the tyrant's will, and always so when it violates
the right of an individual." --Thomas Jefferson to Isaac H. Tiffany,
1819.
In a free society, the people themselves are the ultimate law-giver,
the ultimate sovereign. That is where the ultimate power rests. The
people are the safest guardian of their own rights, but even they are
not 100% safe. It is not possible to have a free society with absolute
protection against the development of tyrannny, else it would not be
free. Like free enterprise, a society must be free to fail in order
for it to be free to succeed.
The dictionary defines "collectivism" as "a political or economic
theory advocating collective control, esp. over production and
distribution." In its true meaning, the term refers to national
systems for the centralized control of the economy, especially systems
like communism and fascism. It is a problematic term, because it can
be used as a label and applied indescrimately to any activity
whatsoever of a central government (and often is). Apparently, Ayn
Rand and many Libertarians use it in a very broad sense, and apply it
far beyond the central management of industry. Rand spoke of
collectivism as follows:
• "We cannot fight against collectivism, unless we fight against its
moral base: altruism." --Ayn Rand: "Philosophy: Who Needs It"
But the moral base of true collectivism is not altruism, but
despotism. It is an attempt to exercise central control over an
economy, and hence a whole people. When Rand speaks of "collectivism,"
what she is referring to is the socialistic system that
"altruistically" (using her caricature of the term) uses government to
create a welfare state. But all of this rests on the perversion of
both "collectivism" and "altruism."
If "collectivism" were held to the meaning in which it is normally
understood, i.e., central control of economic production, we might
have a basis for examining this ball of nebulous concepts. But the
term is broadened in practice and application to include any
regulation of free enterprise, any economic control that a free people
might deem necessary for the general good.
Once we depart from the standard definition, however, the term
"collectivism" can be applied as an epithet to denigrate any centrally
administered function that we wish to oppose, while exempting any
other central function if that function is more acceptable, calling
the latter, perhaps, "protection of rights." Collectivism thus becomes
a flexible term to be used for purposes of propaganda. It is
frequently applied to any collective state action on behalf of the
people. If used merely as an epithet in opposition to almost any kind
of collective action, it is strongly adverse to the thought of
Jefferson, who viewed the collective as the source of all authority in
the nation.
• "I consider the people who constitute a society or nation as the
source of all authority in that nation." --Thomas Jefferson: Opinion
on French Treaties, 1793.
"Collectivism" thus becomes another propaganda buzz word to be used in
opposition to any act taken for the public good. It becomes another
propaganda tool in the war against government of the people.
• The Relationship of the Trader
The meaning of a nation of equal rights for Rand is a nation of equal
traders.
• "The symbol of all relationships among... men, the moral symbol of
respect for human beings, is THE TRADER."--From Galt's speech
But the Trader is only involved in economic exchange. He has no
concern or care for the welfare of the person he is "trading" with.
Here, then, is the true symbol of alienated modern man, off to
himself, and only dealing with others, not as human beings with a full
range of concerns, but as entities engaged in economic exchange. Thus
Rand replaces human relationships based on equality and bound together
for mutual protection and benefit, with trade relationships based on
the possession of trading equivalencies.
• "A trader is ... a man of justice." (Galt)
In reality, a trader is a salesman, and more often a manipulator. In
practice, this idealistic sounding hokum becomes the justification for
manipulation and deceit. The trader becomes the person who gets the
best deal he can get by whatever means he can. There is no necessary
morality in the trader. In fact, morality comes into play in order to
instruct the trader how to trade responsibly. A Trader as an ideal is
an individual behind a shield, dealing with people as though they were
inanimate objects, mocking those who think otherwise.
• An Economy Relies on Social Relationships
Real talent is not enhanced by keeping it to oneself and separating
oneself from society, but by sharing it and developing it by
contributing to society. As one debater remarked, "A person becomes
special through social interaction: by offering everyone else
something they need and want." "NO ONE's talents--especially in fields
like architecture--are indispensible to society. Society determines
whose talents will be used." The development of talent and the
development of the individual is in fact a social process! It is
fantasy and folly to assume that individuals can take total credit for
what they are able to achieve. "Rand's story was just allegory, and
BAD allegory at that." This stuff appeals more to the immature who
overvalue their significance in the world, or to theoreticians
straining to justify an impracticable world-view. "In fact, successful
people are always nice to the people who will benefit them. It is SOP.
The anti-social are nothing, have nothing, and offer nothing. The anti-
social become criminals, not successful business people." As a social
animal, if we are to develop to our fullest capacity, we must do it in
society with others, with the "collective."
Deprived of the social element, the individual becomes self-centered
and self-obssessed--a worthless caricature of a human being, ill-
adjusted and only able to be a productive member of society by being
forced to overcome his immature rebellion by the need to survive. His
justification for his actions reminds us of the rebellious teenager
who rejects all external demands and tells his parents, "I didn't ask
to come into this world!"