Psychology
ALewis525
finished my study guide. Since I typed it, I thought I'd post some of the
definitions here, just because I can. Enjoy...haha. This is all in good fun,
so don't take anything here personally, ok? ;-)
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Argument: An argument consists of one or more statements that are used to
provide support for a conclusion.
Conclusion: The belief or statement that the writer or speaker is advocating.
Premises: The formal term for the statements that support a conclusion.
Assumptions: In an argument, assumptions are statements for which no proof or
evidence is offered. They may be stated or implied.
Subarguments: Arguments that are used to build the main argument in an
extended passage.
Main point: The principal argument in an extended passage.
Counterargument: Statements that refute or weaken a particular conclusion.
Convergent Structures: A type of argument in which two or more premises
support the same conclusion.
Chained (or Linked) Structures: Argument types in which the conclusion of one
subargument becomes the premise of a second argument.
Consistent: A standard for assessing the quality of an argument. When the
premises that support a conclusion are not contradictory, they are consistent.
Adequate Grounds: A standard for assessing the quality of an argument. Occurs
when the premises provide good support for a conclusion.
Sound Argument: Meets three criteria: (a) Premises are acceptable and
consistent, (b) premises are relevant and provide sufficient support for the
conclusion, and (c) missing components are considered and evaluated.
Rationalizing: A biased analysis of an argument so that a preferred conclusion
will be judged as acceptable or a nonpreferred conclusion will be judged as
unacceptable. The process of rationalizing is usually not conscious.
Propaganda: Information presented by proselytizers of a doctrine or belief.
The objective is to get the reader or listener to endorse the belief.
Fallacies: Unsound reasoning techniques that are used to change how people
think.
Guilt by Association: The propaganda technique of associating a position or
person with an undesirable position or person in order to create a negative
impression.
Virtue by Association: The propaganda technique of associating a position or
person with a desirable position or person in order to create a favorable
impression. Compare with guilt by association.
Arguments Against the Person: A form of propaganda that attacks the people who
support a cause and not the cause itself.
Appeals to Pity: A propaganda technique that asks for your compassion instead
of appealing to your reason.
Popularity: A propaganda technique in which the only reason for the conclusion
is that it is endorsed by "everyone."
False Dichotomy: An argument in which two possible conclusions or courses of
action are presented when there are multiple other possibilities. (Also known
as black or white fallacy.)
Card Stacking: A propaganda technique that omits important information that
might support an unfavored view.
Appeals to Pride or Snobbery: The use of praise or flattery to get its
recipient to agree with a position.
Circular Reasoning: An argument structure in which the premise is a
restatement of the conclusion.
Slippery Slope: Counterargument for a conclusion in which the premise consists
of the idea that because certain events lie along some continuum it is not
possible to take an action without affecting all the events on the continuum.
**********Straw Person: A type of propaganda in which an opponent to a
conclusion distorts the argument that supports the conclusion by substituting a
weaker argument.**********
Appeals To Ignorance: An argument in which the premise involves something that
is unknown.
Knowing the Unknowable: Fallacy in which numbers are provided for events that
cannot be quantified.
False Cause: Fallacy in which one event is said to have caused the other
because they occur together.
Put Downs: Belittling an opposing point of view so that it would be difficult
for a listener to agree with it.
Appeals to Tradition: A propaganda technique that utilizes the reason that
what exists is best.
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Again, this was all in good fun. It was not my intention to offend anyone...
Austin
Metallic Rose
>conclusion distorts the argument that supports the conclusion by substituting
>a
>weaker argument.**
LOL. You had me going til I saw this one. Nice job, Austin.
Rose
' When you think that we've used all our chances
& the chance to make everything right,
keep on making the same old mistakes
makes untipping the balance so easy..
when we're living our lives on the edge,
say a prayer on the book of the dead ' - SH
MantLMaris
You ought to take everyone here to your psych class!
Helen
I maybe schizophrenic
But at least I have each other
MetallicHose
You should get out into the real world, occasionally.
Yours,
Hoser
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