Kat, you are a troll.
Troll (Internet)
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The "trollface", first appearing in 2008,[1] is occasionally used to
indicate trolling in Internet culture.[2][not in citation given] Modern
usage of the word itself dates from the 1980s.
In Internet slang, a troll is someone who posts inflammatory,[3]
extraneous, or off-topic messages in an online community, such as a
forum, chat room, or blog, with the primary intent of provoking readers
into an emotional response[4] or of otherwise disrupting normal on-topic
discussion.[5] The noun troll may refer to the provocative message
itself, as in: "That was an excellent troll you posted."
While the word troll and its associated verb trolling are associated
with Internet discourse, media attention in recent years has made such
labels subjective, with trolling describing intentionally provocative
actions and harassment outside of an online context. For example, mass
media has used troll to describe "a person who defaces Internet tribute
sites with the aim of causing grief to families."[6][7]
Etymology
It has been asserted that the verb to troll originates from Old French
troller, a hunting term. A verb "trôler" is found in modern
French-English dictionaries, where the main meaning given is "to lead,
or drag, somebody about". In modern English usage, the verb to troll
describes a fishing technique of slowly dragging a lure or baited hook
from a moving boat.[8] A similar but distinct verb, "to trawl,"
describes the act of dragging a fishing net (not a line). Whereas
trolling with a fishing line is recreational, trawling with a net is
generally a commercial activity.
The noun troll comes from the Old Norse word for a mythological
monster.[9] The word evokes the trolls of Scandinavian folklore and
children's tales, where they are often creatures bent on mischief and
wickedness. The contemporary use of the term is alleged to have appeared
on the Internet in the late 1980s,[10] but the earliest known example is
from 1992.[11] Early non-Internet related use of trolling for actions
deliberately performed to provoke a reaction can be found in the
military; by 1972 the term trolling for MiGs was documented in use by US
Navy pilots in Vietnam.[12]
Early history
The most likely derivation of the word troll can be found in the phrase
"trolling for newbies", popularized in the early 1990s in the Usenet
group, alt.folklore.urban (AFU).[13][14] Commonly, what is meant is a
relatively gentle inside joke by veteran users, presenting questions or
topics that had been so overdone that only a new user would respond to
them earnestly. For example, a veteran of the group might make a post on
the common misconception that glass flows over time. Long-time readers
would both recognize the poster's name and know that the topic had been
discussed a lot, but new subscribers to the group would not realize, and
would thus respond. These types of trolls served as a practice to
identify group insiders. This definition of trolling, considerably
narrower than the modern understanding of the term, was considered a
positive contribution.[13][15] One of the most notorious AFU trollers,
David Mikkelson,[13] went on to create the urban folklore website
Snopes.com.
By the late 1990s, alt.folklore.urban had such heavy traffic and
participation that trolling of this sort was frowned upon. Others
expanded the term to include the practice of playing a seriously
misinformed or deluded user, even in newsgroups where one was not a
regular; these were often attempts at humor rather than provocation. In
such contexts, the noun troll usually referred to an act of trolling,
rather than to the author.
In other languages
In Icelandic, þurs (a thurs) or tröll (a troll) may refer to trolls, the
verbs þursa (to troll) or þursast (to be trolling, to troll about) may
be used.
In Chinese, trolling is referred to as bái mù (Chinese: 白目; literally
"white eye"), which can be straightforwardly explained as "eyes without
pupils", in the sense that whilst the pupil of the eye is used for
vision, the white section of the eye cannot see, and trolling involves
blindly talking nonsense over the internet, having total disregard to
sensitivities or being oblivious to the situation at hand, akin to
having eyes without pupils. An alternative term is bái làn (Chinese: 白
爛; literally "white rot"), which describes a post completely
nonsensical and full of folly made to upset others, and derives from a
Taiwanese slang term for the male genitalia, where genitalia that is
pale white in colour represents that someone is young, and thus foolish.
Both terms originate from Taiwan, and are also used in Hong Kong and
mainland China. Another term, xiǎo bái (Chinese: 小白; literally "little
white") is a derogatory term that refers to both bái mù and bái làn that
is used on anonymous posting internet forums. Another common term for a
troll used in mainland China is pēn zi (Chinese: 噴子; literally
"sprayer, spurter").
In Japanese, tsuri (釣り?) means "fishing" and refers to intentionally
misleading posts whose only purpose is to get the readers to react, i.e.
get trolled. arashi (荒らし?) means "laying waste" and can also be used
to refer to simple spamming.
In Korean, nak-si (낚시) means "fishing", and is used to refer to
Internet trolling attempts, as well as purposefully misleading post
titles. A person who recognizes the troll after having responded (or, in
case of a post title nak-si, having read the actual post) would often
refer to himself as a caught fish.[citation needed]
In Portuguese, more commonly in its Brazilian variant, troll (produced
[ˈtɾɔw], in Portuguese spelling pronunciation) is the usual term to
denote internet trolls (examples of common derivate terms are trollismo
or trollagem, "trolling", and the verb trollar, "to troll", which
entered popular use), but an older expression, used by those which want
to avoid anglicisms or slangs, is complexo do pombo enxadrista to denote
trolling behavior, and pombos enxadristas (literally, "chessplayer
pigeons") or simply pombos are the terms used to name the trolls. The
terms are explained by an adage or popular saying: "Arguing with fulano
(John Doe is its nearest equivalent) is the same as playing chess with a
pigeon: the pigeon defecates on the table, drop the pieces and simply
fly, claiming victory."
In Thai, the term "krean" (เกรียน) has been adopted to address Internet
trolls. The term literally refers to a closely cropped hairstyle worn by
most school boys in Thailand, thus equating Internet trolls to school
boys. The term "tob krean" (ตบเกรียน), or "slapping a cropped head",
refers to the act of posting intellectual replies to refute and cause
the messages of Internet trolls to be perceived as
unintelligent.[citation needed]
Trolling, identity, and anonymity
Early incidents of trolling were considered to be the same as flaming,
but this has changed with modern usage by the news media to refer to the
creation of any content that targets another person. The Internet
dictionary NetLingo suggests there are four grades of trolling: playtime
trolling, tactical trolling, strategic trolling, and domination
trolling.[16] The relationship between trolling and flaming was observed
in open-access forums in California, on a series of modem-linked
computers in the 1970s, like CommuniTree which when accessed by high
school teenagers became a ground for trashing and abuse.[17] Some
psychologists have suggested that flaming would be caused by
deindividuation or decreased self-evaluation: the anonymity of online
postings would lead to disinhibition amongst individuals[18] Others have
suggested that although flaming and trolling is often unpleasant, it may
be a form of normative behavior that expresses the social identity of a
certain user group [19][20] According to Tom Postmes, a professor of
social and organisational psychology at the universities of Exeter and
Groningen, Netherlands, and the author of Individuality and the Group,
who has studied online behavior for 20 years, "Trolls aspire to
violence, to the level of trouble they can cause in an environment. They
want it to kick off. They want to promote antipathetic emotions of
disgust and outrage, which morbidly gives them a sense of pleasure."[17]
In academic literature, the practice of trolling was first documented by
Judith Donath (1999). Donath's paper outlines the ambiguity of identity
in a disembodied "virtual community" such as Usenet:
In the physical world there is an inherent unity to the self, for
the body provides a compelling and convenient definition of identity.
The norm is: one body, one identity ... The virtual world is different.
It is composed of information rather than matter.[21]
Donath provides a concise overview of identity deception games which
trade on the confusion between physical and epistemic community:
Trolling is a game about identity deception, albeit one that is
played without the consent of most of the players. The troll attempts to
pass as a legitimate participant, sharing the group's common interests
and concerns; the newsgroups members, if they are cognizant of trolls
and other identity deceptions, attempt to both distinguish real from
trolling postings, and upon judging a poster a troll, make the offending
poster leave the group. Their success at the former depends on how well
they – and the troll – understand identity cues; their success at the
latter depends on whether the troll's enjoyment is sufficiently
diminished or outweighed by the costs imposed by the group. Trolls can
be costly in several ways. A troll can disrupt the discussion on a
newsgroup, disseminate bad advice, and damage the feeling of trust in
the newsgroup community. Furthermore, in a group that has become
sensitized to trolling – where the rate of deception is high – many
honestly naïve questions may be quickly rejected as trollings. This can
be quite off-putting to the new user who upon venturing a first posting
is immediately bombarded with angry accusations. Even if the accusation
is unfounded, being branded a troll is quite damaging to one's online
reputation.[21]
Susan Herring and colleagues in "Searching for Safety Online: Managing
'Trolling' in a Feminist Forum" point out the difficulty inherent in
monitoring trolling and maintaining freedom of speech in online
communities: "harassment often arises in spaces known for their freedom,
lack of censure, and experimental nature".[22] Free speech may lead to
tolerance of trolling behavior, complicating the members' efforts to
maintain an open, yet supportive discussion area, especially for
sensitive topics such as race, gender, and sexuality.[22]
In an effort to reduce uncivil behavior by increasing accountability,
many web sites (e.g. Reuters, Facebook, and Gizmodo) now require
commenters to register their names and e-mail addresses.[23]
Concern troll
A concern troll is a false flag pseudonym created by a user whose actual
point of view is opposed to the one that the user claims to hold. The
concern troll posts in Web forums devoted to its declared point of view
and attempts to sway the group's actions or opinions while claiming to
share their goals, but with professed "concerns". The goal is to sow
fear, uncertainty and doubt within the group.[24]
An example of this occurred in 2006 when Tad Furtado, a staffer for
then-Congressman Charles Bass (R-NH), was caught posing as a "concerned"
supporter of Bass' opponent, Democrat Paul Hodes, on several liberal New
Hampshire blogs, using the pseudonyms "IndieNH" or "IndyNH". "IndyNH"
expressed concern that Democrats might just be wasting their time or
money on Hodes, because Bass was unbeatable.[25][26] Hodes eventually
won the election.
Although the term "concern troll" originated in discussions of online
behavior, it now sees increasing use to describe similar behaviors that
take place offline. For example, James Wolcott of Vanity Fair accused a
conservative New York Daily News columnist of "concern troll" behavior
in his efforts to downplay the Mark Foley scandal. Wolcott links what he
calls concern trolls to what Saul Alinsky calls "Do-Nothings", giving a
long quote from Alinsky on the Do-Nothings' method and effects:
These Do-Nothings profess a commitment to social change for ideals
of justice, equality, and opportunity, and then abstain from and
discourage all effective action for change. They are known by their
brand, 'I agree with your ends but not your means.'[27]
The Hill published an op-ed piece by Markos Moulitsas of the liberal
blog Daily Kos titled "Dems: Ignore 'Concern Trolls'". The concern
trolls in question were not Internet participants; they were Republicans
offering public advice and warnings to the Democrats. The author defines
"concern trolling" as "offering a poisoned apple in the form of advice
to political opponents that, if taken, would harm the recipient".[28]
Troll sites
While many webmasters and forum administrators consider trolls a scourge
on their sites, some websites welcome them. For example, a New York
Times article discussed troll activity at 4chan and at Encyclopedia
Dramatica, which it described as "an online compendium of troll humor
and troll lore".[10] This site and others are often used as a base to
troll against sites that their members can not normally post on. These
trolls feed off the reactions of their victims because "their agenda is
to take delight in causing trouble".[29]
Media coverage and controversy
Mainstream media outlets have focused their attention on the willingness
of some Internet trolls to go to extreme lengths in their attempts at
eliciting reactions.
United States
On March 31, 2010, the Today Show ran a segment detailing the deaths of
three separate adolescent girls and trolls' subsequent reactions to
their deaths. Shortly after the suicide of high school student Alexis
Pilkington, anonymous posters began trolling for reactions across
various message boards, referring to Pilkington as a "suicidal slut",
and posting graphic images on her Facebook memorial page. The segment
also included an expose of a 2006 accident, in which an eighteen-year
old fatally crashed her father's car into a highway pylon; trolls
emailed her grieving family the leaked pictures of her mutilated
corpse.[7] In 2012, the subject of trolling was featured on the HBO
series The Newsroom.
Australia
In February 2010, the Australian government became involved after trolls
defaced the Facebook tribute pages of murdered children Trinity Bates
and Elliott Fletcher. Australian communications minister Stephen Conroy
decried the attacks, committed mainly by 4chan users, as evidence of the
need for greater Internet regulation, stating, "This argument that the
Internet is some mystical creation that no laws should apply to, that is
a recipe for anarchy and the wild west."[30] Facebook responded by
strongly urging administrators to be aware of ways to ban users and
remove inappropriate content from Facebook pages.[31] In 2012, the Daily
Telegraph started a campaign to take action against "Twitter trolls",
who abuse and threaten users. Several high-profile Australians including
Charlotte Dawson, Robbie Farah, Laura Dundovic, and Ray Hadley have been
victims of trolling.[32][33][34]
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, contributions made to the Internet are covered by
the Communications Act 2003. Sending messages which are "grossly
offensive or of an indecent, obscene or menacing character" is an
offense whether they are received by the intended recipient or not.[35]
As of September 2011, two persons have been imprisoned in the UK for
trolling.[36][36] Several high profile cases of trolling have been
reported in the United Kingdom, with there being wide disparity between
the action taken against assailants. In the case of teenager, Natasha
MacBryde, who died a tragic death, the troll of her testimonial page,
Sean Duffy, was sentenced to 18 weeks in prison and banned from using
social networking sites for five years. [37] This compared with Jamie
Counsel being sentenced to four years for trying to incite riots [38]
and those who trolled the testimonial page of Georgia Varley facing no
prosecution due to misunderstandings of the legal system in the wake of
the term trolling being popularized [39]
Usage
Application of the term troll is subjective. Some readers may
characterize a post as trolling, while others may regard the same post
as a legitimate contribution to the discussion, even if controversial.
Like any pejorative term, it can be used as an ad hominem attack,
suggesting a negative motivation.
Regardless of the circumstances, controversial posts may attract a
particularly strong response from those unfamiliar with the robust
dialogue found in some online, rather than physical, communities.
Experienced participants in online forums know that the most effective
way to discourage a troll is usually to ignore it[citation needed],
because responding tends to encourage trolls to continue disruptive
posts – hence the often-seen warning: "Please do not feed the trolls".
Examples
As reported on April 8, 1999, investors became victims of trolling via
an online financial discussion regarding PairGain, a telephone equipment
company based in California. Trolls operating in the stock’s Yahoo
Finance chat room posted a fabricated Bloomberg News article stating
that an Israeli telecom company could potentially acquire PairGain. As a
result, PairGain’s stock jumped by 31%. However, the stock promptly
crashed after the reports were identified as false.[40]
So-called Gold Membership trolling originated in 2007 on 4chan boards,
users posting fake images claiming to offer upgraded 4chan account
privileges; without a "Gold" account, one could not view certain
content. This turned out to be a hoax designed to fool board members,
especially newcomers. It was copied and became an Internet meme. In some
cases, this type of troll has been used as a scam, most notably on
Facebook, where fake Facebook Gold Account upgrade ads have proliferated
in order to link users to dubious websites and other content.[41]
The case of Zeran v. America Online, Inc. resulted primarily from
trolling. Six days after the Oklahoma City bombing, anonymous users
posted advertisements for shirts celebrating the bombing on AOL message
boards, claiming that the shirts could be obtained by contacting Mr.
Kenneth Zeran. The posts listed Zeran's address and home phone number.
Zeran was subsequently harassed.[40]
Anti-Scientology protests by Anonymous, commonly known as Project
Chanology, are sometimes labeled as "trolling" by media such as
Wired,[42] and the participants sometimes explicitly self-identify as
"trolls".