Researchers demonstrate first human use of high-bandwidth wireless brain-computer interface

[FBInCIAnNSATerroristSlayer]

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brains to NSA HIVE AI Grid and REMOTELY OPERATING you like PUPPETS, and
altering your DAILY LIVES and playing GODS.


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White Christians "Deceiving Natives" with smallpox infested blankets
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEHsR63F5Dw


“When the Missionaries arrived, the Africans had the land and the
Missionaries had the Bible. They taught how to pray with our eyes
closed. When we opened them, they had the land and we had the Bible.”

― Jomo Kenyatta




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https://www.brown.edu/news/2021-03-31/braingate-wireless


Researchers demonstrate first human use of high-bandwidth wireless
brain-computer interface

In an important step toward a fully implantable intracortical
brain-computer interface system, BrainGate researchers demonstrated the
first human use of a wireless transmitter capable of delivering
high-bandwidth neural signals.

PROVIDENCE, R.I. [Brown University and Providence Veterans Affairs
Medical Center] — Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are an emerging
assistive technology, enabling people with paralysis to type on computer
screens or manipulate robotic prostheses just by thinking about moving
their own bodies. For years, investigational BCIs used in clinical
trials have required cables to connect the sensing array in the brain to
computers that decode the signals and use them to drive external devices.

Now, for the first time, BrainGate clinical trial participants with
tetraplegia have demonstrated use of an intracortical wireless BCI with
an external wireless transmitter. The system is capable of transmitting
brain signals at single-neuron resolution and in full broadband fidelity
without physically tethering the user to a decoding system. The
traditional cables are replaced by a small transmitter about 2 inches in
its largest dimension and weighing a little over 1.5 ounces. The unit
sits on top of a user’s head and connects to an electrode array within
the brain’s motor cortex using the same port used by wired systems.

For a study published in IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering,
two clinical trial participants with paralysis used the BrainGate system
with a wireless transmitter to point, click and type on a standard
tablet computer. The study showed that the wireless system transmitted
signals with virtually the same fidelity as wired systems, and
participants achieved similar point-and-click accuracy and typing speeds.

“We’ve demonstrated that this wireless system is functionally equivalent
to the wired systems that have been the gold standard in BCI performance
for years,” said John Simeral, an assistant professor of engineering
(research) at Brown University, a member of the BrainGate research
consortium and the study’s lead author. “The signals are recorded and
transmitted with appropriately similar fidelity, which means we can use
the same decoding algorithms we used with wired equipment. The only
difference is that people no longer need to be physically tethered to
our equipment, which opens up new possibilities in terms of how the
system can be used.”

The researchers say the study represents an early but important step
toward a major objective in BCI research: a fully implantable
intracortical system that aids in restoring independence for people who
have lost the ability to move. While wireless devices with lower
bandwidth have been reported previously, this is the first device to
transmit the full spectrum of signals recorded by an intracortical
sensor. That high-broadband wireless signal enables clinical research
and basic human neuroscience that is much more difficult to perform with
wired BCIs.

The new study demonstrated some of those new possibilities. The trial
participants — a 35-year-old man and a 63-year-old man, both paralyzed
by spinal cord injuries — were able to use the system in their homes, as
opposed to the lab setting where most BCI research takes place.
Unencumbered by cables, the participants were able to use the BCI
continuously for up to 24 hours, giving the researchers long-duration
data including while participants slept.

“We want to understand how neural signals evolve over time,” said Leigh
Hochberg, an engineering professor at Brown, a researcher at Brown's
Carney Institute for Brain Science and leader of the BrainGate clinical
trial. “With this system, we’re able to look at brain activity, at home,
over long periods in a way that was nearly impossible before. This will
help us to design decoding algorithms that provide for the seamless,
intuitive, reliable restoration of communication and mobility for people
with paralysis.”

The device used in the study was first developed at Brown in the lab of
Arto Nurmikko, a professor in Brown’s School of Engineering. Dubbed the
Brown Wireless Device (BWD), it was designed to transmit high-fidelity
signals while drawing minimal power. In the current study, two devices
used together recorded neural signals at 48 megabits per second from 200
electrodes with a battery life of over 36 hours.

While the BWD has been used successfully for several years in basic
neuroscience research, additional testing and regulatory permission were
required prior to using the system in the BrainGate trial. Nurmikko says
the step to human use marks a key moment in the development of BCI
technology.

"I am privileged to be part of a team pushing the frontiers of
brain-machine interfaces for human use,” Nurmikko said. “Importantly,
the wireless technology described in our paper has helped us to gain
crucial insight for the road ahead in pursuit of next generation of
neurotechnologies, such as fully implanted high-density wireless
electronic interfaces for the brain.”

The new study marks another significant advance by researchers with the
BrainGate consortium, an interdisciplinary group of researchers from
Brown, Stanford and Case Western Reserve universities, as well as the
Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Massachusetts General
Hospital. In 2012, the team published landmark research in which
clinical trial participants were able, for the first time, to operate
multidimensional robotic prosthetics using a BCI. That work has been
followed by a steady stream of refinements to the system, as well as new
clinical breakthroughs that have enabled people to type on computers,
use tablet apps and even move their own paralyzed limbs.

“The evolution of intracortical BCIs from requiring a wire cable to
instead using a miniature wireless transmitter is a major step toward
functional use of fully implanted, high-performance neural interfaces,”
said study co-author Sharlene Flesher, who was a postdoctoral fellow at
Stanford and is now a hardware engineer at Apple. “As the field heads
toward reducing transmitted bandwidth while preserving the accuracy of
assistive device control, this study may be one of few that captures the
full breadth of cortical signals for extended periods of time, including
during practical BCI use.”

The new wireless technology is already paying dividends in unexpected
ways, the researchers say. Because participants are able to use the
wireless device in their homes without a technician on hand to maintain
the wired connection, the BrainGate team has been able to continue their
work during the COVID-19 pandemic.

“In March 2020, it became clear that we would not be able to visit our
research participants' homes,” said Hochberg, who is also a critical
care neurologist at Massachusetts General Hospital and director of the
V.A. Rehabilitation Research and Development Center for Neurorestoration
and Neurotechnology. “But by training caregivers how to establish the
wireless connection, a trial participant was able to use the BCI without
members of our team physically being there. So not only were we able to
continue our research, this technology allowed us to continue with the
full bandwidth and fidelity that we had before.”

Simeral noted that, “Multiple companies have wonderfully entered the BCI
field, and some have already demonstrated human use of low-bandwidth
wireless systems, including some that are fully implanted. In this
report, we’re excited to have used a high-bandwidth wireless system that
advances the scientific and clinical capabilities for future systems.”

Brown has a licensing agreement with Blackrock Microsystems to make the
device available to neuroscience researchers around the world. The
BrainGate team plans to continue to use the device in ongoing clinical
trials.

Other authors on this latest research were Thomas Hosman, Jad Saab,
Marco Vilela, Brian Franco, Jessica Kelemen, David Brandman, John
Ciancibello, Paymon Rezaii, Emad Eskandar, David Rosler, Krishna Shenoy
and Jaimie Henderson.

The work was supported in part by NIH BRAIN Initiative – NINDS
(UH2NS095548), the Department of Veterans Affairs (N9228C, N2864C,
A2295R, B6453R, P1155R); NIH-NIDCD (R01DC009899, R01DC014034); NIH-NIBIB
(R01EB007401); the Executive Committee on Research (ECOR) of
Massachusetts General Hospital; MGH-Deane Institute; DARPA REPAIR; Wu
Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford; Larry and Pamela Garlick;
Samuel and Betsy Reeves; the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Stanford
University and Conquer Paralysis Now (004698).

Disclosure: Arto Nurmikko is an inventor of wireless neural device U.S.
Patent #10433754. The content is solely the responsibility of the
authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the
NIH, the Department of Veterans Affairs or the U.S. Government.

Caution: Investigational device. Limited by federal law to
investigational use.