United Macedonians
Aryan 666
non-members routinely attended UM dances and picnics. The list of members
contained a large number of Greek surnames - Papadimitriou, Mangos, Sideris,
Loukras - a clear indication of the influence of Aegean Macedonians in the
group. Many of the new Macedonian arrivals had lived in villages where Greek
officials had systematically rooted out the Slavic Macedonian customs they
knew from birth. Many of these newcomers to Toronto had been forced to
change their family names sometime between 1913 and their departure from
Europe as part of this Greek effort.58
Spirit of Truth
"Aryan 666" <arya...@yahoo.com> wrote in message
news:b-udnT3Ap5x8x4Hb...@wideopenwest.com...
Silly.
For fair use only
From:http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.1.i.html
"Afterwards he turned his thoughts to the alliance which he had been
recommended to contract, and sought to ascertain by inquiry which
was the most powerful of the Grecian states. His inquiries pointed
out to him two states as pre-eminent above the rest. These were the
Lacedaemonians and the Athenians, the former of Doric, the latter
of Ionic blood. And indeed these two nations had held from very, early
times the most distinguished place in Greece, the (latter) being a Pelasgic,
the other a Hellenic people, and the one having never quitted its original
seats, while the other had been excessively migratory; for during the
reign of Deucalion, Phthiotis was the country in which the Hellenes dwelt,
but under Dorus, the son of Hellen, they moved to the tract at the base
of Ossa and Olympus, which is called Histiaeotis; forced to retire from
that region by the Cadmeians, they settled, under the name of Macedni,
in the chain of Pindus. Hence they once more removed and came to
Dryopis; and from Dryopis having entered the Peloponnese in this way,
they became known as Dorians."
Clearly, Herodotos states above that the HELLENIC tribe was the Macedonians
and (a group of them) went south and were known
there as Dorians!
And, what else is not reported is that the Spartans, Corinthians and
others in the south of Greece were these self-same DORIANS.
Here is another piece of text from Herodotos showing that fact:
"[8.43.1] The following took part in the war: from the Peloponnese,
the Lacedaemonians provided sixteen ships; the Corinthians the
same number as at Artemisium; the Sicyonians furnished fifteen ships,
the Epidaurians ten, the Troezenians five, the Hermioneans three.
All of these except the Hermioneans are Dorian and Macedonian
and had last come from Erineus and Pindus and the Dryopian region.
The Hermioneans are Dryopians, driven out of the country now
called Doris by Herakles and the Malians."
The claim that Dorians equaled non-Greeks is completely and
utterly false and absurd!
>4). They did not speak Greek but another language presently
> unknown and of which only proper names remain;
Another bogus statement. Of 150 dialectical words used by the
ancient Macedonians only 20 show non-Greek influence.
And of the names, what the report neglected to state was that all
the name are GREEK:
Alexander's name is Greek. The word "Alexandros" is produced from
the prefix alex(=protector) and the word andros(=man) meaning
"defender man".
The prefix "alex" can be found in many Greek words today
(alexiptoto=parachute, alexisfairo=bulletproof - all these words
have the meaning of protection or repulsion).
Philip's name is also Greek. It is produced from the prefix Philo
(=love of to something) and the word ippos(=horse) meaning the
man who loves horses.
The prefix "philo" and the word "ippos" are also found in many words of
Greek origin today (philosophy,philology, hippodrome,hippocampus).
And here is a list of names of ordinary Macedonian people, all also
Greek:
Ifestionas - Alexander's closest friend
Aristotelis - Famous phiosopher, born in Stageira
Hermias - Philosopher
Anaksarxos - Philosopher
Kalisthenis - Philosopher
Marsias - Writer
Zoilos - Writer
Zeuxis - Painter from Heraclea
Leocharis - Sculptor
Lysippos - Sculptor
Deinokratis - He helped Alexander to create Alexandria in Egypt
Antipatros - Historian
Aristokritos - Actor
Thessalos - Actor, friend of Alexander's
Philotas - Another friend of Alexander's
Argeos - Rival of king Philippos
Pausanias - The man who killed king Philippos
Kassandros - Army general, founded the city of Thessaloniki
Ptolemeos - Army general
Antigonos - Army general
Selefkos - Army general
Arrianos - Cavalary commander
Nearchos - Navy commander
Neoptolemos - Arrmy officer
Python - Army officer
Hippostratos - Army officer
Kleitos - Army officer
Permenion - Army officer
Attalos - Army officer
Aristoboulos - Army officer
Kleitarxos - Army officer
Polycratis - Soldier
Bolon - Soldier
Koinos - Soldier
Xenokratis
Deukalos
Arrhideos
Charidimos
Parmenion
Antiochos
Krateros
Kalas
Perseas
Meleagros
Arpalos
Eumenis
Lyssimachos
Leonatos
Assandros
Memmon
> nowadays, they speak a Slavic language
And there is THE most absurd statement of all. Ancient Macedonia
was in the area of modern northern Greece and not the area
of the land of FYROM:
Here is the area of the real ancient Macedonia, and I can provide
the actual descriptive texts if you wish to review them:
http://www.macedonia.com/english/history/regions1.html
http://www.unet.com.mk/oldmacedonianmaps/stmapi/mapa3.jpg
http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/Maps/mapSeq_Map01.html
http://crystalinks.com/mapgreeceancient.gif
The Dardanians, Paeonians, and Illyrians are shown below, and those
are the ancient inhabitants of the Fyrom area....NOT ancient
Macedonians:
http://www.soros.org.mk/archive/G01/A01/as0106.htm
http://www.unet.com.mk/oldmacedonianmaps/stmapi/mapa4.jpg
And,don't confuse the term _Upper_ Macedonia. The actual one was
in the PINDUS areas of Modern Greece, and was to the _west_
of Lower Macedonia, which was at the Modern northern Greek
sea coast.
Only the _ROMAN_ Diocese Of Macedonia stretched to Skopje
and that was undermined by the Avars and Slavic tribes AND
CEASED TO BE EVEN ROMAN MACEDONIA at that point
(end of 6th century AD).
Later the Bulgars came and took over the area and they mixed
with the Slavs creating the 'Bulgarian Slavs', and indeed the area
of Fyrom historically became known as _Bulgaria_ and the people
_Bulgarians_....to themselves and others:
http://www.historymuseum.org/items.php3?nid=199&name=ochrid
> (5). Macedonians fought against the Greeks between 357-336 B.C.
> under King Philip II. They defeated the Greeks at the Battle of Chaironea
> (338 B.C.).
Again a false statement. The Macedonian Greeks fought some
City State Greeks (some even fought with the Macedonian Greeks)
Here a relevant text showing historians recognise that the fight was
no different to earlier fights between City state Greeks themselves:
Bury on the Macedonian Greeks
For fair use only:
"If the chances of another issue to the battle of Chaeronea have been
exaggerated, the significance of that event has been often
misrepresented. The battle of Chaeronea belongs to the same historical
series as the battles of Aegospotami (405 B.C.) and Leuctra (371 B.C.).
As the hegemony or first place among Greek states had passed successively
from Athens to Sparta, and to Thebes, so now it passed to Macedon. The
statement that Greek liberty perished on the plain of Chaeronea is as true
or as false as that it perished on the field of
Leuctra or the strand of the Goat's River. Whenever a Greek state
became supreme, that supremacy entailed the depression of some
states and the dependency or subjection of others. Athens was
reduced to a secondary place by Macedon, and Thebes fared still
worse; but we must not forget what Sparta, in the day of her triumph,
did to Athens, or the more evil things which Thebes proposed."
>The Macedonian empire extended from the Balkan Peninsula to the
> Himalayas and to North Africa during the reign of Philip's son, Alexander
> the Great (6). Thereafter, Macedonia was conquered by the Romans and >has
been disputed in more recent times by Serbs and/or Bulgars.
> Ottoman Turks controlled Macedonia between 1380-1912 A.D., and it
>was integrated into Yugoslavia in 1946.
So there, folks, you see the report falsely states that Macedonia
became part of Yugoslavia. First, no Macedonia existed in that
region since the end of the 6th century AD, and even that Macedonia
(Roman Macedonia) had nothing to do with the real Macedonia which
as you have seen above was in the region of modern northern Greece.
<snip
Let's look at this next part:
> Population samples
> Samples from one hundred and seventy-two unrelated Macedonians in
> Skopje (Institute of Blood Transfusion, Tissue Typing Laboratory), the
> Republic of Macedonia capital, were used for HLA geno-typing and
> phylogenetic calculations. All were Macedonian language speakers
>and their ancestors did not belong to a country minority group
>(detailed above). The origin of all other populations used for
>comparisons is given in Table 1.
So, you see, folks, FYROM and Skopje and an area with no connection
at all to the ancient Macedonians but with heavy connection to Slavic
and Bulgar peoples and yet the report connects them to the ancient
mediteranean populations and also the ancient Macedonians!!!!
Either DNA is a false Science, these people don't know what they are
doing or knowing fraud was accomplished by some participants!
A last few comments:
<snip
>Table 5 shows the presence of these Greek alleles mainly in
>sub-Saharan populations from Ethiopia (Amhara, Oromo),
>Sudan (Nuba) and West Africa (Rimaibe, Fulani, Mossi). Some
> of these alleles are sporadically present in other populations
>without any relationships among them (see footnote to Table 5).
But not in the case of Greeks....DUH!
<snip
> Greeks are genetically related to sub-Saharans
> Much to our surprise,
:)
> The conclusion is that part of the Greek genetic pool may be
'Part' and 'May be', folks, hidden within all the false statements.
>sub-Saharan and that the admixture has occurred at an uncertain but
>ancient time.
Folks, no where do the ''researchers'' show themselves cognizant of
the fact of Greeks being present in large numbers in the ancient
areas of Egypt and Ethiopia, and indeed even in Hellenistic and later
times. This, of course, would have caused a dispersal of specific
Greek DNA to those areas which apparently would account for any
and all apparant connections of DNA.
............................................................................
.........................
And below, you may read historians statements showing that the
ancient Macedonians were indeed Greek and open sites where
you can find ancient statements of same but these evidences are
ancillary only and are not necessary to the evidences above of
possible fraud:
For fair use only:
The inhabitants of this area (Macedonians) were one of the most ancient
Greek tribes. Their closest relatives were the Thessalians and particularly
the Magnesians, with whom they shared Aeolian ancestry. The language they
spoke was among the oldest forms of Greek, and it had affinities
with the Aeolian, Arcado-Cypriot and Mycenean dialects. The religion
of the Madeconians was that of the other Greeks, and their myths and
traditions were those found throughout the Greek world (Wells,
The Outline of History, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Glimpses of
World History).
"The Macedonian people and their kings were of Greek stock, as their
traditions and the scanty remains of their language combine to testify."
John Bagnell Bury, "A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the
Great", The Modern Library, New Uork, 1913
"It seems more and more certain that the Macedonians were a Greek tribe
related to the Dorians. However, as they stayed high up in the distant
north, they could not participate in the progress of civilization of the
Greek people that migrated southward...".
Ul. Wilcken, Alexandre le Grand, op. cit., p. 33:
"A strong Illyrian and Thracian influence can thus be recognized in
Macedonian speech and manners. These however are only trifles compared
with the Greek character of the Macedonian nationality; for example the
names of the true full blooded Macedonians, especially of the princes
and nobles, are purely Greek in their formation and sounds."
Ulrich Wilcken, "Alexander the Great", Norton & Company, 1967
"And yet when we take into account the political conditions, religion and
morals of the Macedonians, our conviction is strengthened that they were a
Greek race akin to the Dorians."
Ulrich Wilcken, "Alexander the Great", Norton publications, 1967.
"the majority of the new generation of historians ......
agree, and rightly so, that the Macedonians were Greeks".
Herman Bengtson, Griechische Geschichte4, Muenchen 1969, p. 305:
"That the Macedonians were of Greek stock seems certain. The claim
made by the Argead dynasty to be of Argive descent may be no more
than a generally accepted myth, but Macedonian proper names, such as
Ptolemaios or Philippos, are good Greek names, and the names of the
Macedonian months, although differed from those of Athens or Sparta,
were also Greek. The language spoken by the Macedonians, which
Greeks of the classical period found intelligible, appears to have been
a primitive north-west Greek dialect,
much influenced by the languages of the neighboring barbarians."
J.R. Hamilton, "Alexander the Great", London, 1973
"These plains would be the envy of any Greek visitor who crossed their
southern border by the narrow vale of Tempe and the foot of Mount Olympus.
He would pass the frontier post of Heraclion, town of Heracles, and stop at
the harbour town of Dion, named after the Greek god Zeus, ancestor of the
Macedonian kings, and site of a yearly nine-day festival of the arts in
honour of Zeus and the nine Greek Muses. There he would walk through city
gates in a wall of brick, down the paved length of a sacred way, between the
theatre, gymnasiums and a temple with Doric pillars: suitably, the nearby
villages were linked with the myth of Orpheus, the famous bard of Greek
legend. He was still in a world of Greek gods and sacrifices, of Greek plays
and Greek language, though the natives might speak Greek with a northern
accent which hardened 'ch' into 'g'. 'th' into 'd' and pronounced King
Philip as 'Bilip'. Bearing on up the coast, he would find the plain no less
abundant and the towns more defiantly Greek."
Robin Lane Fox, "Alexander the Great", The Dial Press Publications, 1974
"In favour of the Greek identity of the Macedonians is what we know of their
language: the place-names, names of the months and personal names,
which are without exception Greek in roots and form. This suggests that
they did not merely use Greek as a lingua franca, but spoke it as natives
(though with a local accent which turns Philip into Bilip, for example).
The Macedonians' own traditions derived their royal house from one
Argeas, son of Macedon, son of Zeus, and asserted that a new dynasty,
the Temenids, had its origin in the sixth century from emigrants from Argos
in Greece, the first of these kings was Perdiccas. This tradition became
a most important part of the cultural identity of Macedon. It enabled
Alexander I to compete at the Olympic Games (which only true Hellenes
were allowed to do).... The Macedonians, then, were racially Greek."
Richard Stoneman, "Alexander the Great", Routiledge, London and
New York, 1977
"Modern scholarship, after many generations of argument, now almost
unanimously recognizes them as Greeks, a branch of the Dorians and
"Northwest Greeks" who, after long residence in the north Pindus region,
migrated eastward. The Macedonian language has not survived in any written
text, but the names of individuals, places, gods, months and the like
suggest strongly that it was a Greek dialect. Macedonians institutes, both
secular and religious, had marked Hellenic characteristics, and legends
identify or link the people with the Dorians."
John V.A. Fine, "The Ancient Greeks a Critical History", Harvard University
Press, Massachusetts, 1983
Taken from N. G. L. Hammond's "The Macedonian State:
The Origins, Institution and History," Calrendon Press, Oxford,
1989, pp. 413.pp. 12-14:"
4. The Language of the Macedonians.
What language did these 'Macedones' speak? The name itself
is Greek in root and in ethnic termination. It probably means
'highlanders,' and it is comparable to Greek tribal names such
as 'Orestai' amd 'Oreitai,' meaning 'mountain-men.' A reputedly
earlier variant, 'Maketai,' has the same root, which means 'high,'
as in the Greek adjective 'makednos' or the noun mekos.'
The genealogy of eponymous ancestors which Hesiod
recorded (p. 3 above) has a bearing on the question of Greek
speech. First, Hesiod made Macedon a brother of Magnes;
as we know from inscriptions that the Magnetes spoke the Aeolic
dialect of the Greek language, we have a predisposition to
suppose that the Macedones spoke the Aeolic dialect.
Secondly, Hesiod made Macedon and Magnes first cousins
of Hellen's three sons -- Dorus, Xouthus, and Aeolus -- who
were the founders of three dialects of Greek speech, namely
Doric, Ionic, and Aeolic. Hesiod would not have recored this
relationship, unless he had believed, probably in the seventh
century, that the Macedones were a Greek-speaking people.
The next evidence comes from Persia. At the turn of the
sixth century the Persians described the tribute-paying peoples
of their province in Europe, and one of them was the
'yauna takabara,' which meant the 'Greeks wearing the hat.'
[27] There were Greeks in Greek city-states here
and there in the province, but they were of various origins
and not distinguished by a common hat, the 'kausia.'
We conclude that the Persians believed the Macedonians to
be speakers of Greek. Finally, in the latter part of the fifth
century a Greek historian, Hellanicus, visited Macedonia and
modified Hesiod's genealogy by bringing Macedon and his
descendants firmly into the Aeolic branch of the Greek-speaking
family.
[28] Hesiod, Persia, Hellanicus had no motive for making
a false statement about the language of the Macedonians,
who were then an obscure and not a powerful people.
Their independent testimonies should be accepted as
conclusive. That, however, is not the opinion of most scholars.
They disregard or fail to assess the evidence which I have cited,
[29] and they turn instead to 'Macedonian' words and names,
or/and to literary references. Philologists have studied words
which have been cited as 'Macedonian' in ancient lexica and
glossaries, and they have come to no certain conclusion; for
some of the words are clearly Greek, and some are clearly not
Greek. That is not surprising; for as the territory of the
Macedonians expanded, they overlaid and lived with peoples
who spoke Illyrian, Paeonian, Thracian and Phrygian, and they
certainly borrowed words from them which excited the authors
of lexica and glossaries. The philological studies result in a
verdict, in my opinion, of 'non liquet.' [30]
The toponyms of the Macedonian homeland are
the most significant. Nearly all of them are Greek: Pieria, Lebaea,
Heracleum, Dium, Petra, Leibethra, Aegae, Aegydium, Acesae,
Acesamenae; the rivers Helicon, Aeson, Leucus, Baphyras, Sardon,
Elpe'u's, Mitys; lake Ascuris and the region Lapathus.
The mountain names Olympus and Titarium may be pre-Greek;
Edessa, the earlier name for the place where Aegae was founded,
and its river Ascordus were Phrygian. [31]
The deities worshipped by the Macedones and the names
which they gave to the months were predominantly Greek,
and there is no doubt that these were not borrowings.
To Greek literary writers before the Hellenistic period the
Macedonians were 'barbarians.' The term referred to their way
of life and their institutions, which were those of the 'ethne' and
not of the city-state, and it did not refer to their speech. We can
see this in the case of Epirus. There Thucydides called the tribes
'barbarians.' But inscriptions found in Epirus have shown conclusively
that the Epirote tribes in Thucydides' lifetime were speaking Greek
and used names which were Greek. [32]
In the following century 'barbarian' was only one of the abusive
terms applied by Demosthenes to Philip of Macedon and his people.[33]
In passages which refer to the Macedonian soldiers of Alexander
the Great and the early successors there are mentions of
a Macedonian dialect, such as was likely to have been spoken in the
original Macedonian homeland. On one occassion Alexander
'called out to his guardsmen in Macedonian ('Makedonisti'),
as this [viz. the use of 'Macedonian'] was a signal ('symbolon') that
there was a serious riot.' Normally Alexander and his soldiers
spoke standard Greek, the 'koine,' and that was what the Persians
who were to fight alongside the Macedonians were taught. So the
order 'in Macedonian' was unique, in that all other orders were in
the 'koine.' [34] it is satisfactorily explained as an order in broad
dialect, just as in the Highland Regiment a special order for a particular
purpose could be given in broad Scots by a Scottish officer who
usually spoke the King's English.The use of this dialect among
themselves was a characteristic of the Macedonian soldiers
(rather that the officers) of the King's Army. This point is made
clear in the report -- not in itself dependable -- of the trial of
a Macedonian officer before an Assembly of Macedonians, in
which the officer (Philotas) was mocked for not speaking in dialect. [35]
In 321 when a non-Macedonian general, Eumenes, wanted
to make contact with a hostile group of Macedonian infantrymen,
he sent a Macedonian to speak to them in the Macedonian dialect,
in order to win their confidence. Subsequently, when they and the
other Macdonian soldiers were serving with Eumenes, they
expresed their affection for him by hailing him in the Macedonian dialect
('Makedonisti'). [36] He was to be one of themselves. As Curtius
observed, 'not a man among the Macedonians could bear to part
with a jot of his ancestral customs.' The use of this dialect was one
way in which the Macedonians expressed their apartness from the
world of the Greek city-states. [27] See J. M. Balcer in 'Historia' 37
(1988) 7.[28] FGrH 4 F 74 [29] Most recently E. Badian in
Barr-Sharrar 33-51 disregards the evidence as set out
in e.g. HM 2.39-54, when it goes against his view that the
Macedonians (whom he does not define) spoke a language other
than Greek. [30] The matter is dicussed at some length
in HM 2. 39-54 with reference especially to O. Hoffmann,
'Die Makedonen, ihre Sprache und ihre Volkstun' (Goettingen, 1906)
and J. Kalleris, Les Anciens Macedoniens I (Athens, 1954);
see also Kalleris II and R. A. Crossland in the CAH 3.1.843ff.
[31] For Edessa see HM 1.165 and for the Phrygians
in Macedonia 407-14. Olympus occurs as a Phrygian personal
name. [32] See Hammond, 'Epirus' 419ff. and 525ff.
[33] As Badian, loc. cit. 42, rightly observes: 'this, of course,
is simple abuse.'[34] Plu. 'Alex.'51.6[35] Curtius 6.8.34-6.
[36] PSI XII 2(1951) no. 1284, Plu. Eun.14.11.
Badian, loc. cit. 41 and 50 n.66, discusses the former
and not the latter, which hardly bears out his theory that
Eumenes 'could not directly communicate with Macedonian
soldiers,' and presumably they with him. Badian says in his
note that he is not concerned with the argument as to whether
Macedonian was a 'dialect' or 'a language.' Such an argument
seems to me to be at the heart of the matter. We have a
similar problem in regard to Epirus, where some had thought
the language of the people was Illyrian. In Plu.'Pyrrh.'1.3
reference was made to 'the local 'phone,'' which to me means
'dialect' of Greek; it is so in this instance because Plutarch
is saying that Achilles was called 'in the local 'phone' Aspestos.'
The word 'Aspestos' elsewhere was peculiar to Greek epic,
but it survived in Epirus in normal speech. It is of course
a Greek and not an Illyrian word. See Hammond, 'Epirus' 525ff.,
for the Greek being the language of central Epirus
in the fifth century B.C. "
"That the Macedonians and their kings did in fact
speak a dialect of Greek and bore Greek names
may be regarded nowadays as certain."
Malcolm Errington, "A History of Macedonia",
Univ. of California Press, LA, 1990 Pg 3
Who Are The Macedonians 1995
Pgs 15/16
"Also, following Alexander's death, the rapid spread of Koine
based on Attic Greek made any distinction between Greek
and the language of 'the Macedonians' an academic one which
opposing camps continue to fight over. That Greek so easily
subsumed the local Macedonian dialect would indicate that
the dialect in Philip's time was not far removed from Greek
after all."
A.B. Boworth, "Conquest and Empire", Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998,
Canto Edition
"Alexander ruled the world as his father had ruled Macedon, concentrating
power in his own hands and office to his Companions. In nationality the
Companions remained overwhemingly Hellenic."
---From Cambridge, Ancient Histories.
The evidence for the language of the Macedonians has been reviewed
and discussed by Kalleris and Hammond, Griffith, and many others, all
contending that it was a dialect of Greek. The increasing volume of
surviving public and private inscriptions makes it quite clear that there
was no written language but Greek. There may be room for argument
over spoken forms, or at least over local survivals of earlier occupancy,
but it is hard to imagine what kind of authority might sustain that. There
is no evidence for a different "Macedonian" language that cannot be
as easily explained in terms of dialect or accent.
"Ancient allegations that the Macedonians were non-Greeks all had their
origin in Athens at the time of the struggle with Philip II. Then as now,
political struggle created the prejudice. The orator Aischines once even
found it necessary, in order to counteract the prejudice vigorously fomented
by his opponents, to defend Philip on this issue and describe him at a
meeting of the Athenian Popular Assembly as being 'Entirely Greek'.
Demosthenes' allegations were lent on appearance of credibility by the fact,
apparent to every observer, that the life-style of the Macedonians, being
determined by specific geographical and historical conditions, was different
from that of a Greek city-state. This alien way of life was, however, common
to western Greeks of Epeiros, Akarnania and Aitolia, as well as to the
Macedonians, and their fundamental Greek nationality was never doubted.
Only as a consequence of the political disagreement with Macedonia was
the issue raised at all."
Malcolm Errington, "A History of Macedonia", Univ. of California Press,
LA, 1990
"The Molossians were the strongest and, decisive for Macedonia, most
easterly of the three most important Epeirot tribes, which, like Macedonia
but unlike the Thesprotians and the Chaonians, still retained their
monarchy. They were Greeks, spoke a similar dialect to that of Macedonia,
suffered just as much from the depredations of the Illyrians and were in
principle the natural partners of the Macedonian king who wished to tackle
the Illyrian problem at its roots."
Malcolm Errington, "A History of Macedonia", California University Press,
1990.
"A new force began to make itself felt on the northern fringe of Hellas,
the kingdom of Macedon. Some people -Macedonians for the most
part- claimed it to be a Greek state and part of the Greek world. The
Macedonians spoke Greek and attended Hellenic festivals; their kings claimed
to be descented from Greek families- from Achilles, the great Achaean hero
of the Iliad, no less."
J.M. Roberts, "A Short History of the World", Oxford University Press,
New York, 1993
"Philip was born a Greek of the most aristocratic, indeed of divine,
descent... Philip was both a Greek and a Macedonian, even as
Demosthenes was a Greek and an Athenian...The Macedonians
over whom Philip was to rule were an outlying family member
of the Greek-speaking peoples."
NGL Hammond, "Philip of Macedon", Duckworth & Co. Ltd.,
London, 1994
"As subjects of the king the Upper Macedonians were henceforth on the
same footing as the original Macedonians, in that they could qualify for
service in the King's Forces and thereby obtain the elite citizenship. At
one bound the territory, the population and wealth of the kingdom were
doubled. Moreover since the great majority of the new subjects were
speakers of the West Greek dialect, the enlarged army was
Greek-speaking throughout."
NGL Hammond, "Philip of Macedon", Gerald Duckword & Ltd, London,
1994
MACEDON
"Outlying Greek kingdom north of Thessaly, inland from the Thermaic Gulf,
on the northwest Aegean coast...Its name came from an ancient Greek
word meaning highlanders...Macedon was inhabited by various peoples
of Dorian-Greek, Illyrian, and Thracian descent, who spoke a Greek dialect
and worshipped Greek gods...Unification and modernization came gradually,
at the hands of kings of Dorian descent."
David Sacks, "A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World.", Oxford, 1995
"Certainly the Thracians and the Illyrians were non-Greek speakers,
but in the northwest, the peoples of Molossis {Epirot province}, Orestis
and Lynkestis spoke West Greek. It is also accepted that the Macedonians
spoke a dialect of Greek and although they absorbed other groups into
their territory, they were essentially Greeks."
Robert Morkot, "The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece",
Penguin Publ., 1996
Hope this all helps.
:)
Spirit
(using June's e-mail to communicate to you)!