Windows still ships with built-in backup options, if you are using a third party backup and it no longer works, then using the built-in one might do the trick. If the built-in is the one that isn't working then using robocopy's /backup switch might be the best bet.
Make sure your user account is a member of the Backup Operators group.
You can use the following switches:
robocopy c:\ d:\ /s /v /z /b /xjd /eta
Which does the following:
/s copies sub-directories even empty ones
/v verbose mode
/z restartable mode
/b backup mode will bypass permissions and allow files to be copied
/xjd excludes data junctions for folders this will keep it from getting caught in an endless loop with the Documents and Settings legacy data junction and others
/eta shows eta of current copy operation