Hispanicks are thieves
Paul Thorsen
legacy. First coming to the Americas to steal all the gold of the Native
Americas.
Now coming (sneaking in) to the USA to smuggle obscene amounts of money abroad.
That is your entire legacy. And leaving those societies in abject poverty after
you have stripped them of all their wealth. And forcing your loser language and
culture on them. You people have done nothing for the betterment of mankind.
ZERO inventions attributed to the Hispanic race of people. But you people want
to plagiarize the good work of the Anglos, claiming that you people invented
lasik eye surgery, color television, basketball......Don't you people have
enough of your own inventors that you don't have to try and claim other as
Hispanic inventions??!!! You people try to claim great Caribbean baseball
players as "Hispanic" when the world sees them as yet another group of great
Black athletes. You Hispanics would have been rendered extinct long ago had
there not been Anglos in this world to babysit and care for you 24/7 like how a
mommy cares for her newborn.
PirateJohn
>abroad.
From those minimum wage jobs doing lawn care and working at the fast food
places? If that's your idea of obscene amounts of money then your standards
are awfully low, Bubba.
'sides ... isn't it the American way to tell a working man that he's free to do
with his money as he sees fit?
>You Hispanics would have been rendered extinct long ago had
>there not been Anglos in this world to babysit and care for you 24/7 like how
>a
>mommy cares for her newborn.
Psst. Don't look now Bubba, but the Hispanic population in the USA is growing
faster than the redneck population.
~~~~~~~~~
Drug free, no-spin radio: http://www.airamericaradio.com/
Democracy in action: http://www.moveon.org
Like father, like son. One term.
David Eduardo
"Paul Thorsen" <pthor...@aol.com> wrote in message
news:20040425215514...@mb-m01.aol.com...
> You Cubans and all other Hispanic are nothing but thieves. That is your
> entire
> legacy. First coming to the Americas to steal all the gold of the Native
> Americas.
Hi, Samoron. Changed identity again?
_
/'_/)
,/_ /
/ /
/'_'/' '/'__'7,
/'/ / / /"
('( ' ' _~/
\ '
'\' \ _7
\ (
\ \
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Don't look now Bubba, but the Hispanick population in the USA is growing
faster than the redneck population.>>
Which means the USA will soon be rendered impoverished as is the case with all
other socities in which Hispanicks have settled in high percentages. Not even
the high % of non-Spaniards Europeans in Argentina could save the country.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Don't look now Bubba, but the Hispanick population in the USA is growing
faster than the redneck population.>>
translation: Latin Americans are totally unable to create their own successful
countries, so they sneak into ANGLO founded countries (USA) instead. How is
that any different from a 50 year old man that has lived with his mommy his
entire life, still receives a weekly allowance and still wears a diaper?
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<From those minimum wage jobs doing lawn care and working at the fast food
places? If that's your idea of obscene amounts of money then your standards
are awfully low, Bubba.>>
It adds up to an obscene amount of money, Senyor.
http://www.knoxnews.com/kns/business/article/0,1406,KNS_376_2228768,00.ht
ml
Money sent home sets record in Mexico
By MARK STEVENSON, Associated Press
September 3, 2003
MEXICO CITY - Mexican migrant workers sent more money to their home
country than either foreign investors or tourists this year, according
to central bank figures released this week.
[...]
This year, recorded remittances jumped 29 percent in the first half of
2003 to $6.3 billion, outstripping the $5.2 billion sent in direct
foreign investment.
That's second only to income from oil exports, at more than $8 billion,
and well ahead of tourism at $4.9 billion.
http://www.steinreport.com/archives/2003_05_01.html#002051
STEIN REPORT XXXXX Thursday, May 01 2003 11:32:51 ET XXXXX
TPS EXTENSION AGAIN FOR HONDURANS, NICARAGUANS
The U.S. has again extended TPS (Temporary Protected Status) for
Hondurans and Nicaraguans who came to the U.S. illegally in 1999 after
Hurricane Mitch. Part of the reason for the extension is the money
sent back in remittances by these illegal immigrants. "The
Inter-American Development Bank calculates that remittances to Central
America totaled $5.5 billion in 2002. In Nicaragua, remittances
accounted for 29.4 percent of the country's gross domestic product,
11.5 percent in Honduras and 15.1 percent in El Salvador," reports the
Jersey Journal.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<isn't it the American way to tell a working man that he's free to do
with his money as he sees fit?>>
And if a certain group of people has established over the years that they won;t
invest their money back into the USA, then I want them the hell out of the USA.
No leeches in my country. You want to partake in USA society, then I expect you
to invest back into USA society.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<isn't it the American way to tell a working man that he's free to do
with his money as he sees fit?>>
Yeah? Then why do HIspanicks expect to rape the rich man with taxes?
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Then explain to me why Spain is so rich - richer than both New Zealand and
Australia (both "anglo" countries), for example, and on par with Canada:>>
Because the rich European countries had to help out Spain.
http://www.library.pitt.edu/subjects/area/westeuropean/wwwes/mspr-sp.html
Finally, Spain entered simultaneously with Portugal in 1986. Overall, Spain's
entry into the European Community has helped narrow the gap between the
country's standard of living and that of the other Member States. Furthermore,
EC membership has allowed Spain to emerge as a strong negotiator among the
member states. Finally, it can be argued that the EU has advanced and continues
to solidify democracy within the country.
Since 1986, Spain has benefited greatly from the EU Structural Funds, which
were directed towards industrial and agricultural regions that were in need of
economic development. The funds have also helped raise the standards of living
and modernize the infrastructure of the country. Between 1989-1993, Spain
received 12 billion ECU or almost a quarter of the Community's structural aid
expenditures.
Spain played an important part in initiating the Cohesion Funds and
strengthening the existing Structural Funds for the poorer members of the
Community. In early 1991 as the Community was discussing the Treaty on European
Union, Spain addressed the issue of economic disparity and proposed a special
fund to narrow the gap. Spanish President Felipe Gonzalez almost succeeded in
bringing the European Council meeting to a halt on this issue and threatened to
block negotiations on the Maastricht Treaty if such issues were not addressed
and acted upon. In the end, Spain succeeded in the implementation of the
Cohesion Funds for the poorer members - Ireland, Greece Spain and Portugal -
and also was able to increase Community funding for the Structural Funds. Since
1995, Spain has received about 50 percent, or 1576 million ECUs, of the total
structural funds, which have been utilized towards improving the environmental
and transportation sectors.
http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/columnists/andres_oppenheimer/26
87782.htm
............a key element that helped Europe's least-developed southern nations
achieve healthy growth rates in recent years: massive funds to build highways
and airports in exchange for responsible economic policies.
Spain, alongside Portugal, Greece and Ireland, began to receive European Union
Cohesion funds in 1993. Since then, Spain has received about $1.5 billion a
year to help pay for projects such as the highway from Madrid to Barcelona and
the French border and the subway line linking the Madrid airport to the city.
A U.S. program to build highways in poverty-stricken Latin American regions
would not only help such areas export goods and reduce the flow of drugs and
illegal immigrants, but would also help U.S. exporters open new markets.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Then explain to me why Spain is so rich - richer than both New Zealand and
Australia (both "anglo" countries), for example, and on par with Canada:>>
From the "2001 World Almanac"
Per Capita Income
Canada $22,400
New Zealand $17,000
Australia $21,200
Spain $16,500 (poor man of Western Europe)
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Then explain to me why Spain is so rich - richer than both New Zealand and
Australia (both "anglo" countries), for example, and on par with Canada:>>
*****Vicente Fox, who will travel to the United States and Canada next week,
said those countries should help Mexico develop in the way that rich European
countries helped the economies of Spain and Greece grow in advance of tearing
down their border fences. *******
Mexican chief wants U.S. boost for open borders and markets
by Niko Price
The Associated Press
MEXICO CITY - Mexico's president-elect proposed a new era in U.S.-Mexico
relations, saying yesterday that it is in the United States' best interests to
help its southern neighbor prepare for open borders and a common market.
Vicente Fox, who will travel to the United States and Canada next week, said
those countries should help Mexico develop in the way that rich European
countries helped the economies of Spain and Greece grow in advance of tearing
down their border fences.
"The central idea is that together, we can build a better future for our
nations," he said. "It's not give-away aid, but rather a plan in which we all
win."
Fox was elected July 2, ending 71 years of single-party rule in Mexico. During
the campaign and since his election, he has pledged a new vision for Mexico,
and relations with the United States are a key part of that vision.
While Fox has spoken before of his dream of a common North American market, he
hadn't specified how he planned to achieve it - or how he would make it
palatable to the United States and Canada.
Yesterday, he described for the first time a plan in which a gradual opening of
markets and borders would be accompanied by specific economic goals on Mexico's
part, goals set in negotiations with the two North American countries.
"We would have clear goals over five to 10 years . . . in terms of inflation,
in terms of interest rates, in terms of budget deficits," he said. "These goals
would be agreed to by the three countries."
He said the opening of the border could occur gradually, possibly beginning
with free transit within a certain border zone, or with a greater number of
temporary visas for Mexican workers.
Fox said Mexico would be willing to make concessions to achieve a common
market, including working to reduce illegal immigration - something Mexico has
long insisted is largely the United States' responsibility - and raising its
environmental standards.
"I'll be the first to admit that at this moment we can't" open the borders, Fox
said. "It's a process."
But he predicted that the United States and Canada would agree to the plan,
because he said it's in their best interests.
"The best thing that could happen to the United States is to have a successful
Mexico, a Mexico without poverty, a Mexico without violence, a Mexico without
drug smuggling, a Mexico with employment opportunities for all, where people
don't have to migrate to the United States," he said.
Fox said the North American Free Trade Agreement was based entirely on "the
bottom line," and insisted new agreements should be made more in the spirit of
partners.
Fox repeatedly mentioned the history of the European Union, in which richer
countries insisted on decades of economic changes among their poorer neighbors
- along with large amounts of aid - to bring their economies into line.
Once the poorer countries had more comparable economies, the EU was formed,
removing border guards and opening trade.
"It doesn't necessarily have to be the same" as the European Union, Fox said.
"But they can serve as inspiration for us."
PirateJohn
>America" they would perhaps be a rival to the USA, economic-wise.
And if the USA, Canada, and Mexico (i.e. the NAFTA parties) could get their
acts together we could compete effectively with the EU and would, after a
period of some adjustments, have a stronger economy.
That's a major reason, above and beyond the humanitarian aspects of helping
Mexico, why the cry baby racists are detrimental to the US economy. Racists
are an impediment to everyone -- Mexican and American -- who are trying to get
ahead. They've Darwined themselves out of society by being unable and too lazy
to compete and we simply need to shove the racists aside and move on.
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<I don't know about Ireland (why were there relatively so poor, being
"anglos"?)>>
The "Anglos" were actually a tribe that invaded England from what is now
Germany. That's where the English got their great gene pool from. The Anglos
didn't move on to Ireland and so they missed out on that gene pool of the
Anglos.
<<but Portugal, Greece and Spain suffered dictatorships in the recent past.>>
BULLSHIT! Besides, Russia rose to be a world power under the Communist dictator
Stalin. Germany rose to power under Hitler.
<<As soon as they regained democracy and stability, they improved dramatically.
The EU helped, only to hasten the process.>>
BULLSHIT! The Spaniards, Greeks and Prtuguese are not genetically capable of
competing with northern and Central Europeans. Name me whatever achievement you
can that came out of Portugal and Spain.
<<Remember, the USA helped *massively* France, Britain, Germany, etc, after
WWII>>
and all those countries were world powers before WWII, Senyor. We just brought
them back up to where they were before. same with the Japanese.
<<Now, the EU funds (not that much money BTW) happened mostly from 1986 to 1994
or so - from then on, it was mostly us alone - and from 1996 to 2000 we managed
to get rid of our external debt>>
The debt was forgiven.
<<What's going on nowadays in Europe is simply that the countries forming the
EU are leveling up to comparable levels.>>
They had to make Spain and Portugal equal to the rich European countires or
else all the Spaniards would have sneaked into the rich countries. To make the
EU work, countries wanted guarantees they wouldn't be overrun with emigres from
other poorer EU countries.
<<As a whole, the EU's economy is on par with the USA's one. The USA wouldn't
be the behemoth they are if they were a bunch of small countries, would they?>>
I believe California has the equivalent of the world's 10th richest country.
<<If Latin America achieved something similar to a "United States of Latin
America" they would perhaps be a rival to the USA, economic-wise.>>
Ha! You people are genetically incapable of creating your own successful
country. You Latin Americans are descended from Spansih criminals. Name me any
achievement that has come out of Latin America. It was the USA/"Anglos" that
had to build up whatever infrastructure there is in Latin America.
From: "The Seattle Times", January 25, page A17
By 1920, São Paulo had most of the elements of a great industrial city:
railways, an Atlantic port at Santos, 50 miles east, money and skilled workers.
What was missing was electricity. In stepped Asa Billings.
Billings, born in Omaha, Neb., was a Harvard-trained electrical engineer hired
by the São Paulo Light Co. From 1927 to 1944, he dammed rivers in such a way
that the waters would drop off the city's 2,600-foot-high plateau, plunging
through huge pipes in what amounts to a vertical dam.
http://www.essaywriters.com/categories/105-000.html
Land reforms and invitations to foreign investment just before the turn of the
century had resulted in the immigration of many Germans, who by 1914 produced
over half of Guatemala's annual coffee production.
http://www.unitedfruit.org/arbenz.html
Jacobo Arbenz (1913-1971)
Born in 1913 in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala as a son of a Swiss immigrant that
married a Guatemalan woman, Arbenz grew up as a member of the small Guatemalan
middle class. His father committed suicide when Jacobo was still very young,
likely because he was addicted to drugs.
From "Inside Central America", by Clifford Krauss, copyright 1991.
Joe Napoleon Duarte, El Salvador, went to Notre Dame University, studied
economics and engineering.
Jaime Rosenthal, Honduran Vice-President, descended from Jewish immigrants
Orville Goodin, Noriega's last Finance Minister, educated at City University of
New York.
noted Panamanians economist, Nicolas Barletta, received PhD from University of
Chicago.
page 166
The Sandinistas no longer favored the economic advice of the Bulgarians in this
age of "glasnost". Instead, they turned to MIT economist Lance Taylor. Under
Taylor's prescriptions, Managua kept its foot on the monetarist brake through
1989. The Taylor policies were successful, though harsh, bringing the 1988
inflation rate of 35,000 percent (the highest the world has seen since Weimar
Germany) down to a more manageable 1,700 percent in 1989.
page 251
......a group of New York financiers built the Panama Railroad. Some 600,000
Americans crossed the isthmus between 1849 and 1870, bringing with them the
greatest economic boom since the colonial Portobelo fair days.
.....A couple of Americans founded Panama's first newspaper, the "Panama Star &
Herald" - which exists to this day as "La Estrella de Panama" - while waiting
for a steamship to take them to California. Americans built an entire city,
Aspinwall (now Colon), at the Caribbean terminus of the railroad. and populated
the port with Jamaican rail-splitters.
From "Smithsonian" magazine, March 2004
from the article "Panama Rises"
........One reason for the smooth transfer was that Panama had, over the years,
developed a cadre of American-trained specialists. Aleman Zubieta, whose
ancestors were among the founding families of Panama back in 1903, is one of
them. He got his higher education at Texas A&M, earning degrees in both civil
and industrial engineering.
http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/history/jtuck/jtoilcrisis.html
Lazaro Cardenas, the most left-wing president in Mexican history, became an
international bogey man but a national hero by expropriating the foreign oil
companies in 1938. Though even such political enemies as the Church and
business conservatives applauded this nationalistic gesture, Mexico faced a
grim period two-year period when the United States, Great Britain and Holland
agreed on a boycott of Mexican oil.
http://www.unitedfruit.org/keith.html
The story begins in 1871 with the construction of a railroad in Costa Rica by
an industrious 23 year old from Brooklyn named Minor Keith.
He contracted with Cabrera to build a railroad between Guatemala City and
Puerto Barrios. Keith also negotiated the contract to build telegraph lines
from the capital to Puerto Barrios.
The company certainly brought a great deal of economic development and
organization to a region that had very little of either. The United Fruit
Company paid its full-time employees better than any other, built housing and
schools for the children of its employees, built hospitals and research
laboratories. From early on the company embarked on vigorous research projects
to conquer tropical diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. Their
laboratories also worked very hard to conquer the specialized diseases of the
banana plant. In Costa Rica, whole areas of bananas were wiped out by disease
and the laboratories of United Fruit developed specialized insecticides and
fungicides to halt the problem.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<And if the USA, Canada, and Mexico (i.e. the NAFTA parties) could get their
acts together we could compete effectively>>
yes, the brains of the Anglos combined with the cheap labor of the Mexicans,
right? Only problem is Mexicans won't work cheap if they are legal. And they
will demand to be the brains. Hispanick macho pride will never allow Mexicans
to do the cheap labor. They want to be seen world wide as the brains behind any
Canadian-USA-Mexican consortium.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<They've Darwined themselves out of society by being unable and too lazy
to compete and we simply need to shove the racists aside and move on.>>
I do just fine. My wife and I make a combined $95,000 a year. It's the blatant
disrespect and hatred that Hispanicks have for the USA/UK/"Anglos" that makes
me hate them. And their all-out assault to try and plagiarize the good work of
the Anglos by trying to fool the world into thinking it was actually Hispanicks
who created the USA and Anglos as dithering iditos who sneaked into their
country desperate for a better life.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Now, explain to me why Ireland needed those helps, too. Or why Argentina was
so rich before the 1940s...>>
The Irish do not have Anglo blood in them as the Englsh do. That was the key
for the English.
Argentina did well because they had many Germans, Italians, Jews and other
non-Spanish Europeans. Once their kids interbreeded with Spanish kids, they
were rendered inneffective. It wasn't the Spanish genes that once made
Argentina rich, it was the other European genes.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Nations and empires emerge and collapse, have periods of glory and
decadence.>>
Then explain to me why ALL Anglo societies all over the world have succeeded,
while all Spanish colonies have failed miserably.
<<The XX century has been the century of the USA. Their collapse is
inevitable>>
any society that has a high % of Hispanicks will eventually be rendered
impoverished. That is the everlasting legacy of the Hispanick race of people:
inviting themselves (sneaking in) into rich societies, stealing wealth and
leaving those societies in abject poverty once all the welath ahs been stolen.
<<Who'll be next? China? Brazil? Singapore? The EU?>>
You just don;t get it, do you, Senyor? The Central Europeans, Japanese and
Chinese have separated themselves from the rest of the world. It isn;t even
close. It's just like how west Africans descended athletes are the finest
athletes in the world and how the east Africans are the finest distance runners
in the world. Nobody will ever catch up to them.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
zerge
> ekq...@terra.es says:
> <<I don't know about Ireland (why were there relatively so poor, being
> "anglos"?)>>
>
> The "Anglos" were actually a tribe that invaded England from what is now
> Germany. That's where the English got their great gene pool from. The Anglos
> didn't move on to Ireland and so they missed out on that gene pool of the
> Anglos.
>
> <<but Portugal, Greece and Spain suffered dictatorships in the recent past.>>
>
> BULLSHIT! Besides, Russia rose to be a world power under the Communist dictator
> Stalin. Germany rose to power under Hitler.
>
> <<As soon as they regained democracy and stability, they improved dramatically.
> The EU helped, only to hasten the process.>>
>
> BULLSHIT! The Spaniards, Greeks and Prtuguese are not genetically capable of
> competing with northern and Central Europeans. Name me whatever achievement you
> can that came out of Portugal and Spain.
>
Spain was THE world power during the XVI century, you ignoramus. Spain
kicked English ass on a routine basis. Here, get a dose of education:
http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ulm/history/sp_armada.htm
Empires rise and fall, regardless of the genetic makeup of their
people. There have been great empires all over the world.
You take a snapshot of a particular moment of history and think that
is the absolute, eternal truth. Im sure plenty of Roman citizens felt
the Romans where genetically superior to the barbaric tribes from with
the Anglos descend. Look at the Roman empire now, fool.
You are nothing but an ignorant racist.
neoholistic
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana wrote:
> ekq...@terra.es says:
> <<I don't know about Ireland (why were there relatively so poor, being
> "anglos"?)>>
>
> The "Anglos" were actually a tribe that invaded England from what is now
> Germany.
Yes, I know that. I wasn't usign the term in a strict sense.
If you want strictness, you can't say the USA is an anglo country, given that most people there haven't got an english ancestry.
> That's where the English got their great gene pool from.
No offence intended to the english - I'm quite keen on them, and on England as a whole - but have you ever been to England? I have. Didn't get the impression of a "great gene pool".
> The Anglos
> didn't move on to Ireland and so they missed out on that gene pool of the
> Anglos.
>
> <<but Portugal, Greece and Spain suffered dictatorships in the recent past.>>
>
> BULLSHIT!
You mean they didn't? You mean Spain wasn't destroyed after the civil war and then suffered a dictatorship for 40 years? You weren't the first of your class in history, were you?
Let me guess: you're american, right?
> Besides, Russia rose to be a world power under the Communist dictator
> Stalin. Germany rose to power under Hitler.
>
Hitler was a dictator? Sir, you need to get your history right.
> <<As soon as they regained democracy and stability, they improved dramatically.
> The EU helped, only to hasten the process.>>
>
> BULLSHIT! The Spaniards, Greeks and Prtuguese are not genetically capable of
> competing with northern and Central Europeans.
You mean the spaniards aren't capable of doing exactly what we are doing? Remember - we live better than most of them - and we've been living better for some quite time now...
> Name me whatever achievement you
> can that came out of Portugal and Spain.
OK. First let's make clear that research and development were banned in Spain for centuries. It seems the Catholic Church was too afraid of that.
Now, as I'm spanish I won't mention Portugal here, but among our achievements, I'd count: modern literature (we invented it), modern art (we invented modern painting), the finest literature and art coming as a result of that; the discovery of the neuron, the invention of the submarine and the helicopter (both spanish inventions); many advances in surgery and modern medicine (I know nothing about medicine, nor I remember the details), and given that my memory is dim, and I haven't done any research in this subjetct, I'll mention what comes into mind at the moment, which are the works done at the University of Seville on microfibres (for NASA, we are the pioneers; a friend of mine who works on that was recently in NASA), on ceramics (we recently invented and patented a method for transforming wood into ceramics - ceramics are vital for high-temperature components in aircraft engines) and on image processing (a professor on said University patented recently a revolutionary new f
orm of image processing and has been awarded in several countries - including the USA - for its usefulness in fields like metalurgy and medicine).
That's the tip of the iceberg. Oh, we also make many of the sensors used in american satellites, as well as the Hercules and other planes that the US military uses. 100% spanish technology.
>
> <<Remember, the USA helped *massively* France, Britain, Germany, etc, after
> WWII>>
>
> and all those countries were world powers before WWII, Senyor. We just brought
> them back up to where they were before. same with the Japanese.
Spain was also a world power before it was crushed. We're putting us back to where we were before, and succeeding at it.
>
> <<Now, the EU funds (not that much money BTW) happened mostly from 1986 to 1994
> or so - from then on, it was mostly us alone - and from 1996 to 2000 we managed
> to get rid of our external debt>>
>
> The debt was forgiven.
Bullshit. The debt was paid.
That was relatively easy, though. It was a small debt.
>
> <<What's going on nowadays in Europe is simply that the countries forming the
> EU are leveling up to comparable levels.>>
>
> They had to make Spain and Portugal equal to the rich European countires or
> else all the Spaniards would have sneaked into the rich countries. To make the
> EU work, countries wanted guarantees they wouldn't be overrun with emigres from
> other poorer EU countries.
I think you are terribly confused, which confirms me into thinking that you're american - and a pretty ignorant one.
First: the 'poor' euro countries never were that poor; even at its worst, right after the civil war, Spain was never "third world", nor has been any other (western) euro country that I know of. I use the terms 'rich' and 'poor' somewhat vaguely, but in strict sense, the 'poor' Western Europe has never been poor. It was only not that rich.
Second: the EU actively supports the mobility of workers between countries. There are no borders any more, so people can freely move withing the EU (except Britain). Many many people from germany and other countries are coing here to enjoy our fantastic standard of living, and many many workers from Spain are moving into Germany, Britain and other countries because most young people here are better prepared and trained than our neighbours (we are ASKED to work there).
I think you should inform yourself better.
>
> <<As a whole, the EU's economy is on par with the USA's one. The USA wouldn't
> be the behemoth they are if they were a bunch of small countries, would they?>>
>
> I believe California has the equivalent of the world's 10th richest country.
And a substantial share of the USA economy, too. But California isn't an independent country, is it? You're comparing apples and oranges.
>
> <<If Latin America achieved something similar to a "United States of Latin
> America" they would perhaps be a rival to the USA, economic-wise.>>
>
> Ha! You people are genetically incapable of creating your own successful
> country. You Latin Americans
I'm not latin american - and I would say that the elites of some latin american countries have been extremely succesful: they live surrounded in richness, enjoying a life of luxuries, at the cost of keeping many of their citizents in poverty. That's totally intentional - and has the blessing of the USA, btw.
Now, Uruguay at least is a highly developed nation with a strong economy.
> are descended from Spansih criminals. Name me any
> achievement that has come out of Latin America.
Argentina has the world record of Nobel laureates * per citizen * ratio (that is, not the total number, but the relative highest compared to the total amount of population).
> It was the USA/"Anglos" that
> had to build up whatever infrastructure there is in Latin America.
>
Spain has been building a lot there during the last 10 of 15 years...
--
Please keep the 'x-no-archive: yes' header.
To reach me by email: transform my account name like IBM -> HAL.
neoholistic
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana wrote:
> ekq...@terra.es says:
> <<Nations and empires emerge and collapse, have periods of glory and
> decadence.>>
>
> Then explain to me why ALL Anglo societies all over the world have succeeded,
> while all Spanish colonies have failed miserably.
>
> <<The XX century has been the century of the USA. Their collapse is
> inevitable>>
>
> any society that has a high % of Hispanicks will eventually be rendered
> impoverished. That is the everlasting legacy of the Hispanick race
"Hispanic RACE"? Since when are so-called "hispanics" (what does that mean, anyway) a "race"? People living in spanish-speaking nations span all the spectrum of ethnicities.
Just out of curiosity: are you really THIS ignorant?
> of people:
> inviting themselves (sneaking in) into rich societies, stealing wealth and
> leaving those societies in abject poverty once all the welath ahs been stolen.
>
> <<Who'll be next? China? Brazil? Singapore? The EU?>>
>
> You just don;t get it, do you, Senyor? The Central Europeans, Japanese and
> Chinese have separated themselves from the rest of the world.
The "central europeans" don't differ from the "southern europeans" and the "northern europeans" except in those aspects in which they already differ among themselves (like language).
You haven't been to Europe.
> It isn;t even
> close. It's just like how west Africans descended athletes are the finest
> athletes in the world and how the east Africans are the finest distance runners
> in the world. Nobody will ever catch up to them.
> faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Nor you have a sense of time.
As someone in this thread mentioned, the romans also believed their empire would last forever, and that they were intrinsicly better than the rest (except the greeks).
Ah, ignorance, the blessing of the fools!
neoholistic
Actually, my highly disinformed friend, the germans moved to Argentina in the 1940's - right when it started to decline.
And the italians moved the Argentina because it was a rich country - the cause precedes the effect, not the other way.
neoholistic
zerge wrote:
> sam...@aol.com (Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana) wrote in message news:<20040429224706...@mb-m02.aol.com>...
>
>>ekq...@terra.es says:
>><<I don't know about Ireland (why were there relatively so poor, being
>>"anglos"?)>>
>>
>>The "Anglos" were actually a tribe that invaded England from what is now
>>Germany. That's where the English got their great gene pool from. The Anglos
>>didn't move on to Ireland and so they missed out on that gene pool of the
>>Anglos.
>>
>><<but Portugal, Greece and Spain suffered dictatorships in the recent past.>>
>>
>>BULLSHIT! Besides, Russia rose to be a world power under the Communist dictator
>>Stalin. Germany rose to power under Hitler.
>>
>><<As soon as they regained democracy and stability, they improved dramatically.
>>The EU helped, only to hasten the process.>>
>>
>>BULLSHIT! The Spaniards, Greeks and Prtuguese are not genetically capable of
>>competing with northern and Central Europeans. Name me whatever achievement you
>>can that came out of Portugal and Spain.
>>
>
>
> Spain was THE world power during the XVI century, you ignoramus. Spain
> kicked English ass on a routine basis. Here, get a dose of education:
> http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ulm/history/sp_armada.htm
Don't bother. He won't read it. I think he's got a bad case of fanatism.
>
> Empires rise and fall, regardless of the genetic makeup of their
> people. There have been great empires all over the world.
> You take a snapshot of a particular moment of history and think that
> is the absolute, eternal truth. Im sure plenty of Roman citizens felt
> the Romans where genetically superior to the barbaric tribes from with
> the Anglos descend. Look at the Roman empire now, fool.
>
> You are nothing but an ignorant racist.
He even believes there's a "hispanic" race... I bet the only spanish speakers he's ever seen are the poor immigrants in the States.
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Spain kicked English ass on a routine basis>>
BULLSHIT! The English whipped the Spanish in every war they fought.
1588
An English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada.
Rivalry between England and Spain finally led to war. Spain wished to crush
England because England was Protestant and because English ships raided Spanish
colonies and competed with Spanish settlers and traders. King Philip II of
Spain built a huge fleet called the Armada to conquer England. But an English
fleet led by Admiral Lord Howard of Effingham defeated the Armada in 1588.
http://www.discoverjamaica.com/gleaner/discover/geography/history1.htm
In 1655 on May 10, a body of English sailors and soldiers landed at Passage
Fort, in Kingston harbour, and marched towards Spanish Town. They were
commanded by Admiral Penn and General Venables, who had been sent by Oliver
Cromwell to capture the island of Hispaniola. Penn and Venables failed to take
the city of Santo Domingo and sailed on to Jamaica. On May 11, the Spaniards
surrendered. They were allowed a few days to leave the island.
In 1657 Don Cristobal Arnaldo de Ysassi led strong guerrilla forces in the
interior. He had been appointed the last Spanish Governor of Jamaica. Two
expeditions from Cuba came to the north coast to help him. General Doyley
attacked both times by sailing around the island from Kingston. He defeated
Ysassi near Ocho Rios in 1657 and at Rio Nuevo in 1658, the last named being
the biggest battle ever fought in Jamaica. Ysassi continued to hold out until
1660, when the defection of Maroon allies made his cause hopeless, and he and
his followers escaped to Cuba in canoes.
In 1663 an expedition sailed from Jamaica to attack the Spanish town of
Campeche, in Central America. After some misfortunes, this effort succeeded,
and much booty and many ships were taken by the English.
A war with Spain, partly over British rights to trade with Spanish colonies in
America, lasted from 1655 to 1659. The British won Jamaica from Spain.
British forces fought France in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
to prevent the grandson of King Louis XIV of France from becoming king of
Spain. Britain would not allow the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) to fall
under French control. The allied armies, led by the Duke of Marlborough,
defeated France. Under the peace treaty, signed at Utrecht in 1713, Britain won
Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the territory around Hudson Bay from France, and
Gibraltar and the island of Minorca from Spain. Britain also gained the
asiento, a monopoly on selling black slaves to Spanish colonies.
http://www.bartleby.com/65/je/Jenkinss.html
1739–41, struggle between England and Spain. It grew out of the commercial
rivalry of the two powers and led to involvement in the larger War of the
Austrian Succession. The incident that gave the name to the war occurred in
1731 when, according to Robert Jenkins, master of the ship Rebecca, he had his
ear cut off by Spanish coast guards. English smuggling and resentment at
exclusion from the Spanish colonial trade caused the war, but Jenkins's story
in the House of Commons (1738), reinforced by the showing of his carefully
preserved ear, had a tremendous propaganda effect and forced the reluctant Sir
Robert Walpole to declare war. The hostilities with Spain up to 1741 were
marked only by the naval engagements of Admiral Edward Vernon in the West
Indies.
In 1739, a war between Britain and Spain became part of a general European
struggle, the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748).
But in 1805, the British Admiral Horatio Nelson won a great victory over the
French and Spanish fleets at Trafalgar, off the southern coast of Spain.
His fleet outnumbered Nelson's, 33 ships to 27. But Nelson surprised the enemy
by having his ships cut through the French battle line. The British fleet did
not lose a ship in the battle, but it destroyed or captured over half the
French and Spanish ships.
In 1833, a British fleet captured the Falkland Islands and expelled the
Argentines who had begun to settle there in 1826.
In April 1982, Argentine troops invaded and occupied the Falklands. The United
Kingdom then sent troops, ships, and planes. British and Argentine forces
fought air, sea, and land battles for control of the islands. The Argentine
forces surrendered to the United Kingdom in June 1982.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Spain was THE world power during the XVI century, you ignoramus.>>
Can you cite for me the achievements of the Spanish during that time?
<<Spain kicked English ass on a routine basis>>
BULLSHIT! The English whipped the Spanish in every war they fought. That's why
you people hate the UK/USA/"Anglos". The final indignity being that all of
Latin America is desperate to sneak into the USA (Anglolandia).
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Here, get a dose of education:
http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ulm/history/sp_armada.htm>>
uh, what happenned to the Armada? It was destroyed. That marked the end of the
once Great Spanish Empire. I think that's why you Hispanicks hate the "Anglos".
From that point on, no longer would Spain be able to rape and plunder native
societies all over the world.
http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar522940&st=Spanish+Armada
Spanish Armada was a fleet of armed ships that tried to invade England in 1588.
The Spanish fleet has often been called the Invincible Armada, supposedly
because the Spaniards thought it could not be defeated. But the English fleet
defeated the Armada. The failure of the Armada was a great blow to the prestige
of Spain, then the world's most powerful country. Spain remained a major power
after the battle, but English merchants and sailors challenged the Spaniards
with greater confidence throughout the world.
Bad feeling between Spain and England had existed since the 1560's. Spain was
taking gold and silver from lands it had claimed in the Americas, and England
wanted some of this wealth. Queen Elizabeth I encouraged Francis Drake and
other English seamen to raid Spanish ships and towns, even though the countries
were officially at peace.
Religious differences also caused conflict between the two nations. Spain was a
Roman Catholic country, and most of England was Protestant. In the 1560's, the
English began to aid the Dutch Protestants who were rebelling against Spanish
rule. In the early 1580's, King Philip II of Spain started planning to send a
fleet and army to invade England. He hoped to end the English raids and to make
England a Catholic country.
Philip began to assemble the Armada in January 1586. Spain built many new
warships and armed its existing ones more heavily. It also rented many foreign
ships. In 1587, Francis Drake raided Cadiz harbor in Spain and destroyed about
30 ships. The Armada was brought together in May 1588, at the Portuguese port
of Lisbon, which at that time was ruled by Spain. The fleet had about 130 ships
and more than 29,000 men, most of them soldiers. Some of the ships lacked guns
and experienced gunners, and others lacked ammunition because they were only
transport ships. Philip named the Duke of Medina Sidonia to command the Armada.
The duke was an experienced military planner but an inexperienced seaman.
Meanwhile, England armed many of its merchant vessels and added them to its
warships. England's fleet had about 200 ships and nearly 16,000 men, most of
them sailors rather than soldiers. Admiral Lord Howard of Effingham commanded
the fleet, and his squadron leaders included Drake, John Hawkins, and Martin
Frobisher.
The Armada left Lisbon on May 30, 1588 (May 20 according to the calendar then
used in England). It entered the English Channel on July 30 (July 20) and
fought long-range gun duels with English warships during the next few days. On
August 6 (July 27), it anchored at Calais, France. Medina Sidonia had planned
to meet barges carrying Spanish troops from nearby Dunkerque, a port then in
the Netherlands. But Dutch gunboats prevented the barges from meeting the
Armada. This act doomed the Armada to failure.
In the early hours of August 8 (July 29), the English sent eight fire ships
(vessels filled with gunpowder and set on fire) toward the Armada. The Spanish
ships sailed out to sea to escape the flames. Later that morning, about 60
English ships attacked an equal number of Spanish ships off the French port of
Gravelines. The English sank two Spanish ships and damaged others.
The crippled Armada fled to the North Sea. It returned to Spain by sailing
north around the islands of Great Britain and Ireland. High winds wrecked many
ships off Ireland's coast, and only about two-thirds of the fleet reached
Spain.
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Empires rise and fall, regardless of the genetic makeup of their people.>>
You might be able to fool some people with that theory if there was only one
poor Hispanick country and only one rich Anglo country. But when all Anglo
societies all over the world have flourished (Australia, USA, Canada, New
Zealand, England, USA, South Africa) and ALL Hispanick countries have failed
miserably, you won't be able to bullshit us.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<You are nothing but an ignorant racist.>>
YAWN.
The "you're racist" riposte is part of the larger Hispanick tactic of refusing
to
engage in ideas. Sometimes they evaporate in the middle of an argument and
you're left standing alone, arguing with yourself. More often, liberals
withdraw figuratively by responding with ludicrous and irrelevant personal
attacks. Especially popular are non-sequitors that are also savagely cruel. A
vicious personal smear, they believe, constitutes a clever counterargument.
Your refusal to submit to name-calling means you were overwhelmed by the force
of their argument that you are a "racist."
If Hispanick lovers were prevented from ever again calling Americans "racist",
they would be robbed of half their arguments. To be sure, they would still have
"dumb'" "fascist'" "homophobe," "ugly," and a few other highly nuanced
arguments in the quiver. But the loss of "racist" would nearly cripple them.
Like clockwork, every consequential person for controlled borders to come down
the pike is instantly, invariably, always, without exception called "racist."
This is how six-year-olds argue: They call everything "stupid." The left's
primary argument is the angry reaction of a helpless child deprived of the
ability to mount logical counterarguments.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<He even believes there's a "hispanick" race>>
Yes, Hispanick is one of 11 distinct races found in this world.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<If you want strictness, you can't say the USA is an anglo country, given that
most people there haven't got an english ancestry.>>
the USA was 955 Anglo until the late 1800's. Check these civil war rosters for
proof.
http://www.altonweb.com/history/civilwar/confed/index.html a civil war
prison, record of inmates
http://www.rootsweb.com/~usgenweb/ne/state/stamilit.htm#1895rost Roster of
Soldiers, Sailors and Marines of the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the War
of the Rebellion, residing in Nebraska June 1, 1891
http://users.aol.com/EvanSlaug/aville.html Civil War rosters
http://www.tngenweb.org/civilwar/crosters/cavb.html confederate military
rosters online
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ny/county/franklin/1812/ franklin, NY, war of
1812 veterans
http://www.rootsweb.com/~kyharris/1812vets.htm War of 1812 veterans
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Remember - we live better than most of them - and we've been living better
for some quite time now...>>
Then why did the rich European countries have to bail your ass out?
http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar522760&st=Spain
In 1953, Spain and the United States signed a 10-year military and economic
agreement. Franco allowed the United States to build Air Force and Navy bases
in Spain, and the United States gave Spain more than $1 billion in grants and
loans.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<The "central europeans" don't differ from the "southern europeans" and the
"northern europeans" except in those aspects in which they already differ among
themselves (like language).>>
The whites in the northern half of Italy carry the darker southern part of the
country.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Actually, my highly disinformed friend, the germans moved to Argentina in the
1940's - right when it started to decline.>>
WRONG.
http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1990/1/90.01.06.x.html
In the peak period of the world oversee migration, 1821-1932, six countries
absorbed 90 per cent of the total, and among these six, Argentina ranked second
in the number of immigrants, with a total of 6,405,000.
Between 1857 and 1958 the main source of immigrants to Argentina were Italy and
Spain accounting for 46 and 33 percent, respectively, of the total. The rest of
the immigrants were made up of different nationalities, including French,
German, British, and Irish. Though their numbers were small, these minority
immigrants groups averaged high in special skills and soon achieved distinction
in their new home.·
The children of these immigrants rose quickly on the economic scale, and some
even on the political scale, for example Carlos Pellegrini, who was elected
President in 1890.
An estimated four thousand Irish shepherds in the province of Buenos Aires at
the time of the fall of Rosas (1852) increased to 35,000 by the 1870, and their
labors contributed more than half of Argentina's wool exports.
The influx of Irish and Basques was swelled by British engineers and managers.
French shopkeepers, Italian and Swiss peasants, German laborers, and Jewish
refugees totally transforming the Spanish-mestizo origins of the population.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<And the italians moved the Argentina because it was a rich country - the
cause precedes the effect, not the other way.>>
Argentina didn;t become an economic power until the 1930's, long after Italians
had migrated there.
http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar029320&st=Argentina
Argentina ranked among the world's wealthy nations in the years before the
Great Depression, the worldwide business slump that began in 1929.
http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1990/1/90.01.06.x.html
Between 1857 and 1958 the main source of immigrants to Argentina were Italy and
Spain accounting for 46 and 33 percent, respectively, of the total.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Spain was THE world power during the XVI century, you ignoramus>>
Please cite the accomplishments and then compare them to the list of
accomplishments of the Anglos.
http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar746953&st=United+Kingdom
Under Elizabeth, England advanced in many areas. Merchants formed a great
trading company, the East India Company, in 1600. Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter
Raleigh, and other daring English adventurers explored the West Indies and the
coasts of North and South America. English literature flowered during
Elizabeth's reign with the works of such great writers as Francis Bacon, Ben
Jonson, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, and—above all—William
Shakespeare. Notable composers from this period include Thomas Tallis and
William Byrd.
The Elizabethan Age was important culturally. Popular pleasures included
archery, bowls, dancing, and bear-baiting. People liked music, and wealthy
people were expected to play musical instruments on social occasions. People
also enjoyed dressing up. They acted masques, pageants, and plays at Christmas
and other special times. Great men of talent during this period included
William Shakespeare, England's greatest dramatist; Sir Philip Sidney, a poet
and soldier; and Thomas Tallis and William Byrd, outstanding composers.
Important intellectual and cultural developments occurred during the first half
of the 1600's. The English physician William Harvey discovered how blood
circulates in the body. Inigo Jones became the first important English
architect. The poets John Donne, Ben Jonson, and Andrew Marvell were among
those who dominated English literature. John Milton became the greatest writer
of the mid-1600's.
But Charles was also a man of culture and vision, and his reign, known as the
Restoration, was a time of artistic, intellectual, and social development.
Henry Purcell composed great music, and Sir Christopher Wren dominated English
architecture. John Locke contributed much new thought to philosophy. The
mathematician and scientist Sir Isaac Newton invented a new kind of
mathematics, showed how the universe is held together in his theory of
gravitation, and discovered the secrets of light and color. Under Charles's
support, the Royal Society, an organization of the country's leading
scientists, and the Royal Greenwich Observatory, an astronomical facility, were
founded.
Charles II also helped to foster a more relaxed social atmosphere that emerged
after the restrictions of Puritanism were removed. London became a lively and
colorful city. Two Londoners, Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn, wrote accounts of
the times in their diaries. Theaters reopened. The first coffee houses
appeared, and some of them developed into the first clubs.
By the middle of the 1700's, a period of rapid industrialization called the
Industrial Revolution got underway. It swept away many aspects of rural life
and made Britain the world's richest country. Overseas trade flourished as
Britain's economy grew. Britain expanded its control in Europe, India, and
North America. Meanwhile, Parliament won unquestioned control over the
monarchy.
During the early and mid-1700's, English literature reached new heights.
Writers admired and tried to recapture the reason, balance, and harmony of such
ancient Roman writers as Virgil and Horace, who wrote during the golden age of
Roman literature in the reign of Emperor Augustus (27 B.C.-A.D. 14). For this
reason, historians call the first half of the 1700's the Augustan Age. Joseph
Addison and Richard Steele wrote essays. Jonathan Swift wrote satires,
including Gulliver's Travels (1726). Alexander Pope composed poetry, and Oliver
Goldsmith wrote dramas, poetry, and prose. Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe
(1719) and contributed to the development of the novel. Early novelists
included Henry Fielding, Samuel Richardson, Tobias Smollet, and Laurence
Sterne. During the middle and late 1700's, the scholar, poet, and essayist
Samuel Johnson greatly influenced other writers.
During the early 1700's, English painters followed the tradition of portrait
painting established by a German-born painter, Sir Godfrey Kneller. Kneller was
well known for his portraits of monarchs and other famous people of his time.
The English painter William Hogarth painted satirical scenes from contemporary
life. The architects William Kent and Sir John Vanbrugh built grand houses in
what became known as the Early Georgian style. George Frideric Handel, a
German-born musician, composed operas and choral works.
Popular entertainment included bear-baiting
Popular entertainment included bear-baiting and cockfighting. The first rules
for prizefighting were framed in 1743. The hunting of deer and hares declined,
and wealthy landowners took to fox hunting. Cricket became a major sport.
Croquet was popular with aristocrats. Horse racing and organized gambling were
also popular.
Advances in science.
The Scottish physician and chemist Joseph Black identified what is now called
carbon dioxide as a distinct gas and published his findings in 1756. In the
1680's, the astronomer Edmund Halley had correctly predicted the return in 1759
of a comet now known by his name. The engineer William Murdock used coal gas
for lighting in 1792. The physicist Henry Cavendish, the chemist Joseph
Priestley, and others experimented in electricity. The physician Edward Jenner
in 1796 vaccinated people against smallpox.
Progress in agriculture.
The 1700's saw drastic changes in agriculture.
In some areas, farmers developed new systems of crop rotation. These systems
replaced traditional methods of growing grain crops for one or two years and
then leaving the land fallow (unplanted) for one year. In one new four-course
rotation, farmers grew wheat the first year, turnips the second year, then
barley, and then clover. They used the turnip and clover for winter animal
fodder (food). By rotating these fodder crops with grain crops, farmers could
keep all their land in production each year and still maintain the quality of
the soil. In addition, the extra fodder meant they could raise more animals.
About 1700, Jethro Tull, an English gentleman farmer, invented a horse-drawn
drill that sowed seed in rows. After Tull's invention, farmers gradually
stopped scattering seed by hand. The English farmer Robert Bakewell and others
improved breeds of sheep and cattle.
The Industrial Revolution, a period of many technical innovations and rapid
industrial development, began in the 1700's. It started in England's cotton
textile industry and spread to mining, transportation, and other fields. For a
full discussion of the many inventions that made these changes possible, see
the article
Before the Industrial Revolution, most people had worked at home. The
Industrial Revolution brought the invention of power-driven machines that
gradually reduced the need for hand labor. Large factories replaced homes and
small workshops as manufacturing centers. Because the new machines needed coal
for power and transporting coal was expensive, industrial areas grew up around
the coal fields of Clydeside in central Scotland, the Midlands in central
England, northern England, and southern Wales
Improvements in travel.
In the early 1700's, travel was slow, difficult, and even dangerous. Few
communities kept roads in good condition, and almost no good roads had been
built since Roman times. People formed local companies called turnpike trusts
to improve the roads. Through acts of Parliament, they gained control over
stretches of roads, upon which they set up barriers called turnpikes. At the
turnpikes, they charged tolls on vehicles. This money was used to pay for road
improvements. John McAdam, a Scottish engineer, invented a new method of paving
roads, now called macadamizing. Macadam consists of small, broken stones.
Layers of macadam were rolled until solid and smooth to make roads. When the
stones were later mixed with tar, the surface became known as tarmacadam or
tarmac.
In 1761, the English canal engineer James Brindley built the first important
canal, which linked coal mines at Worsley to Manchester. Owners of factories
and mines used barges along canals as a system of transport. By the 1830's, a
network of canals covered Britain.
British engineers made many advances in other fields of civil engineering.
Thomas Telford, the road builder, also built bridges and aqueducts for canals.
Another engineer, John Smeaton, built the Eddystone Lighthouse in the English
Channel using a new design of stone blocks. The lighthouse stood for more than
100 years. Smeaton also designed and built bridges, water mills, and canals.
The Romantic movement was a major new trend in the arts in the early 1800's.
The Romantics sought to express the individual's innermost beliefs, feelings,
and emotions. Thomas Lawrence painted portraits in the Romantic style, using
bold lighting effects and deep shadows to produce an emotional, imaginative
style. Romanticism also influenced the landscape artists John Constable and J.
M. W. Turner. Poets of the Romantic period included Lord Byron, John Keats,
Percy Bysshe Shelley, and William Wordsworth. William Blake was both an artist
and a poet. Novelists included Jane Austen, author of such novels as Sense and
Sensibility (1811) and Pride and Prejudice (1813), and the Scottish writer Sir
Walter Scott, author of the historical novels called the Waverley series
(1814-1832).
The Victorian Age (1840's-about 1900)
In 1837, an 18-year-old woman named Victoria became queen. She reigned for 63
years, until 1901—the longest reign in British history. This period is called
the Victorian Age. During this period, the British Empire reached its height.
It included about a quarter of the world's land and about a quarter of the
world's population. Wealth poured into the United Kingdom from its colonies.
British industry continued to expand, and the country was called the workshop
of the world. Railways and canals covered the United Kingdom, and telephone and
telegraph lines linked the big cities. Literature and science flourished.
The coming of the railroads.
In the 1830's, the United Kingdom had more than 120,000 miles (about 193,000
kilometers) of roads, including about 22,000 miles (35,400 kilometers) of
reasonably good turnpikes, and about 3,000 coach services in operation. At the
same time, the United Kingdom had a system of canals covering more than 4,000
miles (6,400 kilometers). These waterways enabled inland towns, such as
Manchester and Stoke-on-Trent, to export manufactured goods and to obtain food
and raw materials. But canal barges were slow.
A new form of transport, railroads, soon began to rival coaches and canals. By
1814, the British inventors John Blenkinsop, William Hedley, and Richard
Trevithick had each designed a locomotive. The railroad engineer George
Stephenson and his son Robert built a prizewinning locomotive called the
Rocket. In 1830, it became the first locomotive of the Liverpool and Manchester
Railway.
Railroads developed rapidly. Engineers constructed the early lines in
industrial areas, mainly to carry freight. They later built passenger lines. In
the 1840's, the United Kingdom's railroads increased from about 1,850 miles
(2,980 kilometers) to over 6,000 miles (9,700 kilometers).
Other developments in transportation.
Engineers also used steam engines to power ships. In 1802, the British engineer
William Symington built and tested a steamboat on the Forth and Clyde Canal.
Early steamers could not compete with fast sailing ships. But the use of iron
or steel for the hulls of vessels and the invention of the screw propeller and
steam turbine caused ocean-going steamships gradually to replace sailing ships
in the late 1800's.
In 1861, the first tramways (tracks for horse-drawn streetcars) opened in
London. Two years later, engineers opened the first underground railway. In
1890, the world's first electrically driven underground railroad opened in
London. Regular service by electric trams in London began in 1901. About 1885,
J. K. Starley, an English bicycle manufacturer, produced the first commercially
successful safety bicycle. These bicycles had wheels of equal size and a
chain-and-sprocket system. They were safer and easier to ride than earlier
bicycles. By 1900, many people rode bikes.
German inventors had developed the car in the 1880's. London's first motor
buses appeared just before 1900, and motor taxi companies began operating a few
years later. By 1914, the United Kingdom had about 132,000 privately owned
cars.
Developments in communication.
Alexander Graham Bell, a Scotsman who settled in the United States in 1871,
created an early form of the telephone in 1875. In 1876, Bell demonstrated its
use in a two-way long-distance telephone conversation with his assistant,
Thomas Watson, between Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts. The telephone soon
grew in popularity, and the United Kingdom's first telephone exchange opened in
1879.
Victorian art and literature.
Early Victorian literature included some of the greatest and most popular
novels ever written, including those of Charlotte and Emily Bronte, Charles
Dickens, George Eliot, Charles Kingsley, William Makepeace Thackeray, and
Anthony Trollope. Later Victorian writers, including Thomas Hardy, Rudyard
Kipling, George Bernard Shaw, and H. G. Wells, lived on into the 1900's. Poets
of the period included Matthew Arnold; Robert Browning; Elizabeth Barrett
Browning; Algernon Charles Swinburne; and Alfred, Lord Tennyson.
A manufacturing leader. British industry continued to expand. Coal output was
more than 20 times greater at the end of the 1800's than it had been at the
start of the century, and iron production was more than 30 times greater. The
United Kingdom became the world's leading manufacturing nation. It retained its
industrial lead through the skill of its inventors. The British engineer Henry
Bessemer discovered a less costly way of making steel, which is much stronger
and more durable than iron, and steel replaced iron in engineering, railways,
and shipbuilding. Between 1838 and 1844, the first electric telegraph lines
were installed along the tracks of the Great Western Railway from Paddington to
Slough. After several failed attempts, British engineers achieved a permanent
telegraph link across the Atlantic Ocean in 1866. In 1884, Charles Parsons made
the first steam-turbine engine and built the first steam-powered steamship,
Turbinia, in 1897. In the mid-1820's, Patrick Bell, a Scottish-born clergyman
and inventor, invented a reaping machine for harvesting grain.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<First let's make clear that research and development were banned in Spain for
centuries. It seems the Catholic Church was too afraid of that.>>
That didn;t stop the Catholic countires of Italy and France from creating
research and development.
Italian (8)
Rubbia, Carlo
1934–, Italian physicist, Ph.D. Univ. of Pisa, 1957. A professor of physics
at the Univ. of Rome and later at Harvard, Rubbia did his most important work
with Simon van der Meer at CERN. The pair discovered the subatomic particles W
and Z, which convey the weak force, one of nature's four fundamental forces.
For their discovery, the pair was awarded the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Rubbia also led a research team that produced theoretical evidence for a sixth
quark, called "top."
Torricelli, Evangelista
1608–47, Italian physicist and mathematician. He was Galileo's secretary
(1641–42) and his successor as professor of philosophy and mathematics at
Florence. He invented the barometer (1643), called the Torricelli tube, and a
microscope, and he improved the telescope.
Grimaldi, Francesco Maria
1618?–1663, Italian physicist and mathematician. A Jesuit and professor at
Bologna, he studied in detail and named the dark areas on the moon. Noted for
his discoveries in the field of optics, he was the first to describe the
diffraction of light (in a posthumous work published 1665) and the first to
attempt a wave theory of light.
Fermi, Enrico
1901–54, American physicist, b. Italy. He studied at Pisa, Göttingen, and
Leiden, and taught physics at the universities of Florence and Rome. He
contributed to the early theory of beta decay and the neutrino and to quantum
statistics. For his experiments with neutrons he was awarded the 1938 Nobel
Prize in Physics. Fermi's wife, Laura, was Jewish, and the family did not
return to Fascist Italy after the journey to Stockholm to receive the Nobel
award, but continued on to the United States. Fermi was professor of physics at
Columbia Univ. (1939–45) and at the Univ. of Chicago (1946–54). He created
the first self-sustaining chain reaction in uranium at Chicago in 1942 and
worked on the atomic bomb at Los Alamos. Later he contributed to the
development of the hydrogen bomb and served on the General Advisory Committee
of the Atomic Energy Commission, which named him to receive its first special
award ($25,000) shortly before his death. Fermi was outstanding as an
experimenter, theorist, and teacher. He wrote Elementary Particles (1951). In
1954 the chemical element fermium of atomic number 100 was named for him.
Marconi, Guglielmo, Marchese
1874–1937, Italian physicist, celebrated for his development of wireless
telegraphy. In the field of electromagnetic waves he correlated and improved
inventions of H. R. Hertz, Édouard Branly, and other scientists and invented a
practical antenna. Experimenting with homemade apparatus, in 1895 he sent
long-wave signals over a distance of more than a mile. He patented his system
in England (1896) and organized a wireless telegraph company (1897) to develop
its commercial applications. In 1899 he transmitted signals across the English
Channel and in 1901 received in St. John's, N.F., the first transatlantic
wireless signals, sent from his station at Poldhu, Cornwall. After World War I
he concentrated on short waves, and c.1930 turned his attention to microwaves.
He received, jointly with C. F. Braun, the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics for work
in wireless telegraphy.
Galvani, Luigi
1737–98, Italian physician. He was professor of anatomy from 1775 at the
Univ. of Bologna and was noted as a surgeon and for research in comparative
anatomy. During experiments on muscle and nerve preparations of frogs, he
noticed the contraction of a frog's leg touched with charged metal. He devised
an arc of two metals with which contractions could be induced and in 1791
published his results, attributing the source of electricity to the animal
tissue. The explanation was disputed by Volta, who correctly believed that the
electricity originated in the metallic arc. The controversy focused attention
on electricity in animals and stimulated research in electrotherapy and on
electric currents. Many terms in electricity are derived from Galvani's name.
Volta, Alessandro, Conte
1745–1827, Italian physicist. He was professor of physics at the Univ. of
Pavia from 1779 and became famous for his work in electricity. Napoleon I made
him a count and a senator of the kingdom of Lombardy. Volta invented the
so-called Volta's pile (or voltaic pile); the electrophorus; an electric
condenser; and the voltaic cell. The voltt, a unit of electrical measurement,
is named for Volta.
Galileo
1564–1642, great Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist. By his
persistent investigation of natural laws he laid foundations for modern
experimental science, and by the construction of astronomical telescopes he
greatly enlarged humanity's vision and conception of the universe. He gave a
mathematical formulation to many physical laws.While professor (1589–92) at
the Univ. of Pisa, he initiated his experiments concerning the laws of bodies
in motion, which brought results so contradictory to the accepted teachings of
Aristotle that strong antagonism was aroused. He found that bodies do not fall
with velocities proportional to their weights, but he did not arrive at the
correct conclusion (that the velocity is proportional to time and independent
of both weight and density) until perhaps 20 years later. The famous story in
which Galileo is said to have dropped weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa is
apocryphal. The actual experiment was performed by Simon Stevin several years
before Galileo's work. However, Galileo did find that the path of a projectile
is a parabola, and he is credited with conclusions foreshadowing Newton's laws
of motion.
French (12)
Malus, Étienne Louis
1775–1812, French artillery officer and physicist. In 1810 he stated his
discovery of the polarization of light by reflection and published a memoir of
his theory of double refraction.
Fermat, Pierre de
1601–65, French mathematician. A magistrate whose avocation was mathematics,
Fermat is known as a founder of modern number theory and probability theory. He
also did much to establish coordinate geometry and invented a number of methods
for determining maxima and minima that were later of use to Newton in applying
the calculus. He noted without proof, although he claimed to have discovered
one, the assertion now known as Fermat's Last Theorem, which states that the
equation xn + yn = zn, where x, y, z, and n are nonzero integers, has no
solutions for n that are greater than. In optics Fermat recognized that of all
possible paths, light takes the path that takes the least time; this
fundamental rule is known as Fermat's principle.
Fizeau, Armand Hippolyte Louis
1819–96, French physicist. The first to measure (1849) the velocity of light
in air, he also determined its speed in water. He made valuable discoveries on
the polarization of light and the expansion of crystals, explained the Doppler
effect, and devised a method of increasing the permanency of daguerreotypes.
With Léon Foucault he took the first clear photograph of the surface of the
sun.
Becquerel
family of French physicists. Antoine César Becquerel, 1788–1878, was a
pioneer in electrochemical science. He was professor of physics at the Muséum
d'Histoire naturelle from 1838 until his death. Becquerel made a special study
of the voltaic cell, telegraphy, and magnetism and wrote several books on these
subjects. His second son, Alexandre Edmond Becquerel, 1820–91, succeeded his
father, in 1878, as professor at the Muséum d'Histoire naturelle. Known for
his studies in light, photochemistry, and phosphorescence (for which he
invented the phosphoroscope), Alexandre wrote La Lumière, ses causes et ses
effets (1867–68). His son, Antoine Henri Becquerel, 1852–1908, was
professor at the École polytechnique, Paris, from 1895. He studied atmospheric
polarization and the influence of the earth's magnetism on the atmosphere. In
1896 he discovered radioactivity in uranium; the Curies made further
investigations of the phenomenon and shared with Becquerel the 1903 Nobel Prize
in Physics.
Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, Baron
1768–1830, French mathematician and physicist. He was noted for his
researches on heat and on numerical equations. He originated Fourier's theorem
on vibratory motion and the Fourier series, which provided a method for
representing discontinuous functions by a trigonometric series. Fourier was
professor (1795–98) at the École polytechnique, Paris; accompanied Napoleon
I to Egypt; and was prefect of Isère (1802–15). In 1808 he was made a baron.
Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi
1796–1832, French physicist, a founder of modern thermodynamics; son of
Lazare N. M. Carnot. His famous work on the motive power of heat (Réflexions
sur la puissance motrice du feu, 1824) is concerned with the relation between
heat and mechanical energy. Carnot devised an ideal engine in which a gas is
allowed to expand to do work, absorbing heat in the process, and is expanded
again without transfer of heat but with a temperature drop. The gas is then
compressed, heat being given off, and finally it is returned to its original
condition by another compression, accompanied by a rise in temperature. This
series of operations, known as Carnot's cycle, shows that even under ideal
conditions a heat engine cannot convert into mechanical energy all the heat
energy supplied to it; some of the heat energy must be rejected. This is an
illustration of the second law of thermodynamics. Carnot's work anticipated
that of Joule, Kelvin, and others.
Coulomb, Charles Augustin de
1736–1806, French physicist. In 1789 he retired from his posts as military
engineer and as superintendent of waters and fountains and devoted himself to
continuing his scientific research. He was known for his work on electricity,
magnetism, and friction, and he invented a magnetoscope, a magnetometer, and a
torsion balance that he employed in determining torsional elasticity and in
establishing Coulomb's law. The unit of quantity of electric charge, the
coulomb, is named in his honor.
Broglie, Louis Victor, duc de
1892–1987, French physicist. In 1928 he became professor in the faculty of
sciences, Univ. of Paris. It was known from the earlier quantum theory that
light waves sometimes exhibited a particlelike behavior. De Broglie
hypothesized (1924) that particles should also exhibit certain wavelike
properties, a prediction that led to the development of wave mechanics, a form
of quantum mechanics. The existence of these matter waves was confirmed
experimentally in 1927, and de Broglie received the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physics
for his theory. He was elected permanent secretary of the Academy of Sciences
in 1942.
Felix Savart - and with French physicist Felix Savart, he formulated a law for
the magnetic force near a wire carrying an electric current
Ampère, André Marie
1775 -1836, French physicist, mathematician, and natural philosopher. He was
professor of mathematics at the École Polytechnique, Paris, and later at the
Collège de France. Known for his contributions to electrodynamics, including
the formulation of Ampère's law, he confirmed and amplified the work of
Oersted on the relationship of electricity and magnetism, and he invented the
astatic needle. The ampere was named for him.
Fresnel, Augustin Jean
1788–1827, French physicist and engineer. He is known for his research on
light, especially on conditions governing interference phenomena in polarized
light and on double refraction. His work supported the wave theory of light and
the concept of transverse vibrations in light waves, which he analyzed
mathematically. He devised a method of producing circularly polarized light and
promoted the replacement of mirrors with compound lenses in lighthouses. He
served as a government engineer during most of his career.
Curie
family of French scientists. Pierre Curie, 1859–1906, scientist, and his
wife, Marie Sklodowska Curie, 1867–1934, chemist and physicist, b. Warsaw,
are known for their work on radioactivity and on radium. The Curies' daughter
Irène was also a scientist. 1 Pierre Curie's early work dealt with
crystallography and with the effects of temperature on magnetism; he discovered
(1883) and, with his brother Jacques Curie, investigated piezoelectricity (a
form of electric polarity) in crystals. Marie Sklodowska's interest in science
was stimulated by her father, a professor of physics in Warsaw. In 1891 she
went to Paris to continue her studies at the Sorbonne. In 1895 she married
Pierre Curie and engaged in independent research in his laboratory at the
municipal school of physics and chemistry where Pierre was director of
laboratories (from 1882) and professor (from 1895). 2 Following A. H.
Becquerel's discovery of radioactivity, Mme Curie began to investigate uranium,
a radioactive element found in pitchblende.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<First let's make clear that research and development were banned in Spain for
centuries. It seems the Catholic Church was too afraid of that.>>
BULLSHIT The great Italian physicist Francesco Maria Grimaldi was himself a
Jesuit.
Grimaldi, Francesco Maria
1618?–1663, Italian physicist and mathematician. A Jesuit and professor at
Bologna, he studied in detail and named the dark areas on the moon. Noted for
his discoveries in the field of optics, he was the first to describe the
diffraction of light (in a posthumous work published 1665) and the first to
attempt a wave theory of light.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
for
proof.>>
CORRECTION: That should be **the USA was 95% Anglo until the late 1800's**
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Spain was THE world power during the XVI century, you ignoramus>>
OK, list for me any technological achievements/breakthroughs that came out of
Spain at that time.
That is if you expect me to belive Spain was the world power at that time.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Empires rise and fall, regardless of the genetic makeup of their people>>
Then why is it that minority Anglos and Germans in majority Latin American
societies outdo the resident Hispanicks and move to the top?
http://www.essaywriters.com/categories/105-000.html
Land reforms and invitations to foreign investment just before the turn of the
century had resulted in the immigration of many Germans, who by 1914 produced
over half of Guatemala's annual coffee production.
from "Two Years Before the Mast", by Richard Henry Dana, copyright 1946
these observations take place in 1834-36.
from page 96
In Monterey there are a number of English and Americans (English or "Ingles"
all are called who speak the English language) who have married Californians,
become united to the Catholic church, and acquired considerable property.
Having more industry, frugality, and enterprise than the natives, they soon got
nearly all the trade into their hands. They usually keep shops, in which they
retail the goods purchased in larger quantities from our vessels, and also send
a good deal into the interior, taking hides in pay, which they again barter
with our vessels. In every town on the coast there are foreigners engaged in
this kind of trade. While I recollect 2 shops kept by natives.
From "California, An Intimate History", by Gertrude Atherton, copyright 1914.
During the second quarter of the century, a handful of newcomers, who by
accident or choice had landed in California, were gradually taking over control
of commerce and industry.
The next settler was Jacob Leese, an American who had arrived in California the
year before and engaged in the mercantile business in Monterey. He came to San
Francisco to establish a branch house and do business of all sorts not only
with the many ships that took shelter in Yerba Buena's waters, but also with
the ranchers north of the bay. Leese remained the most successful and energetic
citizen of Yerba Buena until 1841, when he sold out to the Hudson Bay Company
and moved to Sonoma.......
A resourceful jack of all trades, Joseph Chapman became a favorite everywhere,
especially with padres who could use his varied talents. He married one of the
daughters of the wealthy Ortega family and spent the rest of his days around
Santa Barbara or Los Angeles. At the latter place he planted a vineyard of
4,000 vines. We have seen how he resuscitated San Gabriel's power project by
construction of its second gristmill. He served as a surgeon.....
Another roistering character was the American woodsman and trapper, Issac
Graham, who built the first lumber mill near Santa Cruz in 1833. He later set
up a distillery in nearby Pajaro Valley. .....
From "The Blond Ranchero", by Juan Francisco Dana, copyright 1960.
page 75
Don Isaac Sparks was from Maine. He was an otter hunter who had come west with
the Ewing Young party in 1832.
Don Isaac, like so many others, settled in Santa Barbara, bought a store there
and also erected the first two-story brick building in the small town, which
was the pride of the townspeople. He also built a one-story adobe and a store
and settled down to the life of a businessman.......
But of the four, probably our closest contact was with Don Juan Miguel Price.
He was an Englishman who had gone to sea as a boy but the brutality of the
ship's captain forced him and a companion to desert the ship on the west coast
of Mexico. They made their way to Colima where they stayed a year among the
friendly natives.
Price finally shipped on a German vessel bound for Monterey, arriving in
1830.
Price was well-liked and held many official offices such as alcalde, juez de
la paz, etc. He married a native Spanish-Californian, Andrea Colona, and they
raised a family of 13 children. Tio Juan lived to be 92 years old, dying in
1902, close to the Pacific he had loved so well.
From "LOS ANGELES, The Enormous Village, 1781-1981, by John D Weaver, copyright
1980.
Two enterprising Yanquis, John Temple and George Rice, opened the town's
first general merchandise store in 1828 on the southern edge of town, the site
of the present day Federal Building at the corner of Temple and Main. Temple
bought out his partner and by 1836, according to the census figures for Los
Angeles district, he had a potential market of 2,228 customers.
29 of the area's 50 foreigners hailed from the USA. Their ranks included
not only Don Juan Temple but also Abel Stearns, another New England hustler. He
trafficked in hides and wine, did a little smuggling on the side, and ended up
as Southern California's wealthiest landowner.
From "From Wilderness to Empire", by Robert Cleland, copyright 1947.
According to Miss Adele Ogden, the trade began in 1822, when 2 English
partners, Wiliam Hartnell and Hugh McCullough succeeded in negotiating a 3 year
contract with the California missions for hyde and tallow. A month later,
William Gale, at one time a sealer on the Farallones, arrived in Monterey to
obtain shipment of hides for Bryant and Sturgus, A Boston firm which had
formerly engaged in the fur business on the Northwest coast.
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Argentina was a rich country until the 1940s - one of the biggest walfare
states, and with an economy comparable to that of France at the time - but then
it was stricken by several dictatorships.>>
A dictatorship didn;t stop Japan from prospering.
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+jp0035)
Undeterred by opposition, the Meiji leaders continued to modernize the nation
through government-sponsored telegraph cable links to all major Japanese cities
and the Asian mainland and construction of railroads, shipyards, munitions
factories, mines, textile manufacturing facilities, factories, and experimental
agriculture stations.
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+jp0039)
Modernization and Industrialization
Japan emerged from the Tokugawa-Meiji transition as the first Asian
industrialized nation. Domestic commercial activities and limited foreign trade
had met the demands for material culture in the Tokugawa period, but the
modernized Meiji era had radically different requirements. From the onset, the
Meiji rulers embraced the concept of a market economy and adopted British and
North American forms of free enterprise capitalism. The private sector-- in a
nation blessed with an abundance of aggressive entrepreneurs-- welcomed such
change.
Economic reforms included a unified modern currency based on the yen, banking,
commercial and tax laws, stock exchanges, and a communications network.
Establishment of a modern institutional framework conducive to an advanced
capitalist economy took time but was completed by the 1890s. By this time, the
government had largely relinquished direct control of the modernization
process, primarily for budgetary reasons. Many of the former daimyo, whose
pensions had been paid in a lump sum, benefited greatly through investments
they made in emerging industries. Those who had been informally involved in
foreign trade before the Meiji Restoration also flourished. Old bakufu-serving
firms that clung to their traditional ways failed in the new business
environment.
The government was initially involved in economic modernization, providing a
number of "model factories" to facilitate the transition to the modern period.
After the first twenty years of the Meiji period, the industrial economy
expanded rapidly until about 1920 with inputs of advanced Western technology
and large private investments. Stimulated by wars and through cautious economic
planning, Japan emerged from World War I as a major industrial nation.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Argentina was a rich country until the 1940s - one of the biggest walfare
states, and with an economy comparable to that of France at the time - but then
it was stricken by several dictatorships.>>
A dictatorship didn't stop the former USSR from prospering.
http://www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wb/Article?id=ar479480&st=Russia
By 1929, Stalin had become dictator of the Soviet Union.
In the late 1920's, Stalin began a socialist economic program. It emphasized
the development of heavy industry and the combining of privately owned farms
into large, government-run farms.
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+su0057)
At the end of the 1920s, a dramatic new phase in economic development began
when Stalin decided to carry out a program of intensive socialist construction.
To some extent, Stalin chose to advocate accelerated economic development at
this point as a political maneuver to eliminate rivals within the party.
Because Bukharin and some other party members would not give up the
gradualistic NEP in favor of radical development, Stalin branded them as
"right-wing deviationists" and used the party organization to remove them from
influential positions in 1929 and 1930. Marxism supplied no basis for Stalin's
model of a planned economy, although the centralized economic controls of the
war communism years seemingly furnished a Leninist precedent. Nonetheless,
between 1927 and 1929 the State Planning Commission ( Gosplan--see Glossary)
worked out the First Five-Year Plan for intensive economic growth; Stalin began
to implement this plan--his "revolution from above"--in 1928.
The First Five-Year Plan called for rapid industrialization of the economy,
with particular growth in heavy industry. The economy was centralized:
small-scale industry and services were nationalized, managers strove to fulfill
Gosplan's output quotas, and the trade unions were converted into mechanisms
for increasing worker productivity. But because Stalin insisted on unrealistic
production targets, serious problems soon arose. With the greatest share of
investment put into heavy industry, widespread shortages of consumer goods
occurred, and inflation grew.....
By 1932 Stalin realized that both the economy and society were seriously
overstrained. Although industry failed to meet its production targets and
agriculture actually lost ground in comparison with 1928 yields, Stalin
declared that the First Five-Year Plan had successfully met its goals in four
years. He then proceeded to set more realistic goals. Under the Second
Five-Year Plan (1933-37), the state devoted attention to consumer goods, and
the factories built during the first plan helped increase industrial output in
general. The Third Five-Year Plan, begun in 1938, produced poorer results
because of a sudden shift of emphasis to armaments production in response to
the worsening international climate. All in all, however, the Soviet economy
had become industrialized by the end of the 1930s. Agriculture, which had been
exploited to finance the industrialization drive, continued to show poor
returns throughout the decade.
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+su0063)
Although the Soviet Union was victorious in World War II, its economy had been
devastated in the struggle. Roughly a quarter of the country's capital
resources had been destroyed, and industrial and agricultural output in 1945
fell far short of prewar levels. To help rebuild the country, the Soviet
government obtained limited credits from Britain and Sweden but refused
economic assistance proposed by the United States under the Marshall Plan.
Instead, the Soviet Union compelled Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe to supply
machinery and raw materials. Germany and former Nazi satellites (including
Finland) made reparations to the Soviet Union. The Soviet people bore much of
the cost of rebuilding because the reconstruction program emphasized heavy
industry while neglecting agriculture and consumer goods. By the time of
Stalin's death in 1953, steel production was twice its 1940 level, but the
production of many consumer goods and foodstuffs was lower than it had been in
the late 1920s.
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+su0065)
During his quarter-century of dictatorial control, Stalin had overseen
impressive development in the Soviet Union. From a comparatively backward
agricultural society, the country had been transformed into a powerful
industrial state.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<It's worthy of mention that Spain has the 4th healthiest economy in the
world>>
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+es0007)
General Economic Conditions:
Full membership in EC posed a threat for weaker sectors of the economy, both
industrial and agricultural. Spain had long had Western Europe's highest
unemployment rate, more than 20 percent.
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+es0072)
Economic historians generally agree that during the nineteenth century and well
into the twentieth, at a time when Western Europe was engaged in its great
economic transformation, Spain "missed the train of the industrial revolution."
Much of the chronic social and political turmoil that took place in Spain
during this period can in large measure be attributed to the great difficulties
the country encountered in striving for economic modernization. Throughout this
period, Spanish social and economic development lagged far behind the levels
attained by the industrializing countries of Western Europe. Spain's economic
"take-off" began belatedly during the 1950s and reached its height during the
1960s and the early 1970s.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Spain was still mostly rural; modern
industry existed only in the textile mills of Catalonia (Spanish, Cataluna;
Catalan, Catalunya) and in the metallurgical plants of the Basque provinces
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+es0073)
Spain was even more economically retarded in the 1940s than it had been ten
years earlier, for the residual adverse effects of the Civil War and the
consequences of autarchy and import substitution were generally disastrous.
Inflation soared, economic recovery faltered, and, in some years, Spain
registered negative growth rates. By the early 1950s, per capita gross domestic
product was barely 40 percent of the average for West European countries.
Then, after a decade of economic stagnation, a tripling of prices, the growth
of a black market, food rationing, and widespread deprivation, gradual
improvement began to take place. The regime took its first faltering steps
toward abandoning its pretensions of self- sufficiency and toward inaugurating
a far-reaching transformation of Spain's retarded economic system. Pre-Civil
War industrial production levels were regained in the early 1950s, though
agricultural output remained below that level until 1958. ......
In return for permitting the establishment of United States military bases on
Spanish soil, the Eisenhower administration provided substantial economic aid
to the Franco regime. More than 1 billion dollars in economic assistance flowed
into Spain during the remainder of the decade as a result of the
agreement.......
The years from 1951 to 1956 were marked by substantial economic progress, but
the reforms of the period were only spasmodically implemented, and they were
poorly coordinated. One large obstacle to the reform process was the corrupt,
inefficient, and bloated bureaucracy. A former correspondent of London's
Financial Times, Robert Graham, described the Franco era as "the triumph of
paleocapitalism--primitive market skills operating in a jungle of bureaucratic
regulations, protectionism, and peddled influence." By the mid-1950s, the
inflationary spiral had resumed its upward climb, and foreign currency reserves
that had stood at US$58 million in 1958 plummeted to US$6 million by mid-1959.
The standard of living remained one of the lowest in Western Europe, and the
backwardness of agriculture and of the land-tenure system, despite lip service
to agrarian reform, kept farm productivity low......
The resultant economic slump and reduced wages led approximately 500,000
Spanish workers to emigrate in search of better job opportunities in other West
European countries. Nonetheless, its main goals were achieved. The plan enabled
Spain to avert a possible suspension of payments abroad to foreign banks
holding Spanish currency, and by the close of 1959 Spain's foreign exchange
account showed a US$100-million surplus. Foreign capital investment grew
sevenfold between 1958 and 1960, and the annual influx of tourists began to
rise rapidly.....
Such aid took the form of US$75 million in drawing rights from the IMF, US$100
million in OEEC credits, US$70 million in commercial credits from the Chase
Manhattan Bank and the First National City Bank, US$30 million from the United
States Export- Import Bank, and funds from United States aid programs. Total
foreign backing amounted to US$420 million. The principal lubricants of the
economic expansion, however, were the hard currency remittances of 1 million
Spanish workers abroad, which are estimated to have offset 17.9 percent of the
total trade deficit from 1962 to 1971; the gigantic increase in tourism that
drew more than 20 million visitors per year by the end of the 1960s and that
accounted for at least 9 percent of the GNP; and direct foreign investment,
which between 1960 and 1974 amounted to an impressive US$7.6 billion. More than
40 percent of this investment came from the United States, almost 17 percent
came from Switzerland, and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and
France each accounted for slightly more than 10 percent. By 1975 foreign
capital represented 12.4 percent of all that invested in Spain's 500 largest
industrial firms. An additional billion dollars came from foreign sources
through a variety of loans and credit devices.
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+es0074)
The Post-Franco Period, 1975-1980s
Because of the failure to adjust to the drastically changed economic
environment brought on by the two oil price shocks of the 1970s, Spain quickly
confronted plummeting productivity, an explosive increase in wages from 1974 to
1976, a reversal of migration trends as a result of the economic slump
throughout Western Europe, and the steady outflow of labor from agricultural
areas despite declining job prospects in the cities. All these factors joined
in producing a sharp rise in unemployment. Government budgetary deficits
swelled, as did large social security cost overruns and the huge operating
losses incurred by a number of public-sector industries. Energy consumption,
meanwhile, remained excessive. The years of economic recession, beginning in
1975, were not solely attributable to the oil crisis, but they revealed, in the
words of one Spanish economist, Eduardo Merigo, "an institutional structure
that was creaking at the seams, unable to function in a country in which output
had increased nearly five times in thirty years." These structural deficiencies
made Spain more vulnerable than most other modern economies to the oil crises
of the 1970s.
When the Socialist government headed by Felipe Gonzalez took office in late
1982, the economy was in dire straits. Inflation was running at an annual rate
of 16 percent, the external current account was US$4 billion in arrears, public
spending had gotten out of hand, and foreign exchange reserves had become
dangerously depleted.
The Socialist government opted for pragmatic, orthodox monetary and fiscal
policies, together with a series of vigorous retrenchment measures. In 1983 it
unveiled a program that provided a more coherent and long-term approach to the
country's economic ills. Renovative structural policies--such as the closing of
large, unprofitable state enterprises--helped to correct the more serious
imbalances underlying the relatively poor performance of the economy. The
government launched an industrial reconversion program, brought the
problem-ridden social security system into better balance, and introduced a
more efficient energy-use policy. Labor market flexibility was improved, and
private capital investment was encouraged with incentives.
By 1985 the budgetary deficit was brought down to 5 percent of GNP, and it
dropped to 4.5 percent in 1986. Real wage growth was contained, and it was
generally kept below the rate of inflation. Inflation was reduced to 4.5
percent in 1987, and analysts believed it might decrease to the government's
goal of 3 percent in 1988.
Efforts to modernize and to expand the economy were greatly aided by a number
of factors that fostered the remarkable economic boom of the 1980s: the
continuing fall in oil prices, increased tourism, a sharp reduction in the
exchange value of the United States dollar, and a massive upsurge in the inflow
of foreign investment. These exogenous factors allowed the economy to undergo
rapid expansion without experiencing balance of payments' constraints, despite
the fact that the economy was being exposed to foreign competition in
accordance with EC requirements. Were it not for these factors, the process of
integration with the EC would have been a good deal more painful, and inflation
would have been much higher.
In the words of the OECD's 1987-88 survey of the Spanish economy, "following a
protracted period of sluggish growth with slow progress in winding down
inflation during the late 1970s and the first half of the 1980s, the Spanish
economy has entered a phase of vigorous expansion of output and employment
accompanied by a marked slowdown of inflation." In 1981 Spain's GDP growth rate
had reached a nadir by registering a rate of negative 0.2 percent; it then
gradually resumed its slow upward ascent with increases of 1.2 percent in 1982,
1.8 percent in 1983, 1.9 percent in 1984, and 2.1 percent in 1985. The
following year, however, Spain's real GDP began to grow by leaps and bounds,
registering a growth rate of 3.3 percent in 1986 and 5.5 percent in 1987. The
1987 figure was the highest since 1974, and it was the strongest rate of
expansion among OECD countries that year. Analysts projected a rise of 3.8
percent in 1988 and of 3.5 percent in 1989, a slight decline but still roughly
double the EC average. They expected that declining interest rates and the
government's stimulative budget would help sustain economic expansion.
Industrial output, which rose by 3.1 percent in 1986 and by 5.2 percent in
1987, was also expected to maintain its expansive rate, growing by 3.8 percent
in 1988 and by 3.7 percent in 1989.
A prime force generating rapid economic growth was increased domestic demand,
which grew by a steep 6 percent in 1986 and by 4.8 percent in 1987, in both
years exceeding official projections. During 1988 and 1989, analysts expected
demand to remain strong, though at slightly lower levels. Much of the large
increase in demand was met in 1987 by an estimated 20 percent jump in real
terms in imports of goods and services.
In the mid-1980s, Spain achieved a strong level of economic performance while
simultaneously lowering its rate of inflation to within two points of the EC
average. However, its export performance, though increasing by a credi; table
5.5 percent, raised concerns over the existing imbalance between import and
export growth.
Data as of December 1988
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Remember, the USA helped *massively* France, Britain, Germany, etc, after
WWII>>
and all 3 were major economic powers before WWII.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<You mean Spain wasn't destroyed after the civil war and then suffered a
dictatorship for 40 years?>>
the USA had a Civil War, it didn;t keep us from prospering. same with the
former USSR.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia
PirateJohn
The racists, especially in the States, are among the dumbest bastards on the
'net.
We'll gladly give you a few of them if you want 'em ;)
~~~~~~~~~
Drug free, no-spin radio: http://www.airamericaradio.com/
Democracy in action: http://www.moveon.org
Like father, like son. One term.
Leusogafofomaaitulagi Fonoimoana
<<Spain was THE world power during the XVI century, you ignoramus>>
Only because of the gold they stole from the Americas. It wasn't out of any
technological breakthroughs.
From "From Columbus to Castro", by Eric Williams, copyright 1970.
page 24
A Spanish historian, writing in 1587, stated that the treasure which entered
Spain from the New World was sufficient to 'pave the streets of Seville with
blocks of gold and silver'. The royal income from the Indies amounted to 8,000
ducats in 1503, nearly 59,000 in 1509, about 90,000 in 1512, and about 120,000
in 1518. Mexico was not conquered until 1519, nor Puru until 1526. Thus the
gold obtained up to 1518 came almost exclusively from the Caribbean. With the
conquest of Mexico and Puru, Spanish revenues skyrocketed. They were nearly
320,000 ducats in 1535. The fleet of 1538 brought nearly 1,000,000 ducats, the
fleet of 1543 over half a million, another fleet in 1551 over a million and a
half. In the years 1557-1559, over 3.5 million ducats were received by the
royal treasury, and, in the single year 1587, nearly 6.5 million. In 1608 the
annual revenue was reckoned at 2 million ducats from the New World, and the
fleet of 1626 brought over 2.5 million. By that time, the Caribbean colonies
were no longer producers of the precious metals. The Spanish Caribbean colonies
turned to sugar.
faitau Tusi Pa'ia