NIKAAT.e.SUKHAN # 3 : Sarwar Raz :Sarwar:
Sarwar Alam Raz
meraa Khayaal thaa k :nikaat.e.suKhan: ke silsile ko maiN shaayad teen
qistoN meiN Khatm kar dooN.gaa, lekin na sirf aap ko yeh mazaameen
pasand aaye bal.k is mozoo' per itnee baateN karne ko mojood haiN k
yeh silsila abhee kayee qistoN tak aur chal saktaa hai.
chooN.k meraa maqsad sher.o.suKhan kee chand buniyaadee baateN aap tak
poNhchaanaa hai is liye baar baar aap se apne ta'assuraat likhne kee
darKhwaast kartaa rehtaa hooN taa.k :nikaat.e.suKhan: usee vaqt tak
pesh kiyaa jaaye jab tak voh aap ke liye mufeed hai.
yeh kehne kee shaayad zaroorat naheeN hai k aik martaba yeh silsila
ruk gayaa to dobaara shuroo' karnaa mushkil ho saktaa hai, kyoN.k
Khayaalaat ke dhaage ko dobaara pakaRnaa aur naye sire se us meiN
gireh lagaanaa aasaan naheeN hotaa hai. maiN yeh mazaameen apnee
samajh ke mutaabiq vaqtan fa.vaqtan pesh kartaa rahooN.gaa. aap se
guzaarish hai k in kee ifaadiyat Khatm ho jaaye to mujh ko bilaa
takalluf bataa deN taa.k kisee aur taraf vaqt aur tavajjuh kaa
istaimaal ho sake.
ab :nikaat.e.suKhan: kee teesree qist Haazir hai. ummeed hai k pasand
aayegee. baat ab na sirf zaraa mushkil ho chalee hai bal.k Khaasee
:technical: bhee ho gayee hai. mujh ko ilm naheeN hai k in tafseelaat
se aap ko kis qadar dilchaspee hai. chunaanche apnee savaab.e.deed se
kaam le kar is qist ke ba'd aglee qist meiN taqtee' kee chand misaaleN
de kar is silsile ko vaqtee taur per rok denaa chaahtaa hooN taa.k aap
ab tak kee tafseelaat ko :hazm: kar sakeN aur apnee raa'e se aagaah
farmaayeN. mustaqbil meiN jaisee aap sab kee raa'e hogee mazaameen kaa
silsila aage baRhaayaa jaa sakegaa.
zubaan.e.sher meiN ae Raz dil kee baat kehtaa hooN
ko'ee ab be.hunar samjhe mujhe yaa nukta.daaN samjhe! (Raz
Chandpuri)
Sarwar Raz :Sarwar:
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NIKAAT-e-SUKHAN # 3:
3.1: arkaan (afaa'eel) aur un ke ziHaafaat (modified forms):
piChhlee qist meiN ham ne beHr per ibtidaa'ee guftugoo shuroo' kee
thee aur is zimn meiN afaa'eel (arkaan) kaa zikr aayaa thaa jo Urdu
shaa'iree meiN beHroN ke :eeN'T aur gaare: (building blocks) kaa kaam
dete haiN. yeh aaTh (8) arkaan aap kee sahoolat ke liye neeche phir
likhe jaa rahe haiN kyoN.k in ko aage kee beHs meiN baar baar
istaimaal kiyaa jaayegaa:
(a) ma-faa-ee-lun meem, fey, alif, ain, ChhoTee ye, laam, noon
(b) faa-i-laa-tun fey, alif, ain, laam, alif, tey, noon
(c) mus-taf-i-lun meem, seen, tey, fey, ain, laam, noon
(d) maf-oo-laat meem, fey, ain, vaav, laam, alif, tey
(e) mu-ta-faa-i-lun meem, tey, fey, alif, ain, laam, noon
(f) ma-faa-i-la-tun meem, fey, alif, ain, laam, tey, noon
(g) fa-oo-lun fe, ain, vav, laam, noon
(h) faa-i-lun fe, alif, ain, laam, noon
yeh arkaan apnee asl shakl meiN ooper darj haiN aur istilaaHan in ko
:saalim: kahaa jaataa hai. yeh beHroN meiN apnee saalim shakl meiN
bhee istaimaal hote haiN aur aksar in kee shakl badal dee jaatee hai.
aisee badlee huee (modified) shakl ko :muzaaHif: (meem, ze, alif.
baRee Hey, fe) kehte haiN. voh amal (process) jis se muzaaHif banaaye
jaate haiN :ziHaaf: kehlaataa hai.
saalim arkaan ko un ke ziHaafaat (modified forms) meiN tabdeel karne
ke usool nihaayat mushkil aur pecheeda haiN aur un se vaaqifiyat
zarooree bhee naheeN hai. albatta ziHaafaat kee pehchaan zarooree hai
taa.k un kaa istaimaal shaa'iree meiN Theek taur per kiyaa jaa sake.
neeche ziHaafaat banaane kee chand misaaleN dee jaatee haiN taa.k aap
ko is amal kaa kuChh andaaza ho sake. mukammal beHs yahaaN mumkin
naheeN hai. jitna likhaa jaa rahaa hai vohee shaayad logoN ko
:confuse: karne ke liye bohat kaafee hai!
3.2: ziHaafaat (modified arkaan/afaa'eel) kee chand misaaleN:
(1) :ma-faa-ee-lun: se :ma-faa-ee: aur :fa-oo-lun: se :fa-oo: nikaal
diye jaayeN to :lun: bachtaa hai. is ko :fa': (fe, ain) se badal dete
haiN aur aik rukn kee taraH istaimal karte haiN. goyaa :fa': aik
muzaaHif hai :ma-faa-ee-lun: aur :fa-oo-lun: kaa.
is :process: ko :batar: kehte haiN aur is se jo nayaa rukn (muzaaHif)
:fa': banaa hai us ko istilaaHan :abtar: kehte haiN. misaal aage aa
rahee hai.
(2) :fa-oo-lun: se Harf :fe: nikaal deN to :oo-lun: reh jaataa hai jis
ko us kee muzaaHif shakl meiN :fa-lun: (fe, ain, laam, noon) keh dete
haiN aur aik rukn ke taur per istaimaal karte haiN.
(3) :faa-i-laa-tun: kaa :tun:, :ma-faa-ee-lun: kaa :lun: yaa
:fa-oo-lun: kaa :lun: nikaal deN to bil.tarteeb :faa-i-laa:,
:ma-faa-ee: aur :fa-oo: bachte haiN. un ko muzaaHif meiN yooN badal
dete haiN:
faa-i-laa-----> faa-i-lun ma-faa-ee-----> fa-oo-lun
fa-oo-----> fa-al
in :modified: arkaan ko istilaaHan :meHzoof: kehte haiN. misaal aage
aayegee.
yeh teen misaaleN hee beshtar logoN ko :confuse: karne ke liye kaafee
haiN! is liye yeh tafseel yaheeN Khatm kee jaatee hai. agar aap saalim
afaa'eel se vaaqif haiN to un ke ziHaafaat aane vaalee misaaloN meiN
Khud hee aap kee tavujjuh apnee taraf kheeNch leNge. aur agar aap kaa
Khayaal udhar naheeN bhee gayaa to ko'ee qiyaamat naheeN TooT paRegee!
hameN arooz kee ibtidaa'ee ma'loomaat se matlab hai, is maidaan meiN
kamaal naheeN Haasil karnaa hai!
3.3: Urdu kee beHreN
Urdu meiN jitnee beHreN istaimaal hotee haiN voh sab kee sab Arabee se
lee gayee haiN. yeh ta'daad meiN kul unnees (19) haiN. in meiN ba'z
meiN saalim arkaan istaimaal hote haiN, ba'z meiN ziHaafaat bhee
istaimaal hote haiN aur ba'z apnee saalim shakl meiN Urdu meiN kabhee
istaimaal naheeN hotee haiN. beHroN kee taqseem ke muKhtalif tareeqe
haiN. in se beHr pehchaanee jaatee hai aur misre yaa sher kee taqtee
karte vaqt is kaa naam liyaa jaa saktaa hai:
(a) apnee vaza' (istaimaal kee shakl) ke liHaaz se beHreN do (2) taraH
kee hotee haiN:
(a.1) voh beHreN jin meiN aik hee rukn kee takraar hotee hai
:mufarrid: kehlaatee haiN. qist #2 kee misaal jis meiN Molana Hali kaa
misra (muraadeN GhareeboN kee bar laane vaalaa) istaimaal kiyaa gayaa
thaa isee qism kee misaal hai kyoN.k us kee taqtee' meiN aik hee rukn
:fa-oo-lun: kee takraar hai:
fa-oo-lun fa-oo-lun fa-oo-lun fa-oo-lun
(a.2) voh beHreN jo aik se ziyaadah arkaan kee tarkeeb se bantee haiN
:murakkab: kehlaatee haiN. is kee misaaleN aage aayeN.gee.
(b) apnee lambaa'ee ke liHaaz se beHreN do (2) qism kee hotee haiN:
(b.1) musamman (ya'nee aaTh (8) arkaan vaalee): voh beHreN jin ke her
misre meiN chaar (4) arkaan hote haiN :musamman: kehlaatee haiN kyoN.k
sher ke donoN misroN ko milaa kar is meiN aaTh (8) arkaan hote haiN.
Molana Hali ke misre kee beHr musamman hai.
(b.2) musaddas (ya'nee Chhe (6) arkaan vaalee): voh beHreN jin ke her
misre meiN teen (3) arkaan hote haiN :musaddas: kehlaatee haiN kyoN.k
sher ke donoN misroN ko milaa kar is meiN Chhe (6) arkaan hote haiN.
misaal aage aayegee.
Note: agar kisee beHr ke her misre meiN teen (3) kee bajaaye Chhe (6),
yaa chaar (4) kee bajaaye aaTh (8) arkaan hoN to beHr ko phir bhee
:musaddas: yaa :musamman: hee kehte haiN lekin us ke ba'd bayaan meiN
:mudaai'if: (ya'nee do.gunaa) likh dete haiN.
(c) ba'z aisee beHreN haiN jin ke her misre meiN chaar (4) arkaan is
taraH hote haiN k pehle do arkaan kee takraar se un kee tashkeel hotee
hai, maslan:
faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-lun faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-lun
aisee beHr ko beHr.e.shakasta yaa beHr.e.mukarrar kehte haiN.
3.4: taqtee' aur beHr
aap meiN se jin logoN ne alup per Irfan Abid saaheb kaa mazmoon
:Bah'r- The Backbone of Shaayaree: paRhaa hai unhoN ne us meiN aik
beHr kaa naam yooN likhaa dekhaa hogaa :beHr hazaj musamman aKHrab:
aur zaahir hai k yeh un ke sar ke ooper se guzar gayaa hogaa. is baat
ko samajhne ke liye pehle :taqtee': ko samajhnaa zarooree hai aur phir
yeh samajhnaa k taqtee' bayaan karte hue beHr kee kon kon see
Khusoosiyaat kaa bayaan hotaa hai.
(a) taqtee' kyaa hai?:
voh amal jis ke zari'e kisee sher yaa misre ko afaa'eel (arkaan) kee
taraazoo meiN chaRhaa kar us kee beHr qaa'em kee jaatee hai :taqtee':
(te, qaf,toe, Chotee ye, ain) kehlaataa hai. taqtee' voh kasauTee hai
jis meiN manzoomaat parakh kar un kee funee aGhlaat kee shanaaKht kee
jaatee hai aur yeh faisila kiyaa jaataa hai k sher kis beHr meiN hai
aur voh beHr se Khaarij to naheeN hai.
(b) taqtee' kaa bayaan:
jab kisee misre yaa sher kee taqtee' bayaan karte haiN to sab se pehle
beHr kaa naam likhte haiN, phir yeh bataate haiN k voh musamman hai
yaa musaddas. phir agar voh saalim hai to :saalim: likh dete haiN
lekin agar us meiN ziHaafaat haiN to jis tarteeb se us meiN ziHaafaat
aaye haiN usee tarteeb se un ko bayaan kar diyaa jaataa hai. maslan
Irfan saaheb kee :beHr Hazaj musamman aKhrab: ko leejiye. yahaaN yeh
kahaa jaa rahaa hai k yeh sher :beHr hazaj meiN hai, jo musamman hai
ya'nee aaTh arkaan kee hai aur is meiN voh ziHaafaat istaimaal kiye
gaye haiN jo aKhrab haiN: chooN.k beHr hazaj kaa rukn :ma-faa-ee-lun:
hai jis kaa aKhrab muzaaHif :maf-ool: hai, aap dekheNge k yeh ziHaaf
is sher kee taqtee' meiN mojood hai. jaisaa ka Irfan saaheb ne likhaa
hai is sher kee taqtee' yooN hai:
maf-oo-l ma-faa-ee-lun maf-oo-l ma-faa-ee-lun
3.5: Urdu meiN musta'mil beHreN
ooper yeh kahaa gayaa thaa k Urdu meiN unnees (19) beHreN istaimaal
hotee haiN. dar asl beHreN to bohat ziyaada istaimaal hotee haiN lekin
yahaaN sirf un ko hee ginvaanaa maqsood hai jo yaa to saalim shakloN
meiN musta'mil haiN yaa apnee muzaaHif shakl meiN. agar saalim ke
saath muzaaHif shakloN ko ginaa jaaye to ta'daad 19 se bohat ziyaada
ho jaatee hai. neeche jo 19 baHoor (sing: beHr) apne arkaan ke saath
dee jaa rahee haiN un meiN se jo muzaaHif shakloN meiN musta'mil haiN
un kee shanaaKht kar dee gayee hai:
(1)beHr.e.rajaz: mus-taf-i-lun mus-taf-i-lun mus-taf-i-lun
mus-taf-i-lun
(2)beHr.e.ramal: faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laa-tun
faa-i-laa-tun
(3)beHr.e.baseet: mus-taf-i-lun faa-i-lun mus-taf-i-lun
faa-i-lun
(4)beHr.e.taveel: fa-oo-lun ma-faa-ee-lun faa-oo-lun
ma-faa-ee-lun
(5)beHr.e.Kaamil:
mu-ta-faa-i-lun mu-ta-faa-i-lun mu-ta-faa-i-lun
mu-ta-faa-i-lun
(6)beHr.e.mutadaarik: faa-i-lun faa-i-lun faa-i-lun faa-i-lun
(7)beHr.e.hazaj: ma-faa-ee-lun ma-faa-ee-lun ma-faa-ee-lun
ma-faa-ee-lun
(8)beHr.e.mushaakil: faa-i-laa-tun ma-faa-ee-lun ma-faa-ee-lun
(9)beHr.e.madeed: faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-lun faa-i-laa-tun
faa-i-lun
(10)beHr.e.mutaqaarib: fa-oo-lun fa-oo-lun fa-oo-lun
fa-oo-lun
(11)beHr.e.mujtas:
mus-taf-i-lun faa-i-laa-tun mus-taf-i-lun faa-i-laa-tun
(sirf muzaaHif shakl meiN)
(12) beHr.e.mudaare':
ma-faa-ee-lun faa-i-laa-tun ma-faa-ee-lun faa-i-laa-tun (sirf
muzaaHif shakl meiN)
(13) beHr.e.munsareH: mus-taf-i-lun maf-oo-laat mus-taf-i-lun
maf-oo-laat (sirf muzaaHif shakl meiN)
(14) beHr.e.vaafer:
ma-faa-i-la-tun ma-faa-i-la-tun ma-faa-i-la-tun ma-faa-i-la-tun
(sirf muzaaHif shakl meiN)
(15) beHr.e.qareeb: ma-faa-ee-lun ma-faa-ee-lun faa-i-laa-tun
(sirf muzaaHif shakl meiN)
(16) beHr.e.saree': mus-taf-i-lun mus-taf-i-lun maf-oo-laat
(sirf muzaaHif shakl meiN)
(17) beHr.e.Khafeef: faa-i-laa-tun mus-taf-i-lun faa-i-laa-tun
(sirf muzaaHif shakl meiN)
(18) beHr.e.jadeed: faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laa-tun mus-taf-ilun
(sirf muzaaHif shakl meiN)
(19) beHr.e.muqtadeb: maf-oo-laat mus-taf-i-lun maf-oo-laat
mus-taf-i-lun (sirf muzaaHif shakl meiN)
talaffuz aur taqtee' :
usool.e.taqtee' ke mutaabiq alfaaz jis taraH paRhe jaate haiN usee
taraH un kee taqtee' bhee kee jaatee hai. is liye ash'aar kee taqtee'
ke liye alfaaz ke imlaa kee rehnumaa'ee her muqaam per durust aur
mo'tabar naheeN hai; maslan : ham 'KHooshee' (Khe, vav, sheen, ChhoTee
ye) likhte haiN lekin 'Khushee' (as if there was a 'pesh' on 'Khe' and
'vav; was absent) paRhte haiN. yehee doosraa talaffuz taqtee' meiN
istaimaal kiyaa jaayegaa. kon saa lafz kab ChhoTaa yaa baRaa kar ke
paRhaa jaaye?: is kee tafseel kaa yeh moqa' naheeN hai. agar shaa'ir
zoq.e.saleem rakhtaa hai aur shaa'iree ke zer.o.bam (rhythm) se
vaaqif hai to baGhair talaffuz aur taqtee' ke saare usool paRhe voh
taqreeban hamesha apne kalaam ko saaf suthraa aur taqtee' ke liHaaz se
saHeeH banaa saktaa hai.
kuChh Huroof taqtee' meiN naheeN liye jaate haiN. in se thoRee see
vaaqifiyyat honee chaahiye taa.k apnee Ghalatee Khud hee saHeeH karne
meiN aasaanee ho. neeche yeh Huroof likhe jaa rahe haiN.
darj.e.zail aavaazeN taqtee' meiN naheeN lee jaatee haiN :
(1) do.chashmee 'hey' agar voh lafz ke beech mein yaa aaKhir meiN
aaye, maslan : paRhnaa, doodh vaGhira.
(2) noon.e.Ghunna (nasal 'noon') chaahe voh lafz ke beech meiN ho yaa
aaKhir meiN.
(3) voh 'vav' jo paRhne meiN naheeN aataa hai maslan : Khush, Khwaab
vaGhaira.
(4) yaa.e.maKhloot (ya'nee voh 'ye' jo lafz meiN khap kar apnaa alag
vujood taqreeban kho de) maslan : kyoN, kyaa vaGhaira.
(5) agar teen (3) saakin Huroof (ya'nee voh Huroof jin ko bolne meiN
Harkat naheeN denee paRtee hai) aik saath aa.jaayeN to aaKhir saakin
lafz taqtee' meiN nazar.andaaz kiyaa jaa saktaa hai, maslan : zeest ke
teen Huroof ( ye, seen, te) saakin haiN, chunaanche 'te' ko taqtee'
meiN nazar.andaaz karnaa durust ho gaa.
(6) misre ke aaKhir mein jo saakin lafz akelaa bach jaaye usko taqtee'
meiN nazar andaaz kar dete haiN. maslan aik misra hai:
gulshan meiN band.o.bast ba.raNg.e.digar hai aaj
is misre kee aaKhree 'jeem' saakin hai aur taqtee' meiN naheeN lee
jaayegee.
yahaaN ab beHs us manzil per aa gayee hai k misaaloN kee saKht
zaroorat hai. aglee qist meiN muKhtalif beHroN ke ash'aar kaseer
ta'daad meiN diye jaayeNge aur un kee taqtee' kee jaayegee. ummeed hai
k is silsile se aap ko kuChh na kuChh Haasil huaa hogaa. mujh ko
tavaqqo hai k aglee qist se is meiN mazeed izaafa hogaa.
yaar zinda, suHbat baaqee!
Sarwar Raz :Sarwar:
Vasmi Abidi
SUBTLETIES OF SHAA’IREE. PART 3
==============================
3.1: arkaan (afaa'eel) and their modified forms:
In the previous installment we began an introductory discussion on beHr, and in this
context there was mention of afaa’eel (arkaan), which serve as building blocks of
beHr in Urdu shaa’iree. These 8 arkaan are listed below once more, for your
convenience, since they will be used frequently in further discussion:
(a) ma-faa-ee-lun meem, fey, alif, ain, ChhoTee ye, laam, noon
(b) faa-i-laa-tun fey, alif, ain, laam, alif, tey, noon
(c) mus-taf-i-lun meem, seen, tey, fey, ain, laam, noon
(d) maf-oo-laat meem, fey, ain, vaav, laam, alif, tey
(e) mu-ta-faa-i-lun meem, tey, fey, alif, ain, laam, noon
(f) ma-faa-i-la-tun meem, fey, alif, ain, laam, tey, noon
(g) fa-oo-lun fe, ain, vav, laam, noon
(h) faa-i-lun fe, alif, ain, laam, noon
These arkaan are written above in their pure form, the technical term for which is
“saalim”. They are used in beHr in their “saalim” form, and also their form is often
modified. The modified form is called “muzaaHif”. The process which creates muzaaHif
is called “ziHaaf”.
The rules of converting saalim arkaan into their ziHaafaat (modified forms) are
extremely difficult and complex, and it is not necessary to be familiar with them.
However, recognizing ziHaafaat is necessary, so that they may be properly used in
shaa’iree. Below are a few examples of creating ziHaafaat, to give you some idea of
this process. A complete discussion is not possible here. Perhaps even this
presentation is enough to confuse people!
3.2: Some Examples of ziHaafaat (modified arkaan/afaa'eel) :
(1) Removing :ma-faa-ee: from :ma-faa-ee-lun, or :fa-oo: from :fa-oo-lun: leaves
:lun:. This is replaced with :fa': (fe, ain) and is used as a rukn. Thus, fa’ is a
muzaaHif of ma-faa-ee-lun and fa-oo-lun.
This process is called “batar”, and the new rukn (mazaaHif) thus created is called
“abtar”. An example will follow.
(2) Removing the Harf :fe: from “fa-oo-lun” leaves :oo-lun:, which, in its
modified form, is called :fa-lun: (fe, ain, laam, noon), and is used as a rukn.
(3) :faa-i-laa-tun: minus :tun:, :ma-faa-ee-lun: minus :lun: or
:fa-oo-lun: minus :lun: results in :faa-i-laa:, :ma-faa-ee: and :fa-oo: ,
respectively. In muzaaHif, they are modified as:
faa-i-laa -----> faa-i-lun
ma-faa-ee -----> fa-oo-lun
fa-oo -----> fa-al
These modified arkaan are known by the technical term :meHzoof:. Examples will
follow.
These three examples alone are sufficient to confuse most people! Therefore, these
details are concluded at this point. If you are familiar with saalim afaa’eel, then
in the coming examples, their modified forms will readily draw your attention. And
even if your attention is not drawn to them, it is not a catastrophe! We are
interested in an introductory knowledge of arooz; we are not aiming for expertise in
this field!
3.3: Urdu beHr’s
All of the beHr that are used in Urdu are taken from Arabic. There are a total of
19. Of these, some use saalim arkaan, some also use ziHaafaat, and some are such
that they are never used in their saalim form in Urdu. There are various ways of
categorizing beHr’s. The descriptive names identify the beHr, and are useful when
doing “taqtee” of a misra or she’r.
(a) Based on their arrangement of arkaan, there are two types of beHr:
(a.1) Those beHr that have a repetition of the same rukn are called “mufarrid”. The
example from Part II which used Molana Hali’s misra (muraadeN GhareeboN kee bar
laane vaalaa) is of this type, because in its taqtee the same rukn “fa-oo-lun” is
repeated:
fa-oo-lun fa-oo-lun fa-oo-lun fa-oo-lun
(a.2) Those beHr that are created from combinations of more than one arkaan are
called “murakkab”. Examples of these will follow.
(b) Based on their length, there are two types of beHr:
(b.1) musamman (meaning, those with eight (8) arkaan): Those beHr that have four (4)
arkaan in each misra are called “musamman”, because the two misre of a she’r
together have eight (8) arkaan. The beHr of Molana Hali’s misra is mussamman.
(b.2) musaddas (meaning, those with six (6) arkaan): Those beHr that have three (3)
arkaan in each misra are called “musamman”, because the two misre of a she’r
together have six (6) arkaan. Examples to come.
Note: If each misra of a beHr has not 3 but 6 arkaan, or not 4 but 8 arkaan, even
then the beHr is called “musaddas” or “musamman”, respectively. But the suffix
“mudaai’if” (meaning, double) is appended to its name.
(c) Some beHr are such that each misra has four (4) arkaan, such that the last two
arkaan are a repetition of the first two. For example,
faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-lun faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-lun
Such beHr are called beHr.e.shakasta or beHr.e.mukarrar.
3.4: taqtee' and beHr
Those of you who read Irfan Abid Saaheb’s article “Bah’r – The Backbone of Shayaree”
on ALUP would have seen in it the name of a beHr written as “beHr hazaj musamman
aKHrab”, and obviously this would have gone over their heads. To understand this
detail it is necessary to first understand “taqtee”, and then to understand which
characteristics of beHr need to be described when describing taqtee.
(a) What is taqtee' ?
The process by which a sher or misra is measured on the scales of afaa’eel (arkaan)
to determine its beHr is called taqtee. taqtee is the touchstone on which poetry is
tested for technical correctness, and to decide which beHr a she’r is in, and
whether it is out of the beHr (“beHr se Khaarij”).
(b) Describing taqtee'
When doing taqtee of a misra or sher, first the name of the beHr is written, then it
is stated whether the beHr is musamman or musaddas. Then, if it is saalim, then
“saalim” is written. But if it has ziHaafaat, then they are mentioned in the same
order as they appear. Take, for example, Irfan Saaheb’s “beHr Hazaj musamman
aKhrab”. This says that the sher is in beHr hazaj, which is musamman, meaning that
it has eight arkaan, and it uses those ziHaafaat which are aKhrab. Since the rukn
of beHr hazaj is “ma-faa-ee-lun”, whose aKhrab muzaaHif is “maf-ool”, you will see
that this ziHaaf is present in the sher’s taqtee. As Irfan saaheb has written, the
taqtee of this sher is:
maf-oo-l ma-faa-ee-lun maf-oo-l ma-faa-ee-lun
3.5: beHr’s used in Urdu
It was mentioned above that nineteen (19) beHr’s are used in Urdu. Actually, many
more beHr’s are used, but here the purpose is to count only those which are used
either in their saalim form, or in their muzaaHif form. If, along with saalim, the
muzaaHif forms are also counted, then the total greatly exceeds nineteen. Of the 19
baHoor (plural of beHr) listed below, together with their arkaan, those that are
used in their muzaaaHif form have been identified:
(1)beHr.e.rajaz: mus-taf-i-lun mus-taf-i-lun mus-taf-i-lun
mus-taf-i-lun
(2)beHr.e.ramal: faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laa-tun
faa-i-laa-tun
(3)beHr.e.baseet: mus-taf-i-lun faa-i-lun mus-taf-i-lun
faa-i-lun
(4)beHr.e.taveel: fa-oo-lun ma-faa-ee-lun faa-oo-lun
ma-faa-ee-lun
(5)beHr.e.Kaamil:
mu-ta-faa-i-lun mu-ta-faa-i-lun mu-ta-faa-i-lun
mu-ta-faa-i-lun
(6)beHr.e.mutadaarik: faa-i-lun faa-i-lun faa-i-lun faa-i-lun
(7)beHr.e.hazaj: ma-faa-ee-lun ma-faa-ee-lun ma-faa-ee-lun
ma-faa-ee-lun
(8)beHr.e.mushaakil: faa-i-laa-tun ma-faa-ee-lun ma-faa-ee-lun
(9)beHr.e.madeed: faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-lun faa-i-laa-tun
faa-i-lun
(10)beHr.e.mutaqaarib: fa-oo-lun fa-oo-lun fa-oo-lun
fa-oo-lun
(11)beHr.e.mujtas:
mus-taf-i-lun faa-i-laa-tun mus-taf-i-lun faa-i-laa-tun
(only in muzaaHif form)
(12) beHr.e.mudaare':
ma-faa-ee-lun faa-i-laa-tun ma-faa-ee-lun faa-i-laa-tun (only in muzaaHif form)
(13) beHr.e.munsareH: mus-taf-i-lun maf-oo-laat mus-taf-i-lun
maf-oo-laat (only in muzaaHif form)
(14) beHr.e.vaafer:
ma-faa-i-la-tun ma-faa-i-la-tun ma-faa-i-la-tun ma-faa-i-la-tun
(only in muzaaHif form)
(15) beHr.e.qareeb: ma-faa-ee-lun ma-faa-ee-lun faa-i-laa-tun
(only in muzaaHif form)
(16) beHr.e.saree': mus-taf-i-lun mus-taf-i-lun maf-oo-laat
(only in muzaaHif form)
(17) beHr.e.Khafeef: faa-i-laa-tun mus-taf-i-lun faa-i-laa-tun
(only in muzaaHif form)
(18) beHr.e.jadeed: faa-i-laa-tun faa-i-laa-tun mus-taf-ilun
(only in muzaaHif form)
(19) beHr.e.muqtadeb: maf-oo-laat mus-taf-i-lun maf-oo-laat
mus-taf-i-lun (only in muzaaHif form)
3.5 talaffuz (Pronunciation) and taqtee' :
According to the rules of taqtee, the taqtee of words is done according to the way
they are read. Therefore, for taqtee of ashaar, the spelling of words is not always
an accurate and reliable guide. For instance, we write 'KHooshee' (Khe, vav, sheen,
ChhoTee ye) but read 'Khushee', as if there was a 'pesh' on 'Khe' and 'vav’ was
absent. This latter pronunciation will be used in taqtee. Which word is read with
short or long sounds, and under what conditions? This is not the place for such
details. If a poet possesses a sense of the language and is familiar with the
rhythms of poetry, then without studying all the rules of pronunciation and taqtee,
he/she can almost always make his/her poetry elegant and conformant to the taqtee.
Some Huroof are not included in the taqtee. One should have some familiarity with
these, to be able to correct one’s own mistakes. These Huroof are listed below. The
following sounds are not included in taqtee:
(1) do.chashmee 'hey' if it occurs within or at the end of a word, for example,
“paRhnaa”, “doodh”, etc.
(2) noon.e.Ghunna (nasal 'noon') whether it is within a word or at the end.
(3) that 'vav' which is not read, as in, Khush, Khwaab, etc.
(4) yaa.e.maKhloot (meaning that 'ye' which is subsumed within a word and almost
disappears as a separate sound), for example, kyoN, kyaa, etc.
(5) if three (3) saakin Huroof (meaning those Huroof that do not require Harkat when
read) appear together, then the last one may be overlooked in the taqtee. For
example, “zeest” has three saakin Huroof ( ye, seen, te); therefore, it is valid
to exclude 'te' from the taqtee'.
(6) A saakin lafz left by itself at the end of a misra is excluded from the taqtee.
For example, there is a misra:
gulshan meiN band.o.bast ba.raNg.e.digar hai aaj
The “jeem” at the end of this misra is saakin, and will not be included in the
taqtee.
The discussion has now reached a point where examples are sorely needed. In the next
installment, a number of ash’aar of different beHr’s will be presented, along with
their taqtee. I hope that you have gained some benefit from this series, and expect
that the next installment will further enhance it.
=============================
Sarwar Alam Raz wrote:
>
....
> NIKAAT-e-SUKHAN # 3:
>
> 3.1: arkaan (afaa'eel) aur un ke ziHaafaat (modified forms):
>
> piChhlee qist meiN ham ne beHr per ibtidaa'ee guftugoo shuroo' kee
>
.....
Rahul 'Agyat'
aap ka article padha aur print karwa ke le jaa raha hoo'n..tafseel
mein aur aaram se baith kar padhoonga...aap ki agli qisht kaa intezaar
rahega..taaki behar ko aur gehrayee se samajh sakoo.n
aise he likhte rahiye...khudaa aap kee umr daraaz kare
shukriya
Agyat
Afzal A. Khan
Sarwar Alam Raz wrote:
>
> yaaraan.e.alup aadaab arz hai!
>
> meraa Khayaal thaa k :nikaat.e.suKhan: ke silsile ko maiN shaayad teen
> qistoN meiN Khatm kar dooN.gaa, lekin na sirf aap ko yeh mazaameen
> pasand aaye bal.k is mozoo' per itnee baateN karne ko mojood haiN k
> yeh silsila abhee kayee qistoN tak aur chal saktaa hai.
>
> chooN.k meraa maqsad sher.o.suKhan kee chand buniyaadee baateN aap tak
> poNhchaanaa hai is liye baar baar aap se apne ta'assuraat likhne kee
> darKhwaast kartaa rehtaa hooN taa.k :nikaat.e.suKhan: usee vaqt tak
> pesh kiyaa jaaye jab tak voh aap ke liye mufeed hai.
>
> yeh kehne kee shaayad zaroorat naheeN hai k aik martaba yeh silsila
> ruk gayaa to dobaara shuroo' karnaa mushkil ho saktaa hai, kyoN.k
> Khayaalaat ke dhaage ko dobaara pakaRnaa aur naye sire se us meiN
> gireh lagaanaa aasaan naheeN hotaa hai. maiN yeh mazaameen apnee
> samajh ke mutaabiq vaqtan fa.vaqtan pesh kartaa rahooN.gaa. aap se
> guzaarish hai k in kee ifaadiyat Khatm ho jaaye to mujh ko bilaa
> takalluf bataa deN taa.k kisee aur taraf vaqt aur tavajjuh kaa
> istaimaal ho sake.
>
> ab :nikaat.e.suKhan: kee teesree qist Haazir hai.
(Rest of this excellent article deleted)
Along with other ALUPers, I would like to extend to you
my thanks for a superb series. Jazaakallah !
What I have particularly admired in these articles is
the simplicity of the information/explanations
offered, coupled with the comparative brevity or
terseness of the contents. On "'Arooz", for
example, one can find heavy tomes which most
"mubtadees" would discard in a hurry.
Just one observation : While "radeef" has been defined
and explained succintly, a further clarification could
have been given that the last LETTER of the concluding
word of the sher/s (which forms the basis of the alpha-
betical arrangement of the GHazals in a deewaan) is also
referred to as "radeef". Admittedly, I have glanced
through these articles rather hurriedly and, if this
point has been taken care of, my apologies.
Now one suggestion : I hope that before concluding the
series, you would include one or two posts dealing with
figures of speech (or poetic embellishments) like
tashbeeh, isti'aara, eehaam, talmeeh, laff-o-nashr etc.
Afzal
Sarwar Alam Raz
Agyat jee namaste!
aap kee pasand aur muHabbat kaa shukriya. agar mere mazaameen se aap
ko madad mil rahee hai to samajhiye ke meree meHnat vusool ho gayee!
ab reh gayee aap kee duaa k Khudaa meree umr daraaz kare to Jigar kaa
aik sher yaad aa gayaa sun leejiye phir duaa bhee de deejiyegaa!
museebat hai yeh lambee zindigaanee
buzurgoN kee duaa ne maar Daalaa!
Sarwar Raz :Sarwar:
Sarwar Alam Raz
>
> Now one suggestion : I hope that before concluding the
> series, you would include one or two posts dealing with
> figures of speech (or poetic embellishments) like
> tashbeeh, isti'aara, eehaam, talmeeh, laff-o-nashr etc.
> Afzal
Afzal saaheb salaam o alekum
aap kee pasand aur sitaayish ke liye az Had mamnoon hooN. yeh
samajhiye k agar logoN ko in mazaameen se ko'ee madad mil rahee hai to
mere :paise vusool ho rahe haiN!:
maiN is silsile ko abhee jaaree rakhnaa chaahtaa hooN. aik to log is
ko pasand kar rahe haiN aur doosre is qadar aur likhne ko hai k
mazaameen ko Khatm kar dene kaa javaaz naheeN hai. haaN agar log
samajheN k kisee jagah poNhach kar is silsile kee ifaadiyat Khatm ho
gayee hai to maiN zaroor is ko baNd karne meiN der naheeN karooNgaa.
meraa Khayaal hai k yeh mazaameeN isee unvaan ke teHt kaafee arse tak
chaleN.ge. aap se guzaarish hai k jab aap bhee dekheN k in kaa baNd
honaa achchaa hai to mujh ko likh deejiyegaa.shukriya!
Sarwar Raz :Sarwar:
Amit Malhotra
> buzurgoN kee duaa ne maar Daalaa!
Wah Sarwar sahib, kya sh'er kahaa hai aapne.. recently, I've been listening
to Mehdi Hasan a lot and in one of the ghazals he sang, i remember this
particular sh'er, loved it, I thought i'd share it here:
ziist se tang ho ae daaG to jiite kyu.n ho?
jaan pyaarii bhii nahii.n jaan se jaate bhii nahii.n!
DaaG Dehlvi
thats an amazing sh'er..
Amit Malhotra
Yogesh Sethi
I just finished reading the third installment of this marvelous
series. Your in-depth knowledge of Urdu poetry meter is simply
incredible! With the additional advantage of being a writer, you keep
the readers' attention riveted even while describing the esoteric
aspects of the subject at hand. ALUP is very fortunate to have a
person of your stature helping its denizens. I extend my
congratulations and heartfelt thanks for your noble service to this
group.
With fond regards,
Yogesh Sethi
sarw...@yahoo.com (Sarwar Alam Raz) wrote :
Sarwar Alam Raz
> Sarwar sahib, aadaab arz hai:
>
> I just finished reading the third installment of this marvelous
> series. Your in-depth knowledge of Urdu poetry meter is simply
> incredible! With the additional advantage of being a writer, you keep
> the readers' attention riveted even while describing the esoteric
> aspects of the subject at hand. ALUP is very fortunate to have a
> person of your stature helping its denizens. I extend my
> congratulations and heartfelt thanks for your noble service to this
> group.
Yogesh saaheb namaste!
zikr meraa mujh se behtar hai k us meHfil meiN hai!
aap kee sitaayisha aur zarra.navaazee hai varna jo maiN pesh kar rahaa
hooN yeh meree kaavish naheeN hai bal.k :maaNge kaa chiraaGh: hai!
maiN to sirf is ma'loomaat ko jama' kar ke aage baRhaa rahaa hooN. asl
kaam to aur doosre kar chuke haiN!
Khair, is silsile kee aglee qist kal parsoN meiN :post: karne kaa
iraada hai. us ko bhee dekh leejiye.gaa. jahaaN :marey per sau
durrey,vahaaN savaa.sau sahee!:
aap ko aaj hee aik e-mail bhejaa hai. milne per likhiye.gaa. shukriya!
Sarwar Raz :Sarwar:
UVR
> yaaraan.e.alup aadaab arz hai!
>
> meraa Khayaal thaa k :nikaat.e.suKhan: ke silsile ko maiN shaayad teen
> qistoN meiN Khatm kar dooN.gaa, lekin na sirf aap ko yeh mazaameen
> pasand aaye bal.k is mozoo' per itnee baateN karne ko mojood haiN k
> yeh silsila abhee kayee qistoN tak aur chal saktaa hai.
<...>
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> NIKAAT-e-SUKHAN # 3:
>
> 3.1: arkaan (afaa'eel) aur un ke ziHaafaat (modified forms):
<...>
A printable Devanagari transcript is available for download at:
http://uvr.tripod.com/i-nikaat-3.pdf (Portable Document Format)
http://uvr.tripod.com/i-nikaat-3.ps (Postscript)
The document was transliterated using ITRANS. For more information
on ITRANS, visit: http://www.aczone.com/itrans/
UVR.
UVR
Sarwar Alam Raz
> u...@usa.net (UVR) wrote:
> >
> > A printable Devanagari transcript is available for download at:
>
> http://uvr.tripod.com/
Ravindra baaboo! namaskaara
aap kee muHabbat, meHnat, aur lagan kaa kis taraH shukriya adaa kiyaa
jaaye! udhar Dhahran (Saudi Arabia) se hamaare naye dost Nazimuddin
Khalish in mazaameen ko Urdu meiN muntaqil kar rahe haiN aur jald hee
post karne kaa iraada rakhte haiN!
hamaare bhee haiN mehrbaaN kaise kaise!
aap log alup ke liye baa'is.e.fakHr haiN! Vasmi, Ravindra aur Khalish
saahebaan ko maiN aap sab kee jaanib se Khiraaj.e.muHabbat.o.tashakkur
pesh kartaa hooN.
Sarwar Raz :Sarwar:
Amit Malhotra
Thank you so much for this transliteration. Its very nice, I read all three
of them and you have done a great job. I wonder if you could email me a
copy of the ITRANS of these files?? You can just reply to me and attach all
three ITRANS to your email, it would be greatly appreciated.
Thanks once again
Amit Malhotra
p.s. Can't wait to get the Urdu Transliteration now of this topic. Sarwar
sahib has done a great job in these articles and I hope that the next part
will be as informative as the others, actually I know that the next part
will be as good also. Thank you Sarwar Sahib
Sarwar Alam Raz
> p.s. Can't wait to get the Urdu Transliteration now of this topic. Sarwar
> sahib has done a great job in these articles and I hope that the next part
> will be as informative as the others, actually I know that the next part
> will be as good also. Thank you Sarwar Sahib
Amit jee namaste aap kee muHabbat! kal Khalish saaheb ne Urdu
:version: kaa :pre-view: mujh ko bhejaa thaa jis se yeh andaaza hotaa
hai k voh kaam tezee se kar rahe haiN. maiN bhee aap kee taraH
muntazir hooN!
nikaat.e.suKhan kee qist #4 Haazir hai. dekh leN!
Sarwar Raz :Sarwar:
vijaym...@gmail.com
aadaab
main aaj hee ek link kee wajah se aapko padh paayaa mohtarim venus kesari ji kee madad se .... to sabse pahale venus kesari ji ka tah-e-dil se shukriya aur aapka to hazaron munh se bhee shukriya kahoon to kam hai .... iss tarah se tafseel se bahar , rukn aur arkaan ke baare mein janane ki kab se khwahishmand tha jo aaj poora hua .... magar bahut afsos hai ki aage kee qiston se aapne mahrrom kar diya ..... bahar ko aur acchhe se janane ki tamnna rakhata hun .... agar koi aur link ya aapka koi personal blog ho to please batayein .... ehsaanmand rahunga ... aur ekbaar fir aapka dil se shukriyaa ....