NIKAAT.e.SUKHAN #7: qaafiya-pemaa huaa hai kaarvaan.e.shaa'iree!
Sarwar Alam Raz
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7.1: ibtidaa'iya
is mazmoon meiN :qaafiye: par muKhtasar guftugoo kee jaaye gee.
fun.e.shaa'iree bhee doosre tamaam funoon kee taraH nihaayat pecheeda
hai. us ke usool aur juzviaat par asaatiza ne meHnat aur lagan se ilm
ke daryaa bahaaye haiN, qavaaneen vaza' kiye haiN, me'yaar qaa'em kiye
haiN, istisniyaat (exceptions) bayaan kiye haiN, aur Urdu shaa'iree ko
Arabee aur Farsee sarchasmoN se seraab kiyaa hai. muKhtasar yooN
samajhiye k fun.e.shaa'iree kaa ko'ee pehloo bhee tishna.e.vazaaHat
naheeN ChhoRaa gayaa hai.
kehne ko :qaafiya: bohat ma'moolee see cheez nazar aataa hai aur us
kee buniyaadee soorat.e.zaroorat, ta'reef.o.tarkeeb neez manzoomaat
meiN us ke istaimaal se ham sab kam.o.besh vaaqif haiN. lekin agar
gehraa'ee meiN jaa kar :ilm.e.qaafiya: ke muzmiraat aur tafseelaat kaa
mutaali'a keejiye to naye naye inkishaafaat aur rumooz saamne aate
haiN. qavaaneen kee baareekiyaaN aksar ham ko Hairat meiN Daal detee
haiN aur, chaahe ham un tafseelaat aur pecheedigiyoN se muttafiq na
hoN, asaatiza ke ilm.o.fazl, fikr.o.Khayaal aur zoq.o.deeda.rezee kaa
ba.har Haal qaa'il honaa hee paRtaa hai.
is muKhtasar mazmoon meiN aise vasee'.o.baseet mozoo' par ser.Haasil
beHs naheeN ho saktee hai, aur hamaare meHdood maqaasid ke liye yeh
beHs zarooree bhee naheeN hai. yahaaN is ilm ke sirf mubaadiyaat kaa
zikr hogaa. ummeed hai k qaari'een is mazmoon meiN apnee dilchaspee
kaa vaafir saamaan paayeN.ge aur kyaa ajab hai k yeh un ke
ilm.e.shaa'iree meiN besh.qeemat izaafe kaa sabab bhee ban jaaye!
7.2: qaafiya kyaa hai?
jaisaa k sab hee jaante haiN :qaafiya: voh lafz hai jo misre ke aaKhir
meiN :radeef: se qabl aataa hai. Ghazal ke matle' ke donoN misroN meiN
qaafiya aataa hai aur deegar sab ash'aar ke doosre misre meiN is ke
ham.aavaaz (rhyming) alfaaz radeef ke pehle istaimaal hote haiN. goyaa
Ghazal ke matle' ke donoN misroN meiN qaafiye kaa honaa zarooree hai
jab.k deegar ash'aar ke sirf doosre misroN meiN hee qaafiye kee
paabandee laazimee hai.
aik Ghazal meiN istaimaal hone vaale tamaam qavaafee (vaahid: qaafiya)
aapas meiN sautee (ya'nee aavaaz kee) mushaabihat to rakhte hee haiN
lekin ma'navee taur se (ya'nee apne ma'nee ke liHaaz se) aik doosre se
mukHtalif hote haiN.
aisee Ghazal jis meiN radeef kaa iltizaam kiyaa gayaa ho :muraddaf:
Ghazal kehlaatee hai. voh Ghazal jis meiN radeef na istaimaal kee
gayee ho aur sirf qavaafee hee istaimaal hue hoN :Ghair muraddaf:
kahee jaatee hai.
misaal #1 (muraddaf Ghazal):
nukta.cheeN hai, Gham.e.dil us ko sunaaye na bane
kyaa bane baat jahaaN baat banaaye na bane
maiN bulaataa to hooN us ko magar ae jazba.e.dil
us pe ban jaaye kuChh aisee k bin aaye na bane
ishq par zor naheeN hai yeh voh aatish Ghalib
k lagaaye na lagey aur bujhaaye na bane (Ghalib)
is Ghazal kee radeef :na bane: hai aur :sunaaye, banaaye, aaye,
bujhaaye: qavaafee haiN. radeef aur qaaiye ke ishtiraak se Ghazal kee
shanaaKht kaa jo naqsha bantaa hai us ko :zameen: kehte haiN. maslan
is Ghazal kee zameen :sunaaye na bane, banaaye na bane: hai.
misaal #2 (Ghair muraddaf Ghazal)
Allah! Allah! ishq kee ra'naaiyaaN
Husn Khud lene lagaa aNgRaai'yaaN
dil kee choTeN ubhree aatee haiN tamaam
ishq kee chalne lageeN purvaa'iyaaN
yaad hai ab tak Jigar aaGhaaz.e.ishq
shab hama shab voh Khayaal.aaraa'iyaaN (Jigar Muradabadi)
is Ghazal meiN radeef naheeN hai aur :ra'naa'iyaaN, aNgRaa'iyaaN,
purvaa'iyaaN: vaGhaira qavaafee haiN.
7.3: kyaa qaafiya zarooree hai?
yahaaN yeh savaal uThaayaa jaa saktaa hai k :kyaa manzoomaat meiN
qaafiya zarooree hai aur kyaa us ke baGhair shaa'iree naheeN ho saktee
hai?:
yeh to zaahir hai k qaafiye kaa iltizaam un manzoomaat meiN hamesha
kiyaa jaataa hai jo :paaband: kehlaatee haiN. :aazaad shaa'iree: kee
muKhtalif shakloN meiN aaj.kal jo likhaa jaa rahaa hai us meiN beHr,
vazan aur qaafiye kaa iltizaam zarooree naheeN samjhaa jaataa hai
agar.che kaheeN kaheeN sho'raa apnee taKhleeqaat kaa zer.o.bam aur
aahaNga behtar banaane kee Khaatir un meiN qaafiye kaa istaimaal kar
lete haiN.
:aazaad shaa'iree: meiN voh sab asnaaf.e.suKhan shaamil haiN jo
:aazaad nazm, kaalee nazm, nasree nazm, Ghazal.e.mua'rraa: vaGhaira ke
naamoN se likhee jaa rahee haiN. Japaanee haikoo kee taqleed meiN Urdu
meiN bhee :haiku: likhe jaa rahe haiN. albatta jahaaN Japaanee haiku
kee bunat meiN yeh laazimee hai k pehle aur teesre misroN meiN paaNch
(5) aur doosre misre meiN saat (7) Harakaat (syllables) hoN, Urdu
haiku.navees is silsile meiN kaafee aazaadee se kaam le rahe haiN aur
5-7-5 kaa yeh usool hamesha naheeN bartaa jaataa hai. is taraH Urdu
meiN ab tak haiku kaa ko'ee Hatamee pemaana yaa naqsha muta'aiyyun
naheeN ho sakaa hai. in tamaam asnaaf.e.suKhan kee misaaleN darj.e.zel
haiN:
7.3.1: paabaNd nazm
saare jahaaN se aChhaa HindostaaN hamaaraa
ham bulbuleN haiN us kee yeh gulsitaaN hamaaraa
parbat voh sab se ooNchaa, hamsaaya aasmaaN kaa
voh santaree hamaaraa, voh paasbaaN hamaaraa
godee meiN kheltee haiN us kee hazaaroN nadiyaaN
gulshan hai jis ke dam se rashk.e.jinaaN hamaaraa
Iqbal! ko'ee meHram apnaa naheeN jahaaN meiN
ma'loom kyaa kisee ko dard.e.nihaaN hamaaraa (Iqbal)
7.3.2: aazaad nazm
baazee badne se pehle
us ne aik qasam khaayee thee
maiN ne us kaa maan rakhaa
so har baazee meiN voh jeetaa
lekin us ko pata naheeN thaa
ham donoN meiN jeetaa kon! (Nayyar Jahan)
7.3.3: kaalee nazm
kitnee baar huaa hai pehle
ab bhee hotaa hai
aag meiN jal kar mar jaanaa
veHshat kaa ik nayaa tareeqa
aik anokhaa kartab hai
dekhne vaale saare veHshee Khush hote haiN
nannhe nannhe bachchoN ke naazuk naazuk dil
Khof se ghabraa kar ro paRte haiN
yeh manzar dekh ke taayir uR jaate haiN
sirf aag bujhaane vaale afsar
Khaamoshee se chup chup khaRe hue haiN
TV per jalte logoN kee tasveereN
aik nayaa darpan ban kar
aaNkhoN meiN aaNsoo ban kar jhilmil kartee haiN
meree kitnee Khwaahish hai
maiN bhee ik shab apnee saaree kitaaboN meiN
jaltaa- Khaak meiN raakh to mil jaatee
shaayad yeh meree Khwaahish pooree hogee! (Baqar Mehdi)
7.3.4: nasree nazm
agar kuChh marmareeN lamHe
tumhaare haath aa.jaayeN
to chupke se
hathelee par aNdheree shab kee
mehNdee chaandnee kee tum sajaa denaa
k is be.mehr haNgaamoN kee duniyaa meiN
azal se
anginat sadiyoN kee boseeda hatheliyoN per
ko'ee jugnoo naheeN chamkaa
ko'ee taara naheeN damkaa
hameshaa yaad rakhnaa
sel.e.tez.o.tuNd ke dhaare meiN
aksar
kaaGhazee kashtee bhee daryaa paar kartee hai
tumheN kuChh kar dikhaanaa hai (Shaheen
Badr)
7.3.5: Ghazal.e.mu'arra
yeh sinf.e.suKhan Haal hee meiN vujood meiN aayee hai aur abhee
ziyaada aam naheeN huee hai. is kee zaahiree shakl to rivaayatee
Ghazal kee taraH kee hee hotee hai lekin is meiN radeef.o.qaafiye kee
paabandee naheeN kee jaatee hai. pooree :Ghazal: ke sab ash'aar aik
hee beHr meiN hote haiN lekin her misre kee :zameen: alag hotee hai.
chooN.k is kee misaaleN risaaloN meiN bohat kam muhai'yyaa haiN maiN
ne apnee ka'ee GazaloN ke muntaKhib misroN se aik :Ghazal.e.mua'raa:
mushakkal kee hai! mulaaHiza farmaaiye:
roz jeete haiN, roz marte haiN
dil ne sadme uThaaye haiN kyaa kyaa!
dil hai rokeN kahaaN talak is ko
yaad aanaa thaa, aa gayaa ko'ee!
ishq kee manzileN haiN aur ham haiN
aur kuChh soojhtaa naheeN ham ko (Sarwar Raz
:Sarwar:)
7.3.6: haiku
jaisa k ooper arz kiyaa gayaa thaa, yeh sinf hamaare yahaaN Jaapaanee
shaa'iree kee raah se aayee hai. darj.e.zel misaal meiN Japaanee haiku
kee 5-7-5 syllables kee paabandee kee gayee hai, lekin aam taur par
Urdu meiN is naqshe kee paabandee naheeN kee jaa rahee hai:
aate jaate din
jab se nazreN pheree haiN
seHraa haiN tujh bin (Muhsin Bhopali)
7.3.7: sulaasee
is mozoo' kee takmeel ke liye zarooree hai k us nayee sinf.e.suKhan
kaa zikr bhee kiyaa jaaye jo :rubaa'ee: kee tarz par :sulaasee:
(ya'nee :teen misroN vaalee:) ke naam se likhee jaa rahee hai.
sulaasee (se, laam, alif, se, ChoTee ye) ke teenoN misre ham.beHr hote
haiN, neez pehle aur teesre misroN kaa ham.qaafiya honaa bhee zarooree
hai, magar doosraa misra qaafiye kaa paaband naheeN hotaa hai. misaal
Haazir hai:
yeh aik patthar jo raaste meiN paRaa huaa hai
ise muHabbat taraash le to yehee sanam hai
ise aqeedat saNvaar de to yehee Khudaa hai (Himayat Ali
Shair)
7.4: qaafiye ke ajzaa aur us ke istaimaal kee sharaa'et
7.4.1: qaafiye ke ajzaa
har fun kee taraH shaa'iree meiN bhee us ke ajzaa aur baareekiyoN par
baRee mufassil, pecheeda aur aalimaana beHs kee gayee hai. sirf
qaafiye ko hee leejiye. dekhne meiN yeh aik ma'moolee saa lafz hai jis
kee ehmiyyat nazar aatee hai. is par kyaa lambee choRee beHs ho saktee
hai? lekin agar ilm.e.qaafiya kee gehraa'iyoN meiN utar kar zaraa
dekheN to ajeeb.o.Ghareeb inkishaafaat hote haiN. in meiN se kayee
yaqeenan :baal kee khaal nikaalne: ke misdaaq haiN lekin :fuzool:
yaqeenan naheeN kahe jaa sakte haiN kyoN.k ilm kee raah meiN aik
koshish :Ghair zarooree: to ho saktee hai magar :fuzool: naheeN ho
saktee hai!
is ilm se kam.az.kam ham ko apne buzurgoN kee meHnat, muHabbat aur
lagan kaa thoRaa bohat andaaza to ho hee jaataa hai aur is justujoo
meiN shaa'iree ke naye zaavi'e aur pehloo bhee hamaare saamne aate
haiN. yahaaN ilm.e.qaafiye par tafseelee beHs kaa na moqa' hai aur na
hee zaroorat. chunaanche sirf do aik baateN likhee jaatee haiN. jo log
aur paRhnaa chaaheN voh un kitaaboN se rujoo' kar sakte haiN jin kee
fehrist :nikaat.e.suKhan # 6: ke aaKhir meiN dee gayee hai.
har qaafiye kee buniyaad aik Harf yaa Harakat (zer, zabar, pesh
vaGhaira) par hotee hai. aise Harf ko :ravee: (re, vav, ChoTee ye)
kehte haiN. maslan agar :kam, sitam, ham: qavaafee baaNdhe jaayeN to
Harf :meem: ravee kehlaayegaa. ravee kee kayee qismeN haiN aur un
Huroof ke bhee kayee naam aur tafseelaat haiN jo ravee se pehle yaa
ba'd meiN aate haiN aur qaafiye kee tashkeel meiN muaa'vin hote haiN.
yahaaN aik aadh baat az.raah.e.takmeel.e.bayaaN darj kee jaatee hai.
ziyaadah tafseel kee zaroorat meHsoos naheeN hotee hai:
taasees: us :alif: ko kehte haiN jis ke aur ravee ke darmiyaan ko'ee
mutaHarrik Harf mojood ho. maslan :kaamil, shaamil: qavaafee kaa ravee
:meem: hai aur in alfaaz ke :alif: aur :laam: ke darmiyaan :meem: hai
jis par zer kee Harakat hai. chunaanche aise alif ko :taasees:
kaheNge.
daKheel: ooper kee misaal meiN shaamil aur kaamil meiN jo mutaHarrik
:meem: hai us ko daKheel kehte haiN.
isee taraH ke aur alfaaz, Huroof aur un kee tafseeloN kaa zikr ab
Khatm kiyaa jaataa hai.
7.4.2: qaafiye kee sharaa'et aur tafseelaat
qaafiye ke qiyaam kee chand sharaa'et haiN, ya'nee jo alfaaz kisee
Ghazal yaa nazm meiN bataur qavaafee istaimaal hoN.ge, voh chand
shartoN ke paaband zaroor hoN.ge. in sharaa'et meiN istisnaa'ee
(exceptional) soorateN bhee haiN aur kayee sharaa'et aisee haiN jin
kee paabandee saKhtee se naheeN kee jaatee hai. yahaaN sirf sharaa'et
bayaan kee jaayeN.gee lekin un ke aChhe hone yaa na hone par ko'ee
beHs naheeN hogee.
qaafiye ke qiyaam kee sharaa'et darj.e.zel haiN. zelee surKhee
:tafseel: ke teHt zarooree vazaaHateN bhee de dee gayee haiN:
(1) do ham.qaafiya alfaaz meiN kam az kam aik Harf kaa mushtarik honaa
zarooree hai. maslan :kam, sitam, ham: meiN :meem: mushtarik hai.
is mushtarik Harf kaa in alfaaz kaa aaKhiree Harf honaa bhee zarooree
hai. yeh shart bhee :kam, sitam, ham: meiN :meem: pooree kartaa hai.
is mushtarik Harf se pehle jo Harakat (zer, zabar, pesh, sukoon
vaGhaira) istaimaal ho voh bhee mushtarik honee zarooree hai. maslan:
ooper kee misaal (kam, sitam, ham) meiN Harf :meem: se qabl ke Harf
par jo Harakat (zabar) hai (kam ke :kaaf par, sitam ke :te: par, ham
kee :hey: par) voh bhee mushtarik hai. lihaaza yeh alfaaz ham.qaafiya
kehlaayeN.ge aur is soorat meiN yaqeenan baaNdhe jaa sakte haiN.
bar.Khilaaf is ke lafz :jurm: yaa :aalim: mazkoora alfaaz ke
ham.qaafiya naheeN ho sakte haiN kyoN.k har.chand k Harf :meem: in sab
alfaaz meiN mushtarik hai aur aaKhiree Harf bhee hai lekin :jurm: meiN
:re: saakin hai aur :aalim: meiN :laam: par zer hai.
tafseel: is beHs kaa aik dilchasp pehloo yeh hai k agar Harf.e.ravee
se pehle aane vaale Harf par do muKhtalif alfaaz meiN Harakat ho to
aisee Harkaat bhee muKhtalif ho saktee haiN aur baa.vujood is
iKhtilaaf ke voh alfaaz qaafiya ho sakte haiN! maslan :kam, sitam,
ham: aur :tum: meiN sirf :meem: mushtarik hai magar :tum: kee :meem:
par pesh hai (doosre alfaaz meiN is jagah zabar hai) phir bhee :kam,
sitam, ham: kaa qaafiya :tum: ho saktaa hai. isee taraH :Khush: aur
:shish: (ba.ma'nee Chhe- 6) qaafiya ho sakte haiN!
(2) agar Ghazal ke matle' meiN qavaafee par ko'ee paabandee lagaa dee
gayee hai to us kaa iltizaam pooree Ghazal meiN zarooree hogaa. maslan
agar matle' meiN :shaamil, kaamil: ko ba.taur qavaafee baaNdhaa gayaa
hai to har qaafiye ke liye zarooree hogaa k us ke aaKhir meiN Huroof
:alif, meem, laam: hoN. goyaa is soorat meiN :kaamil, aamil, Haamil:
to qaafiye ho sakte haiN lekin :kaamil, bismil, qaatil: qaafiye naheeN
ho sakte haiN.
umooman is qaa'ide kee paabandee saKhtee se naheeN kee jaatee hai.
isee taraH :faryaad, barbaad: qaafiye ho sakte haiN lekin agar Ghazal
ke matle' meiN :barbaad, aabaad: ko qaafiyaa baaNdhaa gayaa hai to
ba'd ke sab qavaafee ke aaKhir meiN :be, alif, daal: kaa iltizaam
karnaa hogaa chunaanche is soorat meiN usoolan :faryaad: qaafiya
naheeN ho saktaa hai.
(3) Urdu meiN bohat se aise alfaz haiN jo Arabee ya Farsee se naheeN
bal.k maqaamee boliyoN se liye gaye haiN, maslan :nikhra, meree,
dekhaa, gayaa: vaGhaira. in ko qavaafee ke taur par istaimaal karne ke
qavaaneen itne sakHt naheeN haiN. aise sab alfaaz qaafiye ke taur par
istaimaal ho sakte haiN. yahaaN par is ijmaal kee thoRee see tafseel
dilchaspee se Khaalee naheeN hogee:
tafseel:
(a) ilm.e.qaafya kee roo se agar ko'ee do alfaaz apnee :asl: meiN
:lafz: kee ta'reef meiN naheeN aate haiN aur do muKhtalif alfaaz ke
murakkab se in kee tashkeel kee gayee hai yaa voh kisee masdar (source
word) se nikaale gaye haiN to voh qaaafiye sirf is soorat meiN ho
sakte haiN k jab in alfaaz kee asl (ya'nee buniyaadee soorateN) bhee
ham.qaafiya hoN. is pecheeda qaa'ide ko aik misaal se samjhaayaa
jaataa hai:
lafz :sitamgar: do alfaaz :sitam: aur :gar: se mil kar banaa hai. isee
tarah lafz :fusooN.gar: bhee :fusooN: aur :gar: se mil kar banaayaa
gayaa hai. :sitamgar: kee :asl: hai :sitam: aur :fusooN.gar: kee :asl:
hai :fusooN:. zaahir hai k :sitam: aur :fusooN: ham.qaafiya naheeN
haiN aur isee liye usoolan yeh alfaaz qavaafee kee taraH istaimaal
naheeN ho sakte haiN.
isee taraH :nikhraa: kaa masdar :nikharnaa: hai aur us se :na: nikaal
kar aur :alif: kaa izaafa kar ke :nikhraa: banaayaa gayaa hai. neez
:gayaa: maazee hai :jaanaa: kaa. is se agar alif nikaal deN to bachaa
huaa Hissa (ya'nee :gaaf, ye:) be.ma'nee ho jaataa hai. Urdu meiN aise
be.shumaar alfaaz mojood haiN. ulemaa.e.qaafiya ne aise Huroof
(maslan: jaisaa, nikharnaa, gayaa) ko qaafiya banaanaa ravaa rakhaa
hai.
(b) Urdu meiN bohat se maqaamee boliyoN ke alfaaz kee jama' unke
aaKhir meiN :alif, noon.e.Ghunna: lagaa kar banaa lee jaatee hai,
maslan: haDDee se haDDiyaaN, aaNdhee se aaNdhiyaaN, chiryaa se
chiRyaaN, sardee se sardiyaaN: vaGhaira. usoolan agar in ke aaKhiree
:alif, noon.e.Ghunna: ko nikaal diyaa jaaye to in ke ham.qaafiya hone
ke liye in ke baqaaya HissoN kaa ham.qaafiya honaa zarooree hogaa.
chunaanche :garmiyaaN (garmee), sardiyaaN (sardee), aaNdhiyaaN
(aaNdhee): to qaafiya ho sakte haiN lekin :zanaaN (zan), chiRyaaN
(chiRyaa): vaGhaira aaNdhiyaaN, sardiyaaN ke qaafiye naheeN ho sakte
haiN aur na hee yeh alfaaz aik doosre ke qaafiye ho sakte haiN. pehlee
soorat meiN :garmee, sardee, aaNdhee: ham.qaafiya haiN lekin yeh :zan,
chiRya: ke ham.qaafiya naheeN haiN aur doosree taraf :zan, chiRyaa:
aapas meiN ham.qaafiya naheeN haiN. albatta yeh kehnaa zarooree hai k
is usool par bhee saKhtee se amal naheeN kiyaa jaataa hai.
(c) Urdu chooN.k Arabee, Farsee ke ilaava aur bohat see maqaamee
boliyoN ke alfaaz apne daaman meiN rakhtee hai, us kee shaa'iree ke
qavaaneen ba'z auqaat Arabee aur Farsee ke muqararra usuloN se gurez
karte haiN aur is ko ravaa samjhaa jaataa hai. maslan :karnaa,
jharnaa, bharnaa, dharnaa: to ham.qaafiya maan liye jaate haiN lekin
:karnaa: kaa qaafiya :honaa: naheeN banaayaa jaa saktaa hai kyoN.k in
meiN se qadr.e.mushtarik :naa: nikaal dene ke ba'd jo kuChh bach
rehtaa hai (ya'nee :kar: aur :ho:) voh ham.qaafiya naheeN haiN. phir
bhee :honaa: kaa qaafiya :duniyaa: banaayaa jaa saktaa hai kyoN.k yeh
:qadr.e.mushtarik: vaale usool se baahar hai aur donoN kaa
Harf.e.aaKhir :alif: hai. yeh qaanoon bhee hamesha paabandee se naheeN
bartaa jaataa hai aur :honaa, phirnaa, lenaa, peenaa: sab qavaafee ke
taur par nazar aa jaate haiN!
(4) do alfaaz ko kisee she'r meiN qaafiya qaraar dene kee aik
buniyaadee shart yeh bhee hai k sirf aik hee lafz matle' ke donoN
misroN meiN bataur qaafiya istaimaal naheeN ho saktaa hai jab tak k us
ke ma'nee donoN misroN meiN judaa judaa na hoN. maslan lafz :jaanaa:
ke aik ma'nee haiN :aik jagah se doosree jagah muntaqil honaa:
dil.e.naa.muraad teraa, hai kaheeN ko'ee Thikaana?
kabhee is galee se aanaa, kabhee us galee meiN jaanaa (Sarwar Raz
:Sarwar:)
aur :jaanaa: ke doosre ma'nee haiN :samajhnaa:
dekhnaa taqreer kee lazzat k jo us ne kahaa
maiN ne yeh jaanaa k goyaa yeh bhee mere dil meiN hai (Ghalib)
ab agar kisee she'r ke pehle misre meiN :jaanaa: apne pehle ma'nee
meiN aur doosre misre meiN apne doosre ma'nee meiN baaNdhaa jaaye to
yeh soorat qaabil.e.qubool hogee.
(5) qaafiye kee aik shart yeh bhee hai k ham.qaafiya alfaaz kee aavaaz
laaziman yaksaaN ho lekin shakl bhee kuChh muKhtalif zaroor ho.
albatta yeh iKhtilaaf.e.shakl us soorat meiN naa.qaabil.e.qubool hogaa
jab voh Harf yaa Huroof jin par qaafiye kee buniyaad hai apnee
buniyaadee yaa asl shakl meiN badal jaayeN.
maslan :raaz, aavaaz, aijaaz: to qaafiye ho sakte haiN lekin yeh
:fai'yyaaz: ke qavaafee naheeN ho sakte haiN. isee taraH :qaabil aur
bismil: to qaafiye ho sakte haiN lekin :raat: aur :eHtiyaat:, yaa
:yaas: aur :Khaas: qavaafee naheeN ho sakte haiN. aise qavaafee
:malfoozee: (meem, laam, fe, vav, zoe, ChoTee ye) qavaafee kehlaate
haiN.
tafseel: qavaafee kee aik aur shakl hai jo :maktoobee: (meem, kaaf,
te, vav, bey, ChoTee ye) kehlaatee hai. is soorat meiN do (2) qaafiyoN
kee shakl to yaksaaN hotee hai albatta voh talaffuz aur ma'nee meiN
alag alag hote haiN. maslan :quvaat: ba.ma'nee :taaqat: aur :qoot:
ba.ma'nee :rozee jis par aadmee guzar kaar sake: donoN kee hijje
:qaaf, vav, te: hai. Arabee shaa'iree meiN aise qavaafee kee ijaazat
hai magar Urdu meiN is ko jaa'iz naheeN rakhaa gayaa hai. isee qabeel
ke kuChh aur alfaaz dekhiye:
saqaf = lambaa aur TeRhaa honaa
saqf = Chaat, aasmaan
hijje = seen, qaaf, fe
seHr = subH
seHar = jaadoo
hijje = seen, baRee hey, re
aalam = duniyaa
aalim = ahl.e.ilm (scholar)
hijje = ain, alif, laam, meem
(6) kuChh alfaaz aise haiN jo :ChhoTee he: (haa'e havvaz) par Khatm
hote haiN magar zubaan se un kee adaa'igee meiN :hey: kaa takalluf aur
ehtimaam naheeN kiyaa jaataa hai aur unkee aavaaz :alif: se
miltee.jultee hotee hai, maslan: afsaanah, sheeshah, shaguftah,
fareftah, umdah: vaGhaira. kyaa aise alfaaz ko :alif: par Khatm hone
vaale alfaaz maslan :rakhaa, saraapaa, Khudaayaa: vaGhaira kaa qaafiya
baaNdhaa jaa saktaa hai? yaa aisaa karte vaqt in :hey: vaale alfaaz
kaa imlaa badal kar aur un ko :alif: se likh kar (afsaanaa, sheeshaa,
shaguftaa, fareftaa, umdaa) hee aisaa kiyaa jaa saktaa hai? is silsile
meiN ulamaa kee do (2) raa'eN haiN:
(a) kuChh kaa Khayaal hai k mazkoora soorat meiN aise alfaaz kaa
imlaa :alif: se karnaa zarooree hai. magar yeh raa'e is buniyaadee
usool ke Khilaaf jaatee hai k :qaafiye kee buniyaad imlaa par naheeN
ho saktee hai: varna lafz :aKhlaas: ko :seen: se likh kar :yaas: kaa
qaafiya banaane meiN kyaa cheez maane' hai?
(b) doosree raa'e yeh hai k in alfaaz kaa imlaa badalne kee zaroorat
naheeN hai. yehee raa'e ziyaadah mo'tabar hai. misaaleN dekhiye:
rakhnaa to neechee aaNkh gavaaraa naheeN hameN
par kyaa kareN k Hukm.e.nazaarah naheeN hameN (Masroor
Kakorvee)
jo dil.e.veHshat.zadah phirtaa thaa aavaaraH paRaa
sunte haiN jurm.e.muHabbat par voh kal maaraa paRaa (Jur'at)
(7) matle' meiN aik hee qaafiye kee takraar naheeN ho saktee hai.
maslan agar radeef :na huaa thaa: hai aur matle' ke donoN misroN meiN
:Gham: qaafiya baaNdhaa jaaye to Ghazal kee radeef hee :Gham na huaa
thaa: ho jaayegee aur qaafiya Ghaa'eb! aisaa karnaa usee vaqt mumkin
hai jab donoN misroN meiN :Gham: ke ma'nee kisee taraH alag alag
mutasavvur ho sakeN. aik martaba matle meiN qaafiya baNdh jaaye to
doosre ash'aar meiN qavaafee kee takraar par ko'ee paabandee naheeN
hai. Jigar kee 23 ash'aar kee Ghazal :agar na zuhra.jabeenoN ke
darmiyaaN guzre: meiN :darmiyaaN: qaafiya Chhe (6) martaba baaNdhaa
gayaa hai. aik hee qaafiye ko muKhtalif ash'aar meiN naye andaaz aur
pehloo se baaNdhnaa shaa'iree kaa Husn samjhaa jaataa hai.
7.4.3: qaafiye ke favaa'ed
yeh savaal dilchasp hai k qaafiye se manzoomaat meiN voh kon see
Khusoosiyaat pedaa ho jaatee haiN jo us kee qeemat yaa Husn meiN
izaafe kaa baa'is hotee haiN? muKhtasaran qaafiye ke favaa'ed ko yooN
bayaan kiyaa jaa saktaa hai:
(1) qaafiya she'r ko Khush.aahaNg banaa detaa hai ya'nee us ke
istaimaal se Ghazal yaa nazm ke sautee ta'assur meiN izaafa ho jaataa
hai. is amr ke suboot kee zaroorat meHsoos naheeN hotee hai kyoN.k yeh
un umoor meiN se hai jo vajdaanee taur par her shaKhs par zaahir hote
haiN.
(2) yeh baat bhee maanee huee hai k baa.vazan shaa'iree nisbatan
aasaanee se yaad ho jaatee hai aur yaad reh jaatee hai. aazaad
shaa'iree ke maddaHoN se agar un ke pasandeeda shaa'ir kee taKhleeqaat
sunaane kee darKhwaast kee jaaye to aksar.o.beshtar ko is meiN
dushvaaree pesh aatee hai jab k yehee log Mir aur Ghalib ke ash'aar
be.takaan sunaa sakte haiN. qaafiya baa.vazan manzoomaat kee is sifat
ko mazeed taqviyyat detaa hai.
puraane zamaane meiN jab k kaaGhaz aur vasaa'il.e.taba'at.o.ishaa'at
kee aisee sahoolateN muyassar naheeN theeN logoN ko rivaayaat,
vaaqiaat aur shaa'iree vaGhaira ke taHaffuz ke liye apne Haafize par
hee bharosa karnaa paRtaa thaa. qaafiye se un ko cheezeN yaad karne
meiN aasaanee hotee thee. qaafiye ke aam istaimaal kee shaayad aik
vajh yeh bhee ho.
(3) qaafiye jahaaN manzoomaat kee zaahiree soorat behtar kartaa hai
vaheeN un kee ma'naviyyat meiN bhee izaafe kaa baa'is hotaa hai. yeh
aik bideehee baat hai k jo cheez she'r kaa sautee aur aahaNgee Husn
baRhaaye us se she'r kee ma'naviyyat kaa muta'assir honaa ain mumkin
hai. is silsile meiN yeh baat yaad rakhnee zarooree hai k qaafiye ke
liye baa.ma'nee honaa shart.e.laazim hai jab.k radeef ke liye aisee
ko'ee shart naheeN hai. chunaanche yeh dekhaa jaa saktaa hai k qaafiya
aur radeef mil kar ash'aar ko mosooqiyat se bhee muttasif karte haiN.
(4) muKhtalif qavaafee kaa istaimaal ash'aar ke mazaameen meiN
tanavvu' kaa baa'is bhee hotaa hai. ya'nee kisee she'r meiN agar
:azaab: aur :itaab: qavaafee hoN to us kaa matalb us she'r se
muKhatalif hogaa jis meiN :azaab: aur :savaab: istaimaal hoN.
7.4.4: iKhtitaamiyah
ummeed hai k yeh muKhtasar mazmoon Urdu shaa'iree meiN qaafiye kee
ehmiyyat aur us kee sharaa'et.o.muzmiraat kee vazaaHat.o.tashreeH meiN
muaa'vin saabit hogaa. agar kaheeN ko'ee baat Ghair.vaazeH, Ghalat yaa
naa.mukammil reh gayee hai to az raah.e.karam us kee munaasib
nishaan.dehee farmaayeN taa.k teHqeeq aur zarooree tasHeeH ke ba'd us
ko dobaarah pesh kiyaa jaa sake. shukriya!
------------------------------------------------------------
iraadat kesh
Sarwar Raz :Sarwar:
Sarwar Alam Raz
> nikaat.e.suKhan # 7: qaafiya.pemaa huaa hai kaarvaan.e.shaa'iree!
> --------------------------------------------------------------------------
> mutaHarrik Harf mojood ho. maslan :kaamil, shaamil: qavaafee kaa ravee
> :meem: hai aur in alfaaz ke :alif: aur :laam: ke darmiyaan :meem: hai
> jis par zer kee Harakat hai. chunaanche aise alif ko :taasees:
> kaheNge.
dosto: aadaab arz!
apne hee mazmoon par likhne kee aik vajh hai. maiN aksar apne
mazaameen yaa Ghazal par alupers kee Khaamoshee dekhtaa hooN to
Khayaal aataa hai k shaayad logoN ne inheN dekhaa naheeN hai yaa phir
tabsare ke qaabil naheeN samjhaa hai. dar.asl aisee baat naheeN hai.
Khaamoshee kee aur vujoohaat bhee ho saktee haiN. nikaat.e.suKhan #7
par ab tak kisee ne izhaar.e.Khayaal naheeN kiyaa thaa. lekin abhee
abhee mujh ko Vinod saaheb kaa e-mail milaa hai aur unhoN ne meree aik
Ghalatee kee nishaan.dehee kee hai. un kaa yeh zoq.o.shoq dekh kar dil
nihaayat hee Khush huaa. maiN un kaa aur sab aise dostoN kaa mamnoon
hooN jo itnee dilchaspee se mujh ko paRhte haiN. kisee bhee likhne
vaale ke liye is se baRaa kyaa aizaaz ho saktaa hai? aap se darKhwaast
hai k Vinod saaheb kee bataa'ee huee Ghalatee durust kar leN jo neeche
de rahaa hooN.
:taasees: ke bayaan meiN :shaamil, kaamil: kee ravee :laam: hai :meem:
naheeN. yeh meree :typo: kee Ghalatee hai. tasHeeH kar leejiye aur
Vinod saaheb kaa shukriyaa adaa keejiye!
Sarwar Raz :Sarwar:
Yogesh Sethi
You must know that we are awaiting for your installment # 8. I am sure
it will be as good as its predecessors. How can we expect anything
less from a man of your caliber!
Others may have additional questions but I would like to bring up one
item in particular which I think is of considerable interest. Although
Urdu by and large is a phonetic language, there are some words where
the exact pronunciation is not always clear - especially when it comes
to their application in a metric context. Urdu dictionaries do not
help much. There is no effort to give syllabic dissections as is
commonly found in English lexicons. Use of such Urdu words in poetry
can be challenging unless one can find their application in the works
of a master. I cannot help but think that there must be a system by
which we can deduce the correct sounds of a large number of similar
words - much as we see in English. I wonder if you might care to
analyze this theme. Please do give us as many examples as you see fit
relating them to 'arakaan'.
Regards,
Yogesh
Sarwar Alam Raz
> Sarwar sahib aadaab:
>
> You must know that we are awaiting for your installment # 8. I am sure
> it will be as good as its predecessors.
Yogesh saaheb namaste!
Thanks for your interest. I needed that! I have posted nikaat #8
today. I hope you and others will find it interesting. It is different
for sure!
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
> Others may have additional questions but I would like to bring up one
> item in particular which I think is of considerable interest. Although
> Urdu by and large is a phonetic language, there are some words where
> the exact pronunciation is not always clear - especially when it comes
> to their application in a metric context. Urdu dictionaries do not
> help much. There is no effort to give syllabic dissections as is
> commonly found in English lexicons. Use of such Urdu words in poetry
> can be challenging unless one can find their application in the works
> of a master. I cannot help but think that there must be a system by
> which we can deduce the correct sounds of a large number of similar
> words - much as we see in English. I wonder if you might care to
> analyze this theme. Please do give us as many examples as you see fit
> relating them to 'arakaan'.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
I have noted your suggestion down for future reference and possible
use. I do not know if I can do justice to it. I hope others in the
alup circle will come forward and help us out in this process. Will
you please---?
Urdu has always suffered from a lack o standardization and
systematization. Dictionaries have been badly neglected always. A new
one- and supposedly one based on modern concepts and methods- is about
to be published in Hyderabad. We will see.
Again thanks for your continuing interest and encouragement. Sometimes
I run short of self-motivation. Letters like yours help me recharge my
batteries. And for that I am truly grateful!
Sarwar Raz :Sarwar: