urdu kee aSnaaf-e-suKhan

[Raz]

Urdu kee aSnaaf-e-suKhan

(A) ibtidaaiyah

Urdu shaai'ree kaa Zikr keejiYe to Zehn Khud-baKhud Ghazal kee jaanib
maa,il ho jaataa hai jaise Ghazal hee Urdu shaai'ree kee pehlee aur
aaKhiree shanaaKht ho! ek a'am qaaree kee nigaah is se Zaraa aage
baRhtee hai to naz^m, geet, Hamd, na't aur aisee hee doosree
jaanee-pehchaanee aur a'am-fehm aSnaaf par aa kar ruk jaatee hai aur
apnee be-dast-o-paayee kaa e'tiraaf kartee huyee ma'loom hotee hai. yeh
koyee Hairat kee baat naheeN hai. kisee bh`ee Urdu kitaab, aKhbaar yaa
risaalah ko uThaa kar dekh` leejiYe. in meN shaai'ree ke Hawaale se
siwaaYe chand GhazaloN, do-ek paaband-o-aazaad naz^moN aur ek aadh
Hamd-o-na't ke siwaa aur kuch` naz^ar naheeN aataa hai. beshtar log un
muta,a'ddid aSnaaf-e-suKhan ke naam se bh`ee naa-waaqif haiN jin kee
dilkashee aur she'ree taabindagee se Urdu shaai'ree kaa ufaq muddatoN
raushan rahaa hai. in muKhtalif aSnaaf-e-suKhan kee imtiyaazee
KhuSooSiyaat, takneekee nazaakatoN aur un kee hai,at-o-mauZ^ooa'at kaa
to Zikr hee bekaar hai. qita'h, marciyah, nauHah, salaam waGhairah ke
naam to ham ne sun rakh`e haiN aur gaahe-maahe kisee samaajee yaa
maZhabee Hawaale se yeh hamaare sun.ne aur paRhne meN bh`ee aa jaate
haiN. lekin aise log bohat hee kam haiN jo macnavee, qaSeedah aur
rubaa,e'e waGhairah kee takneek, muqtaZ^iyaat aur baareekiyoN se waaqif
hoN. Zaraa aur aage baRhiYe to aise shaa,iqeen-e-adab aur bh`ee kam,
bal.k taqreeba" ma'doom-o-mafqood, naz^ar aate haiN jinhoN ne kabh`ee
in aSnaaf-e-suKhan meN fikr kee ho.

jab in :Soorat-aashnaa: aSnaaf kaa yeh Haal hai to mustazaad,
tarkeeb-band, tarjee'-band, waasoKht, shehr-aashob waGhairah
aSnaaf-e-suKhan se bh`alaa kaun aagaah ho saktaa hai! bal.k yooN kehnaa
ziyaadah durust ho gaa keh aaj ke daur meN Urdu shaai'ree ke beshtar
qaaree in naamoN se hee kam-o-besh naa-waaqif haiN aur in kee ek bh`ee
micaal dene se qaaSir haiN.

aSnaaf-e-suKhan se yeh naa-waaqifiyat koyee Hairat kee baat naheeN hai.
zamaanah, Haalaat, mu,a'asharatee taGhai,yyuraat, zindagee kee u'moomee
tez-raftaaree, aur aise hee doosre a'waamil ne bohat see aSnaaf ko
qiSSah-e-paareenah banaane meN haath` baTaayaa hai. insaanee zindagee
musalsal badaltee rehtee hai aur aaj kal ke masheenee aur electronic
daur meN yeh tabdeelee kuch` ziyaadah hee qiyaamat-Khez ho gayee hai.
puraanee qadreN miTtee jaa rahee haiN aur nayee aqdaar un kee jagah
letee jaa rahee haiN. shaai'ree bh`ee insaanee zindagee ke saath` badal
rahee hai aur yeh tabdeelee naa-guzeer hai. z^aahir hai keh agar
shaai'ree waqt ke masaa,il aur zindagee ke muqtaZ^iyaat kaa saath`
naheeN de gee to Khud bh`ee taareeKh kaa ek bh`oolaa-bisraa HiSSah ho
kar reh jaaYe gee.

micaal ke t^aur par qaSeedah baadshaahoN aur nawaaboN ke darbaar se
waabastah huwaa kartaa th`aa. ab jab.k woh daur dunyaa se uTh chukaa
hai aur baadshaah aur nawaab bh`ee naa-paid ho gaYe haiN, qaSeedah
apnee ifaadiyat aur Z^aroorat kh`o chukaa hai. ab nah koyee us kaa
muKhaat^ib aur sarparast hee baaqee hai aur nah koyee likh`ne waalaa!
macnavee kee bh`ee aisee hee Soorat-e-Haal hai. us kee t^awaalat aur us
ke bayaan kee tafSeelaat paRhne ke liYe ab kisee ke paas waqt naheeN
hai aur woh tehZeeb bh`ee SafHah-e-hastee se uTh chukee hai jis meN yeh
Sinf-e-suKhan parwarish paa rahee th`ee. chunaan.ch macnavee bh`ee ab
kitaaboN kee hee zeenat ho kar reh gayee hai, bal.k ab to a'am kitaabeN
bh`ee is se Khaalee naz^ar aatee haiN. kam-o-besh yehee Haal un doosree
aSnaaf-e-suKhan kaa bh`ee hai jin ke naam se hamaare kaan ab
naa-aashnaa ho chuke haiN. maZ^aameen ke is silsileh kaa maqSad in
:naa-deedah-o-naa-shuneedah: aSnaaf ke aHyaa kee koshish naheeN hai
bal.k aaj ke qaaree ko in dilkash-o-dilchasp aSnaaf-e-suKhan se ek Had
tak muta,a'arif karaanaa manz^oor hai. jin aSnaaf ne Urdu shaai'ree ko
apnee Sad-raNgiyoN se ek muddat tak raunaq baKhshee hai aur jo is kee
taabnaak taareeKh kaa ek nihaayat aham baab rahee haiN, kam se kam is
kee to mustaHiq Z^aroor haiN keh ham un se ek lamHe ko hee sahee
:salaam-dua'a: kar leN! yaqeena" aise hee mauqa' aur maqaam ke liYe
kisee ne kyaa Khoob kahaa hai keh:

taazah Khwaahee daashtan gar daaGh-haaYe seenah raa
gaahe gaahe baaz Khwaan aaN qiSSah-e-paareenah raa

(agar too apne dil ke daaGhoN ko taazah rakh`naa chaahataa hai to
kabh`ee kabh`ee apne maaZ^ee kee puraanee aur bh`oolee-bisree
kahaaniyaaN duhraa liyaa kar.)

(B) aSnaaf-e-suKhan

she'r-o-shaai'ree ko muKhtalif aSnaaf meN munqasim karne kee Z^aroorat
aur ahmiyyat z^aahir hai. yeh tafreeq aur taqseem she'ree taKhleeqaat
ko pehchaan,ne, jaaNchne aur parakhne aur un ke tajziyah aur taqaabulah
meN numaayaaN aasaanee paidaa kartee hai. ek martabah she'ree aSnaaf
kee shanaaKht ho jaaYe to un kee takneekee baareekiyoN aur
muqtaZ^iyaat-o-iltizaamaat kaa tai,yyun aur mut^aali,a'h bh`ee aasaan
ho jaataa hai aur she'ree tanqeed-o-tabSirah kee bunyaad mushakkal ho
jaatee hai. inheeN aSnaaf ke Hawaale se kabh`ee kabh`ee shoa'raa kaa
tashaKhKhuS bh`ee mash,hoor aur waaZ^eh ho saktaa hai. macala" Anees
apne marciyoN ke liYe, Ghalib apnee GhazaloN ke Hawaaleh se aur Iqbal
apnee naz^moN ke liYe KhuSooSee t^aur se mash,hoor-o-munfarid nah maane
jaate agar yeh aSnaaf-e-suKhan Khud hee mustanad aur z^aahir nah
hoteeN.

aSnaaf-e-suKhan kee shanaaKht aur taqseem ke liYe a'am t^aur se do
paimaane ista'maal kiYe jaate haiN:

(1) mauZ^oo', ya'nee woh maZ^moon yaa bayaaniyah jis se kisee she'ree
taKhleeq kee waabastagee waaZ^eH t^aur se mansoob-o-maKhSooS ho.

(2) hai,at (z^aahiree shakl), ya'nee woh andaaz-e-bayaan kee Soorat aur
bunat jo apnee munfarid fannee aur takneekee KhuSooSiyaat kee binaa par
kisee she'ree taKhleeq kee shanaaKht ban gayee ho.

Urdu shaai'ree meN yeh taqseem itnee waaZ^eH aur mu,accar naheeN hai
keh tamaam taKhleeqaat ko in meN se kisee ek paimaaneh par mukammal
t^aur se caabit-o-qaayem kiyaa jaa sake aur is t^araH tamaam
aSnaaf-e-suKhan kee giroh-bandee paa,idaaree aur vucooq se kee jaa
sake. bohat see aisee aSnaaf haiN jin meN donoN girohoN kee jhalak
numaayaaN to hai lekin unheN kisee giroh se munsalik karne ke liYe
kaafee naheeN hai, jab.k kuch` aisee aSnaaf bh`ee haiN jo bilaa kisee
tarddud ek giroh se waabastah kee jaa saktee haiN. chunaan.ch hamaare
yahaaN jo muKhtalif aSnaaf-e-suKhan maujood haiN un ko girohoN meN
darj-e-Zel t^areeqeh se munqasim kiyaa jaa saktaa hai:

(a) hai,atee: ya'nee aisee aSnaaf jo apnee hai,at (z^aahiree shakl)
meN itnee munfarid haiN keh woh isee Hawaale se ba-aasaanee pehchaanee
jaa saktee haiN. macala" Ghazal, rubaa,e'e, mustazaad, culaacee
waGhairah apnee maKhSooS hai,at kee vajh se hee pehchaane jaate haiN.

(b) mauZ^oo,e'e: ya'nee woh aSnaaf jo apne mauZ^oo' kee infiraadiyat
kee vajh se apnee alag shaanaaKht rakhtee haiN. macala" shehr-aashob,
waasoKht, marciyah, nauHah, Hamd, na't, salaam waGhairah apne maKhSooS
mauZ^oo'aat kee binaa par hee pehchaane jaate haiN.

(c) hai,atee-mauZ^oo',aatee: ya'nee woh aSnaaf jin meN hai,at aur
mauZ^oo' donoN ke e'tibaar se thoRee bohat mumaacilat hotee hai.
chunaan.ch aisee aSnaaf ko maZkoorah paimaanoN kee binaa par donoN meN
se kisee bh`ee giroh (hai,atee yaa mauZ^oo,e'e) meN rakh`aa jaa saktaa
hai. macala" macnavee aur qaSeedah meN mauZ^oo' aur hai,at donoN kee
munfarid aur mumtaaz KhuSooSiyaat paayee jaatee haiN aur is t^araH yeh
donoN girohoN kee mushtarikah meeraac kehlaa sakte haiN.

(d) woh aSnaaf jo muKhtalif ma,a'asharatee aur i'laaqaayee a'waamil ke
acar se paidaa hotee haiN aur apnee shanaaKht ke liYe darj-e-baalaa
paimaanoN kee muHtaaj naheeN haiN. macala" geet, naz^m, aazaad yaa
jadeed shaai'ree waGhairah kaa nah to koyee maKhSooS mauZ^oo' hai aur
nah hee koyee maKhSooS hai,at. yeh apnee fit^rat meN waaqa,e'e :aazaad:
haiN aur in kaa tanavvo' inheN kisee kaTehreh meN muqai,yyad karne meN
maane' hai.

ab aa,iYe Urdu kee muKhtalif aSnaaf-e-suKhan par ek mufaSSil nigaah
Daalee jaaYe aur apne us adabee sarmaayeh se :mushte namoonah az
Kharwaare: (bohat baRe Dher meN se ek muTTh`ee bh`ar) kee Had tak hee
muta,a'arif huwaa jaaYe. is marHaleh par agar shaai'ree kee chand
takneekee iStilaaHaat kee ta'reef de dee jaaYe to behtar ho gaa kyoN. k
in kee madad se aage aane waalee bohat see baateN ziyaadah aasaanee se
samajh` meN aa sakeN gee. in meN se taqreeba" sab se hee aap waaqif
haiN aur kuch` se tafSeelee beHc muKhtalif meHfiloN meN ho chukee hai.
yahaaN in ke dene kaa maqSad zer-e-naz^ar guftgoo ko Hatta-al-imkaaN
mukammal karnaa hai. jahaaN aap Khaalee jagah meHsoos kareN
az-raah-e-karam maZkoorah maZ^aameen ko dekh` leN.

(i) radeef: shaai'ree kee zabaan men :radeef: aise lafz^ yaa fiqrah ko
kehte haiN jo Ghazal yaa (ba'Z^ auqaat) naz^m ke mat^la' ke donoN
miSro'N ke aaKhir meN, aur baaqee asha'ar ke Sirf doosre miSro'N ke
aaKhir meN, baaNdhe jaate haiN. jis taKhleeq meN radeef kee paabandee
kee jaaYe woh :muraddaf: (ya'nee :radeef waalee:) kehlaatee hai. isee
munaasibat se jis taKhleeq meN radeef kaa iltizaam nah ho woh
:Ghair-muraddaf: kehlaaYe gee. micaal ke t^aur par neeche dee huyee
Ghalib kee ek Ghazal aur Iqbal kee ek naz^m dekhiYe:

dil-e-naadaaN tujh`e huwaa kyaa hai?
aaKhir is dard kee dawaa kyaa hai?

ham haiN mushtaaq aur woh bezaar
yaa ilaahee! yeh maajraa kyaa hai?

ham ne maanaa keh kuch` naheeN :Ghalib:
muft haath` aaYe to buraa kyaa hai? (Ghalib)

is Ghazal kee radeef :kyaa hai: hai.
-------------
sitaaroN se aage jahaaN aur bh`ee haiN
abh`ee i`shq ke imtiHaaN aur bh`ee haiN

isee roz-e-shab meN ulajh` kar nah reh jaa
zameeN aur bh`ee, aasmaaN aur bh`ee haiN

too shaaheeN hai parwaaz hai kaam teraa
tire saamne aasmaaN aur bh`ee haiN! (Iqbal)

Iqbal kee is naz^m kee radeef :bh`ee haiN: hai. dekhiYe keh donoN
micaaloN meN radeef kaa iltizaam mat^la' ke donoN miSro'N meN hai jab.k
baaqee asha'ar ke Sirf doosre miSro'N meN hee is ko laayaa gayaa hai.

(ii) qaafiyah: woh lafz^ yaa fiqrah jo she'r yaa miSra' ke aaKhir meN
radeef se b.ilkul pehle aataa, hai aur baaqee doosre asha'ar yaa
miSro'N meN isee jagah aane waale lafz^ yaa fiqreh se Sautee
ham-aahaNgee aur mut^aabiqat rakh`taa hai (ya'nee un kaa ham-aawaaz
hotaa hai) :qaafiyah: kehlaataa hai. aisee taKhleeq :muqaffaa:
kehlaatee hai. lekin :Ghair-muqaffaa: naam kee koyee cheez Urdu
shaai'ree meN maujood naheeN hai. goyaa har she'ree taKhleeq meN
qaafiyeh kee maujoodagee shart^-e-laazim hai.

qaafiyeh ke liYe yeh bh`ee Z^arooree hai keh woh usee taKhleeq ke
doosre qavaafee se ma'nee meN muKhtalif ho. macala' lafz^ :Daal: ke
ma'nee :shaaKh: bh`ee haiN aur :andar rakh`naa, iKhtiyaar karnaa:
(micaal ke t^aur par :kisee kaam meN haath` Daalnaa: ek
jaanaa-pehchaanaa muHaavirah hai) bh`ee. agar lafz^ :Daal: in do
muKhtalif ma,a'anee meN qaafiyeh kee taraH ek hee she'r ke do miSroN
meN ista'maal ho to koyee harj naheeN hai. lekin is ko donoN miSro'N
meN ek hee ma'nee meN ba-Haiciyyat-e-qaafiyah naheeN baaNdh`aa jaa
saktaa hai.

Ghalib kee darj-e-baalaa Ghazal ke qavaafee :huwaa, dawaa, maajraa,
buraa: haiN aur Iqbal kee naz^m ke qaafiYe :jahaaN, imtiHaaN, aasmaaN:
haiN.

(iii) zameen: radeef aur qaafiyah ke ishtiraak se jo naqshah murattab
hotaa hai us ko :zameen: kehte haiN aur is ko Ghazal yaa naz^m kee ek
pehchaan ke liYe ista'maal karte haiN. macala" Ghalib kee Ghazal kee
zameen :huwaa kyaa hai, dawaa kyaa hai: kahee jaaYe gee, aur Iqbal kee
naz^m kee zameen :jahaaN aur bh`ee haiN, imtiHaaN aur bh`ee haiN:
kehlaaYe gee.

(iv) taKhalluS: woh muKhtaSar, shaai'raanah aur akcar farZ^ee naam jo
shaai'r apnee adabee aur she'ree shanaaKht ke liYe iKhtiyaar kar letaa
hai :taKhalluS: kehlaataa hai. shaai'ree meN aisaa koyee uSool naheeN
hai jo har shaai'r ko taKhalluS iKhtiyaar karne par majboor kare. lekin
yeh Z^aroor hai keh beshtar shoa'raa taKhalluS iKhtiyaar karte haiN aur
apne kalaam meN munaasib maqaam par is ko baaNdh kar us par apnee muhr
yaa :Thappah: lagaa dete haiN. ba'Z^ shaai'r apne naam ko hee taKhalluS
ke t^aur par ista'maal karte haiN aur ba'Z^ koyee doosraa lafz^
ba-t^aur-e-taKhalluS muntaKhib kar lete haiN. macala", Asad-ullah Khan
naam aur :Ghalib: taKhalluS:; Fazlul Hasan naam aur :Hasrat: taKhalluS;
Muhammad Iqbal naam aur :Iqbal: taKhalluS.

taKhalluS iKhtiyaar karne kee ek vajh yeh bataayee jaatee hai keh akcar
shoa'raa kaa naam aasaanee se naz^m naheeN ho saktaa hai, jab.k
taKhalluS apne iKhtiSaar aur dilkashee kee vajh se nisbata"
ba-Husn-o-Khoobee asha'ar meN baaNdhaa jaa saktaa hai. taKhalluS
ista'maal karne kee doosree vajh she'r meN nudrat aur tanavvo' paidaa
karnaa bh`ee ho saktee hai. kabh`ee kabh`ee aise shoa'raa jo ek se
ziyaadah zabaanoN meN shaai'ree karte haiN in muKhtalif zabaanoN meN
apnee taKhleeqaat ke liYe muKhtalif taKhalluS ista'maal karte haiN.
micaal ke t^aur par Anbar Shah Khan Farsi meN :Anbar: aur Urdu meN
:Aashuftah: taKhalluS karte th`e. Nawab Mustafa Ali Khan kaa Farsi meN
:Hasratee: aur Urdu meN :Sheftah: taKhalluS th`aa.

agar shaai'r apne taKhalluS ko she'r meN is t^araH ista'maal kare keh
us ko qat^ae'e t^aur se taKhalluS maan,ne meN ta,ammul ho aur aise
ista'maal se us ke ma'nee maqSood hoN (nah keh shaai'r kee waaZ^eH
shanaaKht) to aisaa ista'maal ma'yoob samjh`aa jaaYe gaa aur is se
parhez mustaHsin hai. macala", lafz :tamanna: ke ma'nee :Khwaahish:
haiN aur yeh kisee shaai'r kaa taKhalluS bh`ee ho saktaa hai. shaai'r
par laazim hai keh is lafz^ ko is t^araH se baaNdhe keh yeh us ke
taKhalluS par hee dalaalat kare aur she'r paRhte waqt qaaree ko yeh
iltibaas nah ho keh shaayad yahaaN is ke ma'nee maqSood haiN. micaal
ke t^aur par Molvi Muhammad Qasim :tamannaa: ne apne ek maqt^e' meN
apnaa taKhalluS is t^araH baaNdhaa hai:

rakh`te jaa,o qadam aaNkh`oN pah :tamannaa: kee Zaraa
O miaaN! us Haram-e-paak ke jaane waale!

yahaaN Saaf z^aahir hai keh :tamannaa: shaai'r kaa taKhalluS hai, aur
is se :Khwaahish: ke ma'nee maqSood naheeN haiN. ab kisee doosre
shaai'r kaa ek aur maqt^a' dekh`iYe:

a'ashiq-e-Khastah kee ruKhSat dam-e-aaKhir hai Z^aroor
hai use tere hee milne kee :tamannaa: baaqee

is maqt^a' meN :tamannaa: ko :Khwaahish: ke ma'nee meN baaNdh`aa gayaa
hai aur jab tak keh qaaree ko i'lm nah ho keh yeh shaa,i'r kaa
taKhalluS bh`ee hai woh shak-o-shubh kaa shikaar rahe gaa. yooN bh`ee
Ghaur se dekh`aa jaaYe to is lafz^ kaa yeh ista'maal achh`aa naheeN
hai.

isee t^araH Mirza Makeen :rafaaqat: kaa ek maqt^a' hai:

barsoN kee ek dam meN :rafaaqat: jo ch`oR de
kyaa aisee zindagee kaa bh`arosaa kare koyee

is maqt^ah meN bh`ee lafz^ :rafaaqat: apne luGhavee ma'nee meN
ista'maal huwaa hai aur jab tak qaaree justjoo nah kare us ko yeh
naheeN ma'loom ho saktaa hai keh yeh dar-aSl shaai'r kaa taKhalluS hai.
aur yehee ma'yoob hai!

(v) wazn aur beHr: in donoN mauZ^oo'aat par muKhtalif meHfiloN meN
kaafee se ziyaadah mawaad pesh kiyaa jaa chukaa hai. yahaaN in
maZ^aameen ko duharaane kee Z^aroorat naheeN hai. shaa,iqeen Khud hee
in kaa mut^aali,a'h kar sakte haiN.

f.ilHaal in i'St^ilaaHaat kee mujmil ta'reef hamaare maqaaSid ke liYe
kaafee hai. Shams-ur-Rahman Farouqui apnee kitaab :Dars-e-BalaaGhat:
meN raqam-t^araaz haiN keh :

:a'rooZ^ kaa bunyaadee a'mal aawaazoN kee tarteeb aur un ke namoonoN
kaa mut^aali,a'h karnaa hai. aawaazoN kee isee tarteeb ko agar mustaqil
a'laamatoN ke Zarie' z^aahir kiyaa jaaYe to use alfaaz^ kaa "wazn
z^aahir karnaa" kahaa jaaYe gaa. jab is tarteeb ko kisee namooneh yaa
tarkeeb ke aHaatah meN daal diyaa jaaYe aur us pooree tarkeeb yaa
namoonah ke wazn ko mustaqil a'laamatoN yaa namoonoN ke Zarie' z^aahir
kiyaa jaaYe to use namoone yaa tarkeeb kee "taqt^ee' karnaa" aur "beHr
bayaan karnaa" kaheN ge.:

(C) "hai,atee" aSnaaf-e-suKhan: is surKhee ke teHt un aSnaaf-e-suKhan
kaa muKhtaSar bayaan diyaa jaaYe gaa jin kee shanaaKht un kee hai,at
(ya'nee zaahiree shakl) se kee jaatee hai. Ghazal, reKhtee, rubaa,e'e,
qit^a', mustazaad, tarkeeb-band, tarjee'-band, muSammat^ waGhairah is
giroh se ta,a'lluq rakh`te haiN.

(C-1) Ghazal: Ghazal se kaun waaqif naheeN hai! Urdu shaai'ree kee baat
ho aur us meN Ghazal kaa Zikr sar-e-fehrist nah aaYe, aisaa mumkin
naheeN hai! Ghazal ko kisee naqqaad ne :neem wehshee Sinf: ke naam se
mausoom kiyaa hai to kisee ne :Urdu shaai'ree kee aabroo: ke laqab se
nawaazaa hai. is meN koyee shak naheeN hai keh Ghazal Urdu shaai'ree
kee maqbool-tareen Sinf hai, hameshah rahee hai aur ba-z^aahir hameshah
rahe gee!

yeh baat bilaa Khauf-e-tardeed kahee jaa saktee hai keh Urdu she'ree
adab kee pooree taareeKh meN ek shaai'r bh`ee aisaa naheeN guZraa hai
jis ne apnee shaai'raanah zindagee ke kisee nah kisee lamHeh meN Ghazal
nah kahee ho! mushaai'roN kee shaan, raunaq aur maqbooliyat kee waaHid
vajh Ghazal hee hai! Hindi kavee -sammelan aur Urdu mushaai'rah meN
Ghazal hee Hadd-e-faaSil kaa kaam detee hai. Ghazal aisee jaandaar aur
dilnawaaz Sinf-e-suKhan kee Hindi meN a'dam-maujoodagee us kee beshtar
shaai'ree ke be-lut^f hone kaa sabab kahee jaa saktee hai! yeh Ghazal
hee hai jis ne Urdu shaai'ree ko be-panaah waqaar, dilpaZeeree aur
ra'naayee baKhShee hai. sach to yeh hai keh Ghazal ke baGhair Urdu
shaai'ree kaa taSavvur hee be-ma'nee ho kar reh jaataa hai.

Ghazal ke ajzaa-e-tarkeebee, ya'nee woh arkaan jin se is kee maKhSooS
shakl mua,yaan hoteehai, chaar maane jaate haiN. goyaa inheeN chaar
araakeen se is Sinf-e-suKhan kee hai,at aur shanaaKht qaayem hotee hai.
yeh ajzaa-e-tarkeebee darj-e-Zel haiN:

(1) radeef
(2) qaafiyah
(3) mat^la'
(4) maqt^a'

jis taKhleeq meN yeh ajzaa apne lawaazimaat ke saath` maujood hoN ge
woh Ghazal kehlaaYe gee. lekin yeh Z^arooree naheeN hai keh har Ghazal
in chaaroN ajzaa se ba-yak waqt mushakkal-o-muzai,yyan ho. aisee bh`ee
be-shumaar Ghazalen maujood haiN jo mat^la' yaa maqt^a' yaa radeef ke
iltizaam ke baGhair kahee gayee haiN. albattah a'am dastoor yehee hai
keh Ghazal meN in chaaroN ajzaa kee paabandee kee jaatee hai. yahaaN
Ghazal ke muKhtalif nikaat kee waZ^aaHat ke liYe Ghalib kee ek Ghazal
ke chand asha'ar kee madad lee gayee hai:

(1) HuZ^oor-e-shaah meN ahl-e-suKhan kee aazmaa,ish hai
chaman meN Khush-navaayaan-e-chaman kee aazmaa,ish hai

(2) qad-o-gesoo meN Qais-o-kohkan kee aazmaa,ish hai
jahaaN ham haiN wahaaN daar-o-rasan kee aazmaa,ish hai

(3) naheeN kuch` subHah-o-zunnaar ke ph`ande meN geeraayee
wafaa-daaree meN shaiKh-o-barhaman kee aazmaa,ish hai

(4) rag-o-pai meN jab utre zehr-e-Gham tab dekh`iYe kyaa ho
abh`ee to talKhee-e-kaam-o-dahan kee aazmaa,ish hai

(5) woh aaweN ge mire gh`ar? wa'dah kaisaa! dekh`naa :Ghalib:
naYe fitnoN meN ab charKh-e-kuhan kee aazmaa,ish hai

(C1.1): is Ghazal ke Hawaale se darj-e-Zel baateN kahee jaa saktee
haiN.

(a) radeef: is iStilaaH kee ta'reef oopar kee jaa chukee hai. Ghalib
kee is Ghazal kee radeef :kee aazmaa,ish hai: hai.

(b) qaafiyah: is iStilaaH kee ta'reef bh`ee oopar aa chukee hai. Ghalib
kee is Ghazal ke qavaafee :suKhan, chaman, rasan, barhaman, dahan:
waGhairah haiN.

(c) mat'la': luGhat meN :mat^la': ke ma'nee :t^uloo' hone kee jagah:
haiN. Ghazal ke pehle she'r ko isee liYe :mat^la': kehte haiN keh woh
us se shuroo' hotee hai. mat^la' ke donoN miSro'N meN qaafiyah kee
paabandee laazimee hai. agar Ghazal ke pehle she'r meN yeh iltizaam
naheeN ho gaa to us ko :mat^la': naheeN bal.k Sirf :Ghazal kaa pehlaa
she'r: hee kahaa jaaYe gaa. Ghazal meN ek se ziyaadah mat^le' ho sakte
haiN. is Soorat meN iZ^aafee mat^la' ko mat^la'-e-caanee,
Husn-e-mat^la' yaa Zeb-e-mat^la' kehte haiN. Ghalib kee Ghazal kaa
she'r #1 :mat^la': hai aur #2 :Husn-e-mat^la':. dekh`iYe keh in ke
donoN miSro'N meN radeef aur qaafiya baaNdhe gaye haiN jab.k beech ke
deegr asha'ar meN yeh iltizaam Sirf in ke doosre miSro'N meN hee bartaa
gayaa hai .

(d) maqt^a': luGhat meN :maqt^a': ke ma'nee :qat^a' yaa Khatm hone kee
jagah: haiN. u'mooma" Ghazal ke aaKhiree she'r meN shaai'r apnaa
taKhalluS baaNdhtaa hai. Ghazal ke aaKhiree she'r ko maqt^a' isee liYe
kehte haiN keh woh yahaaN par Khatm ho jaatee hai. albattah Ghazal kaa
aaKhiree she'r agar shaai'r ke taKhalluS kaa Haamil nah ho to us ko
maqt^a' naheeN bal.k Sirf :Ghazal kaa aaKhiree she'r: kahaa jaaYe gaa.

(e) yeh Ghazal jis beHr meN hai us ko :beHr-e-hazaj, mucamman, saalim:
kehte haiN aur is kaa vazn yooN hai:

mu-faa-ee-lun; mu-faa-ee-lun; mu-faa-ee-lun; mu-faa-ee-lun

agar aap is Ghazal ko ba-aawaaz-e-baland aur aahistah aahistah paRheN
ge to yeh Saaf z^aahir ho jaaYe gaa keh is kaa har miSra'
:mu-faa-ee-lun: ke is naqsheh se Sautee t^aur par ham-aahaNg hai. isee
liYe is naqshe ko Ghazal kaa wazn (meter) kahaa jaaYe gaa.

ab agar asha'ar ko is t^araH tukRoN meN taqseem kiyaa jaaYe keh pooree
Ghazal is naqsheh par dikhaayee jaa sake to is a'mal ko :Ghazal kee
taqtee' bayaan karnaa: kaheN ge. taqtee' meN miSro'N ke tukRe is t^araH
se kiYe jaate haiN keh woh apne ch`oTe yaa baRe hone kee munaasibat se
wazn ke naqsheh par pooree t^araH munt^abiq ho jaaYeN. macala" is
Ghazal kee taqt^ee' is t^araH kee jaaYe gee:

mu-faa-ee-lun(Hu-Z^oo-re-shaa); mu-faa-ee-lun (h-meN-ah-le);
mu-faa-ee-lun ( su-Khan- kee-aa); mu-faa-ee-lun ( z-maa-ish-hai)

aap dekh`eN keh miSro'N ke tukRoN aur wazn ke naqsheh ke tukRoN meN
aawaaz aur us kee lambaayee kee mukammal mut^aabiqat hai.

(C 1.2) Ghazal se muta,a'lliq chand dilchasp ma'loomaat

(a) Ghazal ke asha'ar kee koyee ta'daad mua'iyyan naheeN hai. asaatiZah
ne is Z^imn meN muKhtalif raaYe dee haiN. lekin yeh Sirf un kee raaYe
hee haiN aur isee liYe ta'daad-e-asha'ar ke Hawaaleh se koyee
muttafiqah Soorat-e-Haal kaheeN bh`ee naz^ar naheeN aatee hai. in aaraa
meN se chand yahaaN dee jaatee haiN:

(i) GhazaloN ke asha'ar ta'daad meN t^aaq (odd) hone chaahiYeN.

(ii) Ghazal meN kam se kam paaNch (5) aur ziyaadah se ziyaadah gyaarah
(11) asha'ar ho sakte haiN.

(iii) Ghazal meN kam se kam teen (3) aur ziyaadah se ziyaadah pachchees
(25) asha'ar ho sakte haiN.

z^aahir hai keh hamaare she'ree sarmaayah meN in hidaayaat kee
Khilaaf-warzee kee be-shumaar micaaleN maujood haiN. bal.k yeh kehnaa
ziyaadah SaHeeH hai keh taareeKh meN koyee aisaa shaai'r huwaa hee
naheeN hai jis ne is qism kaa koyee iltizaam bartaa ho. Haqeeqat yehee
hai keh agar koyee shaai'r barjastah aur pasandeedah zameenoN aur
dilkash beHroN meN lat^eef-o-faSeeH GhazaleN likh`ne par qaadir hai to
ta'daad-e-asha'ar kee qaid be-ma'nee ho jaatee hai.

(b) jis t^araH Ghazal ke asha'ar kee koyee ta'daad muai,yyan naheeN
hai, usee t^araH iZ^aafee mat^lo'N (Husn-e-mat'la', Zeb-e-mat'la') kee
ta'daad par bh`ee koyee paabandee naheeN hai. aisee GhazaleN ba-kacrat
miltee haiN jin meN ek se ziyaadah mat^le' maujood haiN. ba'Z^ shoa'raa
ne to iZ^aafee mat^lo'N meN bh`ee Ghuloo se kaam liyaa hai. micaal ke
t^aur par Shaikh Ibraheem Zauq kee is Ghazal meN das (10) mat^le'
haiN!:

tire kooche ko woh beemaar-e-Gham daarul-shifaa samjh`e
ajal ko jo t^abeeb aur marg ko apnee dawaa samjh`e
(Zauq)

(c) oopar kahaa jaa chukaa hai keh aisee Ghazal jis meN radeef kaa
iltizaam nah kiyaa gayaa ho :Ghair-muraddaf: kehlaatee hai. is meN Sirf
qaafiyoN kee paabandee kee jaatee hai. micaal dekh^iYe:

jo nah naqd-e-daaGh-e-dil kee kare sho'lah paasbaanee
to fasurdigee nihaaN hai ba-kameen-e-bezabaanee

mujh`e us se kyaa tavaqqo', ba-zamaanah-e-jawaanee
kabh`ee koodakee meN jis ne nah sunee miree kahaanee

yooN hee dukh` kisee ko denaa naheeN Khoob warnah kehtaa
keh :mire u'doo ko yaa Rab! mile meree zindigaanee!:
(Ghalib)

is Ghazal meN :paasbaanee, be-zabaanee, kahaanee, zindigaanee: qavaafee
haiN aur koyee radeef naheeN hai.

(d) Ghazal ke luGhavee ma'nee :apne meHboob se baat karnaa: haiN. isee
munaasibat se u'mooman Ghazal meN i'shqiyah maZ^aameen naz^m kiYe jaate
haiN. meHboob ke z^ulm aur us kee be-e'tinaayee, hijr-o-wiSaal ke
qiSSe, a'ashiq kaa Haal-e-zaar, gul-o-bulbul kee aavezish, muHabbat kee
mushkilaat aur is meN aah-o-zaaree waGhaira Ghazal ke rivaayatee
maZ^aameen haiN. in ke i'laavah dunyaa kee be-cabaatee,
ma'refat-o-taSawwuf, falsafah-e-Hayaat-o-kaa,inaat waGhairah bh`ee a'am
t^aur de naz^m kiYe jaate haiN. albattah wa'z^-o-naSeeHat, siyaasat,
ma,a'ashee masaa,el aur aise hee :Ghair-shaa,i'raanah: maZ^aameen se
u'mooman parhez kiyaa jaataa hai. agar aise maZ^aameen baaNdh`e bh`ee
jaaYeN to ishaaroN aur istia'aroN ke parde meN baat kahnaa behtar
samjh`aa jaataa hai.

(e) Ghazal meN mauZ^oo' kaa tasalsul naheeN hotaa hai. goyaa har she'r
apnee jagah ek ikaayee yaa weHdat hotaa hai aur ek hee Khayaal ko
mukammal t^aur se bayaan kartaa hai. is t^araH Ghazal kaa ek she'r
muHabbat par, doosraa zindigee kee be-cabaatee par, teesraa taSawwuf ke
kisee nuktah par ho saktaa hai. aisee bh`ee GhazaleN dekh`ne meN aatee
haiN jo apne asha'ar meN ek hee maZ^moon ke muKhtalif pehloo pesh
kartee haiN. yeh us haar kee maanind hotee haiN jis kaa har daanah ek
hee tasbeeH ke muKhtalif arkaan adaa kartaa naz^ar aataa hai. Molana
Hasrat Mohani kee mash,hoor-e-zamaanah Ghazal :chupke chupke raat din
aaNsoo bahaanaa yaad hai: aisee Ghazal kee nihaayat dilkash micaal hai.
is andaaz kee Ghazal ko :Ghazal-e-musalsal: kehte haiN. micaal meN
Molana Hasrat Mohani kee hee Ghazal ke chand asha'ar HaaZ^ir haiN:

chupke-chupke raat din aaNsoo bahaanaa yaad hai
ham ko ab tak a'ashiqee kaa woh zamaanaa yaad hai!

dopahar kee dh`oop meN mere bulaane ke liYe
woh tiraa koThe pah naNge paa,ooN aanaa yaad hai!

kh`eeNch lenaa woh miraa pardeh kaa konaa daf,a'ta"
aur dupaTTe se tiraa woh muNh ch`upaanaa yaad hai!

tujh` se milte hee woh kuch` betaab ho jaanaa miraa
Haal-e-dil baatoN hee baatoN meN jataanaa yaad hai

be-ruKhee ke saath` sun,naa dard-e-dil kee daastaaN
aur kalaayee meN tiraa kaNgan gh`umaanaa yaad hai!

(f) ba'Z^ auqaat shaai'r ek hee zameen aur beHr meN do yaa teen
GhazaleN (yaa in se bh`ee ziyaadah!) alag alag kehtaa hai. GhazaloN ke
majmooe' ko un kee ta'daad kee munaasibat se do-Ghazlah, seh-Ghazlah
waGhairah kahaa jaataa hai. Urdu ke she'ree sarmaayah meN
chahaar-Ghazlah, panj-Ghazlah, yahaaN tak ke haft-Ghazlah tak kee aisee
micaaleN maujood haiN jin ke andaroonee shawaahid yeh z^aahir karte
haiN keh yeh a'mada" aur daanistah ek hee waqt meN kahee gayee haiN.
kabh`ee kabh`ee aisaa bh`ee hotaa hai keh ek hee zameen aur beHr ke
iltizaam ke saath` shaai'r kayee GhazaleN muKhtalif auqaat meN kehtaa
hai aur ba'd meN unheN ishaa,a'tee yaa doosree maSliHatoN ke teHt
yakjaa kar detaa hai. lekin aise majmooe' ko do-Ghazlah kehnaa munaasib
naheeN ma'loom hotaa. goyaa is taKhSeeS meN shaai'r kee shao'oree
koshish hee mo'tabar hai jo aise majmooe' ke daaKhilee shawaahid meN
DhooNDee jaa saktee hai. Jigar Muradabadi ke ek do-Ghazaleh kee micaal
pesh-e-Khidmat hai. is ke mut^aali,e' se hee is majmoo,e' kaa
do-Ghazalah honaa z^aahir hai. donoN GhazaloN meN terah-terah (13)
asha'ar haiN. yahaaN donoN ke mat^la', ek she'r aur maqt^' naql kiyaa
jaa rahaa hai:

naz^ar milaa ke mire paas aa ke looT liyaa
naz^ar haTee th`ee keh ph`ir muskuraa ke looT liyaa

duhaayee hai! mire Allah kee duhaayee hai
kisee ne mujh` se bh`ee mujh` ko ch`upaa ke looT liyaa

nah luTte ham magar un mast aNkhRiyoN ne :Jigar:
naz^ar bachaate huYe DabDabaa ke looT liyaa!
---------------
nah raahzan nah kisee rehnumaa ne looT liyaa
adaa-e-i'shq ko rasm-e-wafaa ne looT liyaa

kisee bahaar-e-mujassam kaa aah! kyaa shikwah?
mire hee is dil-e-raNgee-qabaa ne looT liyaa

nah ab Khudee kaa pataa hai nah beKhudee kaa :Jigar:
har ek lut^f ko lut^f-e-Khudaa ne looT liyaa!

(g) chooN.k Ghazal kaa har she'r ek ikaayee ya'nee mukammal weHdat
hotaa hai, shaai'r apnaa maZ^moon do miSro'N meN hee adaa karne par
majboor hai. baRe baRe aur mushkil Khayaalaat ko chand alfaaz^ par
mushtamil do miSro'N meN Husn-o-Khoobee se adaa kar denaa nihaayat hee
mushkil kaam hai. yehee vajh hai keh achh`ee Ghazal kehnaa aasaan
naheeN hai aur a'z^eem Ghazal kehnaa to ma'doode chand shoa'raa ke
HiSSeh meN hee aayaa hai. Ghazal kee is KhuSooSiyat ko
:eejaaz-e-iKhtiSaar: kahaa jaataa hai. Ghazal meN ishaarah, kinaayah,
tashbeeH, isti,a'arah, Sanaa,e'-o-badaa,e' waGhairah kaa kacrat se
ista'maal isee paabandee kaa nateejah hai aur isee se Ghazal kaa
maKhSooS Husn waabastah hai. eejaaz-o-iKhtiSaar kee chand micaaleN
dekh`iYe:

kahooN kyaa tujh` se ai :Saudaa: Kharaam-e-naazneeN us kaa
diloN ko DhooNDtee ik aafat-e-naagaah ph`irtee hai
(Mirza Rafee' Saudaa)

maaNgaa kareN ge ab se dua`a hijr-e-yaar kee
aaKhir ko dushmanee hai acar ko dua'a ke saath! (Momin)

nah th`aa kuch` to Khudaa th`aa, kuch` nah hotaa to Khudaa hotaa
Duboyaa mujh` ko hone ne, nah hotaa maiN to kyaa hotaa?
(Ghalib)

(h) beshtar shoa'raa apnaa taKhalluS Sirf Ghazal ke maqt^a' meN hee
baaNdhte haiN, lekin kuch` shoa'raa ba'Z^ auqaat taKhalluS mat^la' aur
maqt^a' donoN meN hee naz^m karte haiN. aisaa karnaa yaa nah karnaa
shaai'r kaa Zaatee faiSilah hai aur is kaa kisee uSool yaa qaa,idah se
koyee ta,a'lluq naheeNhai. Mirza Muhammad Rafee' :Sauda: ke yahaaN yeh
t^areeqah ziyaadah numaayaaN hai. is ista'maal kee do micaaleN dekh`iYe
jin meN pehlaa she'r Ghazal kaa mat^la' hai aur doosraa maqt^a':

a'ashiqee :Jur,at: nah kar naaHaq, nah jee ko Gham lagaa
rabt^ sab se rakh` bohat par jee kisee se kam lagaa
din ba-din teHleel :Jur,at: kyoN huwaa jaataa hai too?
aah! yeh beThe-biThaaYe tujh` ko pakkaa Gham lagaa! (Jur,at)

woh kamaaN abroo agar dar-pai huwaa hai :Mir: ke
tarkash un palkoN kaa hai baalaaYe tarkash teer ke
roo-e-dilkash woh Khudaa jaane keh kis se kh`iNch gayaa
:Mir: ham a'ashiq rahe haiN aisee hee taSweer ke
(Mir)

(C 1.3) Ghazalon kee chand dilchasp micaaleN: Ghazal par is muKhtaSar
beHc ke ba'd is kee chand dilkash aur munfarid micaaleN denaa
dilchaspee se Khaalee naheeN ho gaa. in se andaazah ho gaa keh shoa'raa
ne is Sinf-e-suKhan meN bh`ee apnee nudrat-e-t^aba' se t^araH t^araH ke
gul kh`ilaaYe haiN.

(a) kab`ee kabh`ee shaai'r apnee Ghazal ke mat^le' ke doosre miSre' ko
maqt^e' ke doosre miSre' kee Haiciyyat se bh`ee ista'maal kartaa hai.
ek micaal dekh`iYe:

a'rZ^-e-niyaaz-e-i'shq ke qaabil naheeN rahaa
jis dil pah naaz th`aa mujh`e woh dil naheeN rahaa

go maiN rahaa raheen-e-sitamhaaYe rozgaar
lekin tire Khayaal se Ghaafil naheeN rahaa

be-daad-e-i'shq se naheeN Dartaa magar :Asad:
jis dil pah naaz th`aa mujh`e woh dil naheeN rahaa (Ghalib)

(b) ba`Z^ auqaat shaai'r ek hee miSre' ko apnee Ghazal ke har she'r kaa
miSra'-e-caanee banaa letaa hai. Z^amin kee ek Ghazal dekh`iYe:

nabee jee kaa woh a'alee aastaaN hai
zameeN oopar hai neeche aasmaaN hai

uRaayee Khaak ham ne ab wahaaN hai
zameeN oopar hai neeche aasmaaN hai

malaa,ik le gaYe riZ^waan-e-Shaddaad
zameeN oopar hai neeche aasmaaN hai

shab-e-yaldaa meN neeche ho gayaa chaaNd
zameeN oopar hai neeche aasmaaN hai

huwaa :Za^amin: yeh caabit a'ks-e-maZ^mooN
zameeN oopar hai neeche aasmaaN hai

(c) gaahe gaahe shaai'r yaksaaN maZ^aameen ko apne har she'r meN baaNdh
kar Ghazal meN tanavvo' paidaa kartaa hai. Mir Taqee :mir: kee yeh
Ghazal isee nau,i'yat kee hai:

shab woh jo piYe sharaab niklaa
jaanaa keh yeh aaftaab niklaa

qurbaan-e-piyaalah-e-mai-e-naab
jis se keh tiraa Hijaab niklaa

mastee meN sharaab kee jo dekh`aa
a'alm yeh tamaam Khwaab niklaa

shaiKh aane ko maikadeh meN aayaa
par ho kar bohat Kharaab niklaa (Mir)

(d) darj-e-Zel Ghazal meN shaai`r ne lafz^ :abroo: ko radeef ke t^aur
par naz^m kiyaa hai, aur is t^araH apnee Ghazal ko ek maKhSooS shakl de
dee hai.

bohat se chashm jaadoo aur bohat dekh`e kamaaN abroo
nah aise chashm dekh`e aur nah aise dilsitaaN abroo

naz^ar apnee paree-o-Hoor-o-GhilmaaN par paRe kyoN-kar
tumhaaree see nah un kee chasm dekh`ee nai butaaN abroo

hazaaroN laalah-roo, Ghunchah-dahaaN dekh`e par ai :Fitrat:
kahaaN woh chashm-e-fattaaN shaaKh-e-naKhl-e-gul kahaaN abroo
(Fitrat)

(e) aaKhir meN Ameer Khusro kee eh dilchasp aur apnee waZ^a` kee
anokh`ee Ghazal pesh-e-Khidmat hai. is ke asha'ar meN Farsi aur Hindee
kee jo dil-aavez aamezish hai woh paRhne se ta,a'lluq rakh`tee hai.
paRhiye aur sar dh`uniYe!

za Haal-e-miskeen ma-kun taGhaaful, wuraYe nainaaN, banaaye batiyaanN
keh taab-e-hijraaN nah daaram ai jaan! nah leho kaahe lagaaye
chh`atiyaaN?

shabaan-e-hijraan daraaz chooN zulf, roz-e-waSlat chooN u'mr-e- kotaah
sakhee piyaa ko jo maiN nah dekhooN to kaise kaaTooN andh`eri ratiyaaN?

yakaayak az dil do chashm-e-jaadoo ba-Sad farebam be-burd taskeeN
kise paRee hai jo jaa sunaave hamaare pee ko hamaaree batiyaaN!

chooN shama'-e-sozaaN, chooN chashme-HairaaN, za mehr aaN mah
be-gashtam aaKhir
Nah neeNd nainaaN, nah aNg chainaaN, nah aap aaveN, nah bh`ejeN
patiyaaN

ba-Haqq-e-roz-e-wiSaal-e-dilbar keh daad maa raa fareb Khusrau
sapeet man ke waraaye raakhooN jo jaaye paa,oon piyaa kee khaTiyaaN!

ab ijaazat deejiYe. yaar zindah, SuHbat baaqee!
Sarwar A. Raz :Sarwar: