There are charts that supply the information for the amount of
absorption vs frequency in sea water. For the cellphone the field is
very spherical and will 'punch' through salt water much better than
the tower's rather planar field which will more follow the predictions
of skin depth, etc.
However, for fun, let's use your experience with the submarine. Assume
you had a 100mW 27MHz transmitter that went about thirty feet in
water.
Adjust for power and frequency:
Assume power scales, so 1W goes 10X further.
Assume skin effect kills your signal, so at 900Mhz your signal will be
reduced by the sqrt(900/27), or about 1/6th
Therefore the cellphone should work to an adjacent tower about 30*10/6
or 50 feet into water.
That is far deeper than I would expect, wonder what it really is.