Who Fabricated the Global Warming "Pause"?
http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2013/09/global-warming-pause-ipcc
In a major report released late last month, the United Nations'
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the world's leading
authority on climate science, told us it was more certain than ever
that humans are causing global warming. It also upgraded its
projections for sea level rise by the end of the century, and even
broached the subject of climate change's irreversibility: We may
already have done so much harm to the Earth that some of it can't be
undone in our lifetimes, or even in the lifetimes of future
generations as far out as most of us can imagine.
"Have the Media Failed Us on Climate Change?" Climate Desk will be
hosting a panel at SXSW Eco this week in Austin, Texas, on this topic.
Live-stream will be available at 4:30 p.m. CDT on October 8. For
details see here.
This, you might think, would be quite a media story. Yet instead,
something funny happened on the way from the scientists' heads to the
public's ears, and many journalists instead embraced a very different
narrative—in many ways, almost the opposite narrative. Global warming,
they suggested, had "paused" or was slowing down. And scientists
didn't really understand why.
How could this disconnect, this huge divergence of narratives, have
happened? What follows is the story of a communications failure that
is ultimately harmful to all of us. And it was brought on by
combination of causes that, unfortunately, we've seen work together
before to mar the communication of climate science: Misinformation
from climate deniers, false balance and just plain bad science
reporting from much of the media, and to top it all off, poor
communication by scientists themselves.
The Rise of the Pause
To begin, let's turn to the tape. On September 26—just before the IPCC
report's September 27 release—CBS News provided a textbook case of
misleading journalism focused on the alleged global warming "pause."
Sadly, in coverage of the new IPCC report, it was far from an
exceptional one.
At the outset of the segment, CBS's Mark Phillips intoned: "Another
inconvenient truth has emerged on the way to the apocalypse. The new
UN report on climate change is expected to blame man-made greenhouse
gases more than ever for global warming. But there's a problem. The
global atmosphere hasn't been warming lately."
Then followed an animation, seeming to show that since the year 1998,
rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere haven't been matched by
rising temperatures. Soon, CBS cut to a scientist trying to explain
this apparent global warming "pause" by saying that the missing heat
has gone into the oceans. Then, presumably for balance, came an
interview with a climate denier who, when asked whether the "pause"
blunts the urgency of doing something about global warming, replied
that "It has already." Watch the full segment here:
[video]
We all expect Fox News to sow doubt about global warming. But in
coverage of the IPCC report, a storyline like CBS's seemed to show up
regularly, and not just at conservative outlets. "What I find really
dismaying is how much even the very scientifically informed media has
bought into the false story line about a 'pause' in overall warming,"
says Peter Frumhoff, a climate scientist and the director of science
and policy at the Union of Concerned Scientists. There were good
stories as well, but there were quite a lot of "pause" stories.
Indeed, in the press conference following the report's release in
Stockholm, this "pause" was the topic most asked about by journalists.
This has occurred despite the fact that claiming that global warming
has "paused" is deeply misleading. The IPCC explained as much in its
just-released report, where it noted that although the rate of warming
is somewhat smaller over the last 15 years, selectively seizing on
this period, from 1998-2012, basically represents a case of bad
statistics.
After all, the year 1998 was a record temperature year, due to a
strong El Niño. So by making it the first year of an analysis you're
stacking the deck. "If you shift just 2 years earlier, so use
1996-2010 instead of 1998-2012, the trend is 0.14 C per decade, so
slightly greater than the long-term trend," explains Drew Shindell, a
climate scientist at NASA who was heavily involved in producing the
IPCC report. This is why climate scientists generally don't seize on
15 year periods and make a big thing about them. (For a more thorough
rebuttal of the "pause" narrative, see here.)
The "pause" is thus as much about media innumeracy as it is about the
atmosphere. But nonetheless, to a large extent the narrative seems to
have taken hold. While no comprehensive media content analyses appear
to have been completed yet, we can point to at least one indicator
suggesting the profusion of this narrative. A Google Trends search
reveals that the phrase "global warming pause" saw a dramatic uptick
in search attention in the past few months and especially in
September:
http://www.motherjones.com/files/GlobalWarmingChart.final_.png
Failure to Communicate
It wasn't supposed to go like this. Not this time around.
In late 2009 and early 2010, climate science suffered a series of
public relations black eyes that seemed to constitute a major wake-up
call about just how much deniers, with the help of the media, could
undermine climate science. First there was "Climategate," in which a
trove of leaked emails were spun to suggest that climate scientists
had been engaged in wrongdoing and the torquing of data. It wasn't
actually true, but boy did much of the press make it look that way.
(Subsequent research by communications scholars at Yale and George
Mason universities found that Climategate had damaged public belief in
global warming and public trust in scientists, albeit principally
among political conservatives and libertarians).
IPCC chair Rajendra Pachauri
Rajendra Pachauri, head of the IPCC, accused critics of practicing
"voodoo science" during the Himalayan glaciers row in early 2010.
World Economic Forum/Wikimedia Commons
Shortly afterwards came the Himalayan Glaciers scandal, where the IPCC
truly was at fault. In essence: One of the IPCC's vast reports
contained a major error about future changes to the glaciers of the
Himalayas, incorrectly predicting that they would vanish by the year
2035, a mistake that may have sprung from a simple typo (the original
source predicted the year 2350). Mistakes happen, but in this case the
cover-up was worse than the crime. When the report was initially
questioned, the IPCC was defensive, rather than acknowledging the
problem. It only admitted the error months after it had initially been
pointed out, thus making the whole thing a much bigger deal than it
would otherwise have been.
In the wake of this, there was much hand-wringing, and many calls for
the IPCC to improve its communications and have a more realistic
outlook on the difficulty of its task in the public arena. "As the
IPCC prepares its Fifth Assessment Report, it does so with what, to my
eye, appears to be an utterly inadequate budget for communicating its
findings and responding in an agile way to nonstop public scrutiny
facilitated by the Internet," observed New York Times science and
environment blogger Andrew Revkin in a 2011 essay.
"The immense collective effort to produce periodic climate assessments
is typically not well matched with public communication and outreach
efforts for these reports, leaving a vacuum to be filled by less
authoritative sources," added a study of the public reception of the
IPCC's reports by Peter Frumhoff and his colleagues.
The IPCC responded by ramping up its communications efforts. It
"upgraded" a prior communication staff job to a senior-level position,
and added an additional junior staffer. In addition, the IPCC's budget
documents outline an array of communications expenditures related to
the Fifth Assessment Report's release. However, it is noteworthy that
most of the budget total is for next year, not this year, even though
it's likely that the peak moment for media attention has already
passed. Furthermore, more than half of the 2014 budget is dedicated to
scientists' travel (720,000 Swiss francs, or about $800,000). The
total communications budget for 2013 was 240,000 Swiss Francs (about
$265,000), and for 2014 is 1,145,000 Swiss Francs ($1,265,000).
Such investments notwithstanding, one plainly avoidable communications
blunder occurred in the rollout: The IPCC released the report on a
Friday, which is infamous for being the day of the week when you try
to bury bad news so it won't be noticed. More important, it's not
clear that the panel's communications ramp up prepared it to deal with
a new, combined media-denier line of attack: the "pause."
Numbers Game
For years, climate deniers have been using a kind of statistical
sleight of hand—the fact that 1998 was a record temperature year, due
to a strong El Niño—to suggest that there had been no global warming
ever since. For instance, here's an example of this argument being
made, in the op-ed pages of the Daily Telegraph, as far back as the
year 2006. And here's a contemporaneous rebuttal.
But it wasn't until March 2013, according to the Google Trends data
above, that the "pause" narrative really started to get traction. The
apparent reason? A major feature story in The Economist declaring that
"over the past 15 years air temperatures at the Earth's surface have
been flat while greenhouse-gas emissions have continued to soar."
Denierss were delighted, and other media outlets, from Reuters
("Climate scientists struggle to explain warming slowdown") to the
Drudge Report, piled on.
At the time, many critics pointed out that these assertions were
scientifically misleading. A glance at the animation below should
explain why. However, this wasn't enough to derail the building
"global warming has slowed down, and scientists don't know why"
narrative.
http://www.motherjones.com/files/SkepticsvRealistsv3_0.gif
It certainly isn't the IPCC's fault that the "pause" notion took hold,
then; rather, the blame falls upon a press that even now remains
willing to channel climate denier claims. "I don't in this particular
instance blame the IPCC as much as I blame the media," says Climate
Progress' Joe Romm, a leading climate blogger who is generally quite
critical of the IPCC's communications efforts.
Yet the IPCC must shoulder some of the blame for what happened
next—for it lent momentum to the "pause" story.
It appears that because of all the media attention, the panel felt
pushed to address the alleged "pause." Dennis Hartmann of the
University of Washington, a coordinating lead author of the IPCC
report, revealed as much to Climate Desk reporter Tim McDonnell in a
recent interview, when he remarked, "Going into the IPCC this time, I
would have said that, well, the trend over a 15-year record is not
really very meaningful, because of the natural interannual variability
of the climate system. But as the IPCC evolved, it became more and
more of a public issue, so we felt we had to say something about it,
even though from an observational perspective, it's not a very
reliable measure of long-term warming."
Does this mean that the IPCC was baited, by deniers and the media,
into addressing a nonissue? Asked for clarification, Hartmann followed
up by explaining that "I think to be thorough we needed to say
something about the past 15 years in [the report], since the apparent
reduction in the observed warming rate is so interesting and has
received so much comment. It's interesting on purely scientific
grounds, but it does not have a huge impact on the scientific
assessment and does not alter the basic facts."
But why was there "so much comment" in the press? In significant part
because of the interest of climate deniers, who have long sought to
portray climate research as uncertain and to gin up a debate. Indeed,
this is not the first time that the IPCC has been accused of bending
over backward to respond to deniers. Climate researcher Michael Mann,
for instance, has charged that the IPCC tends to err "on the side of
understating the degree of likely changes," in part because deniers
influence it from the outside.
The real problem, though, came in how the IPCC addressed the "pause"
issue. In a leaked draft of the IPCC's "Summary for Policymakers" that
emerged into the press in August of this year, the so-called "pause"
was described in statements that seemed almost ideally crafted for
quote mining. If the "pause" was just the result of statistical
selectivity rather than a robust trend, why wasn't the IPCC saying so?
Instead, the scientists' own words seemed to suggest that there really
was a global warming slowdown, and that the scientific community
didn't really understand it. To wit:
"Global mean surface temperature trends exhibit substantial decadal
variability, despite the robust multi-decadal warming since 1901. The
rate of warming over the past 15 years (1998-2012; 0.05 [-0.05 to +
0.15] ºC per decade) is smaller than the trend since 1951 (1951-2012;
0.12 [0.08 to 0.14] °C per decade."
And:
"Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface
warming trend over the last 10-15 years."
This language was available to journalists for over a month before the
final document came out, and seems to have greatly shaped their
thinking and coverage. Indeed, in what was apparently the first report
on the leak, by Reuters, reporter Alister Doyle wrote, "The panel will
try to explain why global temperatures, while still increasing, have
risen more slowly since about 1998 even though greenhouse gas
concentrations have hit repeated record highs in that time." That's
mild compared with the Fox News coverage, headlined: "Leaked draft of
climate report struggles with drop in warming."
The "pause" narrative was continuing to build, now with the IPCC
itself helping to drive the story.
Meanwhile, the IPCC was self-hobbled in dealing with the "pause,"
particularly when it came to explaining the causes behind the slight
slowdown in the rate of warming. The panel has an odd rule that
restricts which scientific papers it can talk about: There is a cutoff
date (this time around, March 15, 2013) after which new research can
no longer be cited. In this case, that includes papers explaining the
somewhat slower rate of warming of late, including a study by Kevin
Trenberth and colleagues at the National Center for Atmospheric
Research, showing that the explanation for the "pause" was that more
heat was going into the deep oceans. In other words, global warming
continues apace; it's just more pronounced at the moment in some parts
of the climate system than others. "The IPCC report did not include
any literature after March 15: including our paper on deep ocean
heat," Trenberth comments. "It deals only with published literature.
So the hiatus is not on their horizon. It is a major failing."
Finally, the actual IPCC "Summary for Policymakers" hit on September
27 (a Friday). And to a significant extent, the final report dialed
back the troublesome language from the leaked draft. Hartmann again:
"We added some explicit examples of what the uncertainty bars mean,
and stated the statistical uncertainty in taking a short record from
the global mean surface temperature record. This was suggested by the
delegates and approved by them as a way of making it more explicitly
clear how uncertain the trend estimates are for a 15 year time series
with large year-to-year variability." In the actual report, what that
meant (among other things) is the first quotation above was replaced
with the following:
"In addition to robust multi-decadal warming, global mean surface
temperature exhibits substantial decadal and interannual variability.
Due to natural variability, trends based on short records are very
sensitive to the beginning and end dates and do not in general reflect
long-term climate trends. As one example, the rate of warming over the
past 15 years (1998–2012; 0.05 [–0.05 to +0.15] °C per decade), which
begins with a strong El Niño, is smaller than the rate calculated
since 1951 (1951–2012; 0.12 [0.08 to 0.14] °C per decade)."
Thomas Stocker, a lead author of the IPCC report, got grilled by
reporters in Stockholm today over the issue of the so-called warming
"hiatus," which he dismissed as an "inappropriate" focal point.
Thomas Stocker, a lead author of the IPCC report, got grilled by
reporters in Stockholm today over the issue of the so-called warming
"hiatus," which he dismissed as an "inappropriate" focal point. Tim
McDonnell/Climate Desk
This is much harder to misread, misinterpret, or blow out of
proportion. But by then, it was too late. At the press conference in
Stockholm when the report was released, journalists relentlessly
questioned the report's drafters about the pause. Among the ensuing
headlines? "Global Warming Slowdown Seen as Emissions Rise to Record."
"Climate change report's 'temperature hiatus' fuels cdeniers." "Global
Warming Has Slowed in Last 15 Years Despite Record Greenhouse Gas
Levels, Scientists Say." Heck, even Nature magazine, about as
science-friendly a publication as you can find, let the "pause"
narrative shape its headline: "IPCC: Despite hiatus, climate change
here to stay."
Fallout
It remains to be seen just how much damage has been done. But at
minimum, we can say that during a major moment for climate scientists
to communicate the direness of our plight, they were instead being
questioned about why global warming has "paused." Deniers must be in
heaven.
Whose fault is all this? The deniers, the journalists—but yes, the
scientists too.
"I think the deniers deserve most of the blame. They're still trying
to confuse people," says Susan Joy Hassol, who directs Climate
Communication, a nonprofit science and outreach group. "And I think
the media's to blame too, because they've allowed themselves to be
distracted and misled. But the scientists have to take some
responsibility when they write or say things that can be
misunderstood, because it's part of their job to communicate what they
know in a way that the public can understand."
There is a growing discussion of reforms to the IPCC, as
mega-assessments of the sort that it produces are are hugely
time-consuming to scientists. But this ought to be accompanied by
another critique: The IPCC's communication record is also pretty poor.
It isn't the IPCC's fault that deniers, abetted by some journalists,
seized on the misleading "pause" story. But surely, this time around,
it should have been ready for them.
Additional reporting by Tim McDonnell.
--
"I would like to see an example of evolution in a living species, i.e. a bird becoming a lizard or something." -- Joanna Lee Saltz