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Solar Engineering Of Thermal Processes Pdf 13
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Maryetta Worm
Dec 5, 2023, 12:15:36 AM12/5/23
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Over several editions, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes has become a classic solar engineering text and reference. This revised Fourth Edition offers current coverage of solar energy theory, systems design, and applications in different market sectors along with an emphasis on solar system design and analysis using simulations to help readers translate theory into practice.
Solar Engineering Of Thermal Processes Pdf 13
Download https://shoxet.com/2wIfEO
An important resource for students of solar engineering, solar energy, and alternative energy as well as professionals working in the power and energy industry or related fields, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Fourth Edition features:
Tier 4 is open to the following renewable energy systems: solar thermal, photovoltaics, on-land wind, hydroelectric, geothermal electric, geothermal ground source heat, tidal energy, wave energy, ocean thermal, and fuel cells which do not utilize a fossil fuel resource in the process of generating electricity. To be compensated under Tier 4, the resource must either be located in Zone J or delivered to Zone J over a new transmission interconnection (that electrically connects after October 15, 2020). Non-hydropower renewables must achieve commercial operation after October 15, 2020 to be eligible for Tier 4. Hydropower resources must be existing or already under construction as of June 18, 2020.
With the increasing concerns on the energy shortage and carbon emission issues worldwide, sustainable energy recovery from thermal processes is consistently attracting extensive attention. Nowadays, a significant amount of usable thermal energy is wasted and not recovered worldwide every year. Meanwhile, discharging the wasted thermal energy often causes environmental hazards. Significant social and ecological impacts will be achieved if waste thermal energy can be effectively harnessed and reused. Hence, this study aims to provide a comprehensive review on the sustainable energy recovery from thermal processes, contributing to achieving energy security, environmental sustainability, and a low-carbon future.
With increasing concerns on fuel scarcity and environmental deterioration, more and more research attention has been drawn towards enhancing the waste heat recovery performance in industrial thermal processes, thereby improving fuel utilization efficiency [1]. It is reported that around 63% of consumed global primary energy is wasted during fuel combustion and heat transfer processes. Significantly, a major part of the wasted energy is identified as recoverable waste thermal energy [2]. Thus, research on waste thermal energy utilization is urgent and imperative.
The usable waste/renewable thermal heat sources are usually obtained from fuel-driven prime movers, renewable heat energy, data centers, and various industrial activities [3]. Clemens et al. [2] estimated that approximately 246 EJ potential waste heat energy was lost in 2012 worldwide. The distributions of waste heat with different temperatures are illustrated in Fig. 1. It is observed that a large amount of usable waste heat energy with high temperatures is wasted in various sectors. In the industrial sector, Miro et al. [4] illustrated that, in Fig. 2, the industrial waste heat potential and total energy consumption by countries worldwide. Unlike utilizing the waste heat from commercial or residential buildings, recovering the waste heat from industrial activities is more challenging. This is because the industries are usually located far from the consumers, which leads to thermal energy storage and transport issues. Papapetrou et al. [5] further give a provision of the industrial waste heat recovery status. The waste heat generated from various industrial activities, such as steel and chemical industries, is usually stored in thermal storage systems. Subsequently, the stored thermal energy can be utilized to generate electricity, cooling, or domestic heating by employing various waste heat recovery technologies. Sensible and latent heat storage technologies are the typical waste heat storage methods [6]. The working principals of sensible heat storage are to directly increase the storage material's temperature. For example, cold water can be used as a sensible heat storage material. The generated hot water can be employed as a heat source to produce useful heating or cooling. However, it is noteworthy that some heat will be dissipated to the ambient due to unavoidable entropy generation by employing sensible storage technologies. Comparatively, employing phase change materials is the main feature of the latent heat storage technology. It is inevitable that energy loss occurs during the phase-changing process. In addition, utilizing some phase change materials is corrosive and may damage the storage equipment [6]. Furthermore, the energy loss during the transportation of heat energy over a long distance is reported to be significant. This is because a major part of heat is dissipated into the ambient when the temperature and distance exceed 300 C and 10 km, respectively [7]. Therefore, heat loss is unavoidable during the heat storage and transportation processes. The heat loss analysis by employing heat storage system need to be conducted based on the specific application conditions.
In the early 1970s, the severe Middle-East oil crisis had led to a sharp increase in fuel prices in the industry. Thus, the efficient utilization of fuel has overwhelmingly attracted researchers' attention [11]. In addition, with more significant concerns placed on environmental sustainability, recovery energy from dissipated waste heat by fuel-burning processes became a pressing issue. Consequently, significant research efforts have been devoted to the high-efficient utilization of the fuel by recovering the exhausted waste heat energy. At this moment, the utilization of renewable thermal energy at a large scale is still considered at its infancy stage. Comparatively, the prime movers deployed in residential and commercial areas have constantly produced a significant amount of thermal heat energy. The schematic flow chart for various energy recovery technologies is illustrated in Fig. 5.
Internal combustion engines (ICE) [13] are the most common form of heat engines. Spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) are the typical reciprocating engines. Compression ignition engines employ heavy oil and diesel oil as fuel, posing severe emission issues. In contrast, spark ignition uses natural gas as fuel. In the ICE's combustion chamber, the superheat gases expand with high pressure to provide the mechanical energy to generate electricity. At the same time, a heat exchanger is employed to recover the waste heat from the exhaust gas. Figure 7 presents a schematic diagram of an internal combustion engine. The waste heat recovery processes are accomplished by cooling down the oil, water, and exhaust gas. In general, the fuel is burned to produce electricity. The thermal energy from the exhausted gas is harnessed by a heat exchanger to produce hot water. Lube oil heat exchanger and jacket water heat exchanger are employed to recover the waste heat from lube oil and water. Accordingly, the engine is cooled.
Following rapid deployment during 2005-13, solar thermal market growth has since slowed, with a decline in new capacity additions for the fifth year in a row last year due to shifting market dynamics in China. Despite this slowdown, solar thermal heat consumption is expected to remain strong at an increase of almost 50% (+0.7 EJ) over 2019-24, of which 90% will be in buildings owing to relatively low costs.
Having expanded 82% since 2013, solar thermal energy accounted for around 7% (1.5 EJ) of global renewable heat consumption in 2018, with most applications being small-scale thermal systems for domestic water heating. However, gross annual capacity additions registered a decline for the fifth year in row.
Global solar thermal consumption is expected to increase more than 45% (+620PJ) over the outlook period, mostly in buildings, of which it is expected to meet 2.2% of the heat demand in 2024. With solar thermal expansion supported by current government targets to 2020 as well as by incentives aimed at controlling air pollution under the 13th FYP, China is still expected to account for 40% of this growth, followed by the United States and the European Union. Significant acceleration is also expected in the Middle East and North Africa, as well as in India, Brazil and Mexico.
Although its current share in global industrial heat demand is still negligible (less than 0.02%), solar heat for industrial processes (SHIP) continues to be an expanding niche market. In 2018, at least 108 new systems (about 37.6 MWth) were commissioned, bringing the worldwide installed capacity to 567 MWth (+7%) at the end of the year.
ISO 9806:2017 specifies test methods for assessing the durability, reliability, safety and thermal performance of fluid heating solar collectors. The test methods are applicable for laboratory testing and for in situ testing.
eebf2c3492
Solar Engineering Of Thermal Processes Pdf 13
Download https://shoxet.com/2wIfEO
An important resource for students of solar engineering, solar energy, and alternative energy as well as professionals working in the power and energy industry or related fields, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Fourth Edition features:
Tier 4 is open to the following renewable energy systems: solar thermal, photovoltaics, on-land wind, hydroelectric, geothermal electric, geothermal ground source heat, tidal energy, wave energy, ocean thermal, and fuel cells which do not utilize a fossil fuel resource in the process of generating electricity. To be compensated under Tier 4, the resource must either be located in Zone J or delivered to Zone J over a new transmission interconnection (that electrically connects after October 15, 2020). Non-hydropower renewables must achieve commercial operation after October 15, 2020 to be eligible for Tier 4. Hydropower resources must be existing or already under construction as of June 18, 2020.
With the increasing concerns on the energy shortage and carbon emission issues worldwide, sustainable energy recovery from thermal processes is consistently attracting extensive attention. Nowadays, a significant amount of usable thermal energy is wasted and not recovered worldwide every year. Meanwhile, discharging the wasted thermal energy often causes environmental hazards. Significant social and ecological impacts will be achieved if waste thermal energy can be effectively harnessed and reused. Hence, this study aims to provide a comprehensive review on the sustainable energy recovery from thermal processes, contributing to achieving energy security, environmental sustainability, and a low-carbon future.
With increasing concerns on fuel scarcity and environmental deterioration, more and more research attention has been drawn towards enhancing the waste heat recovery performance in industrial thermal processes, thereby improving fuel utilization efficiency [1]. It is reported that around 63% of consumed global primary energy is wasted during fuel combustion and heat transfer processes. Significantly, a major part of the wasted energy is identified as recoverable waste thermal energy [2]. Thus, research on waste thermal energy utilization is urgent and imperative.
The usable waste/renewable thermal heat sources are usually obtained from fuel-driven prime movers, renewable heat energy, data centers, and various industrial activities [3]. Clemens et al. [2] estimated that approximately 246 EJ potential waste heat energy was lost in 2012 worldwide. The distributions of waste heat with different temperatures are illustrated in Fig. 1. It is observed that a large amount of usable waste heat energy with high temperatures is wasted in various sectors. In the industrial sector, Miro et al. [4] illustrated that, in Fig. 2, the industrial waste heat potential and total energy consumption by countries worldwide. Unlike utilizing the waste heat from commercial or residential buildings, recovering the waste heat from industrial activities is more challenging. This is because the industries are usually located far from the consumers, which leads to thermal energy storage and transport issues. Papapetrou et al. [5] further give a provision of the industrial waste heat recovery status. The waste heat generated from various industrial activities, such as steel and chemical industries, is usually stored in thermal storage systems. Subsequently, the stored thermal energy can be utilized to generate electricity, cooling, or domestic heating by employing various waste heat recovery technologies. Sensible and latent heat storage technologies are the typical waste heat storage methods [6]. The working principals of sensible heat storage are to directly increase the storage material's temperature. For example, cold water can be used as a sensible heat storage material. The generated hot water can be employed as a heat source to produce useful heating or cooling. However, it is noteworthy that some heat will be dissipated to the ambient due to unavoidable entropy generation by employing sensible storage technologies. Comparatively, employing phase change materials is the main feature of the latent heat storage technology. It is inevitable that energy loss occurs during the phase-changing process. In addition, utilizing some phase change materials is corrosive and may damage the storage equipment [6]. Furthermore, the energy loss during the transportation of heat energy over a long distance is reported to be significant. This is because a major part of heat is dissipated into the ambient when the temperature and distance exceed 300 C and 10 km, respectively [7]. Therefore, heat loss is unavoidable during the heat storage and transportation processes. The heat loss analysis by employing heat storage system need to be conducted based on the specific application conditions.
In the early 1970s, the severe Middle-East oil crisis had led to a sharp increase in fuel prices in the industry. Thus, the efficient utilization of fuel has overwhelmingly attracted researchers' attention [11]. In addition, with more significant concerns placed on environmental sustainability, recovery energy from dissipated waste heat by fuel-burning processes became a pressing issue. Consequently, significant research efforts have been devoted to the high-efficient utilization of the fuel by recovering the exhausted waste heat energy. At this moment, the utilization of renewable thermal energy at a large scale is still considered at its infancy stage. Comparatively, the prime movers deployed in residential and commercial areas have constantly produced a significant amount of thermal heat energy. The schematic flow chart for various energy recovery technologies is illustrated in Fig. 5.
Internal combustion engines (ICE) [13] are the most common form of heat engines. Spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) are the typical reciprocating engines. Compression ignition engines employ heavy oil and diesel oil as fuel, posing severe emission issues. In contrast, spark ignition uses natural gas as fuel. In the ICE's combustion chamber, the superheat gases expand with high pressure to provide the mechanical energy to generate electricity. At the same time, a heat exchanger is employed to recover the waste heat from the exhaust gas. Figure 7 presents a schematic diagram of an internal combustion engine. The waste heat recovery processes are accomplished by cooling down the oil, water, and exhaust gas. In general, the fuel is burned to produce electricity. The thermal energy from the exhausted gas is harnessed by a heat exchanger to produce hot water. Lube oil heat exchanger and jacket water heat exchanger are employed to recover the waste heat from lube oil and water. Accordingly, the engine is cooled.
Following rapid deployment during 2005-13, solar thermal market growth has since slowed, with a decline in new capacity additions for the fifth year in a row last year due to shifting market dynamics in China. Despite this slowdown, solar thermal heat consumption is expected to remain strong at an increase of almost 50% (+0.7 EJ) over 2019-24, of which 90% will be in buildings owing to relatively low costs.
Having expanded 82% since 2013, solar thermal energy accounted for around 7% (1.5 EJ) of global renewable heat consumption in 2018, with most applications being small-scale thermal systems for domestic water heating. However, gross annual capacity additions registered a decline for the fifth year in row.
Global solar thermal consumption is expected to increase more than 45% (+620PJ) over the outlook period, mostly in buildings, of which it is expected to meet 2.2% of the heat demand in 2024. With solar thermal expansion supported by current government targets to 2020 as well as by incentives aimed at controlling air pollution under the 13th FYP, China is still expected to account for 40% of this growth, followed by the United States and the European Union. Significant acceleration is also expected in the Middle East and North Africa, as well as in India, Brazil and Mexico.
Although its current share in global industrial heat demand is still negligible (less than 0.02%), solar heat for industrial processes (SHIP) continues to be an expanding niche market. In 2018, at least 108 new systems (about 37.6 MWth) were commissioned, bringing the worldwide installed capacity to 567 MWth (+7%) at the end of the year.
ISO 9806:2017 specifies test methods for assessing the durability, reliability, safety and thermal performance of fluid heating solar collectors. The test methods are applicable for laboratory testing and for in situ testing.
eebf2c3492
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