"THE OLDEST HUMAN SKULL EVER FOUND"

[ED CONRAD]

"THE OLDEST HUMAN SKULL EVER FOUND"

This is an in-depth article about the human skull that
Ed Conrad discovered between coal veins in the Middle
Anthracite Field of Norteastern Pennsylvania.

The exhaustive research was done by Lin Liangai, a scientist
in Taipeil, Taiwan, who personally financed all of the
state-of-the-art testing that was performed.

Lin LianGtai had submitted this article, which is unedited,
to CNN I-Report -- affiliated with CNN News-- and it appeared
on their Web page.

Before proceeding, it should be noted emphatically that
no less than Wilson M. Krogman, one of the world's foremost
human anatomists and author of the book, "The Human Skeleton
in Forensic Medicine," had examined and measured this fossil
and identified it as a human skull.

Krogman emphatically told a colleague -- an M.D.-- that it's
"the oldest human skull ever found."

=======================

A STUDY ON A CARBONIFEROUS HUMAN CALVARIUM FOSSIL

(A calvarium is a human skull with the eye sockets broken off.)

The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends
from the end of the Devonian Period, about 358.9 million years
ago, to the beginning of the Permian Period, about 298.9 MYA.

(It should be noted that, after this article was written,
Ed Conrad had testing done on this specimen by American
Medical Laboratories in Chantilly, Va., which determined
that granules it examined and tested contain dried blood.)

(Please note that some of the pertinent information that is
part of Lin Liangtai's exhaustive report -- many of the sidebar
photographs articles that are noted in parenthesis -- do not
appear.)

===============

THE HUMAN SKULL FOUND BETWEEN COAL VEINS

http://www.edconrad.com/pics/z11calv.jpg

http://www.edconrad.com/pics/OldestHumanSkull.JPG

================

Author: Lin Liangtai

Summary

The author has examined through microscopes more than 30 thin
sections cut from "rocks" that Mr. Ed Conrad discovered and
sent to the author.

Without exception, they are all found to be fossils, including
the subject "calvarium fossil".

The object is a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil for the
following reasons:

1) its computed-tomography images bear close resemlance to those
of a calvarium;

2) it contains fossilized osteocytes, Haversian canals, branching
blood vessel with red blood cells;

3) it contains remains of neurons and neuroglial cells that
exist only in the central nervous system;

(4) No other animal has an organ or body part that matches both
its inner and outer shape and size;

(5) Its inner cavity has a capacity between 1,025 c.c.and 1,665 c.c.;

(6) It was discovered between coal veins near Mahanoy (City),
Pennsylvania, where rock strata have been firmly dated to be
305 (+/- 7) million years old.

(7) Some areas on the specimens have turned into coal, suggesting
it once existed in a coal region.

(8) In addition to the subject fossil, there are at least two
other pieces of evidence for human existence in the Carboniferous
age.

Introduction

A "calvarium fossil" (Fig. 1, Video 1, Video 4), discovered
between anthracite veins ( Fig. 2-8) and owned by Mr. Ed Conrad
of Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., has been considered for
over 25 years to be just a rock, while its owner keeps maintaining
that it is a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil.

This article attempts to evaluate the object by answering the
following questions in this article's Discussion section:

1. Is it a fossil?

2. Is it a calvarium fossil?

3. Is it a human calvarium fossil?

4. Is it a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil?

5. Are there other evidences for human existence in the
Carboniferous age?

6. Was there high-technology civilization in the Carboniferous age?

7. Attempts to disprove myself

7-1 Couldn't it be a rock?

7-2 Couldn't it be something other than a calvarium fossil?

7-3 Couldn't it be a non-human calvarium fossil?

7-4 Couldn't it be later than the Carboniferous age?

Definition:

A calvarium is the domelike portion of the skull without
the facial parts, whereas a cranium refers to skull bones
that enclose the brain (Ref. 1). A calvarium could contain
brain remains.

Material and methods

Material A-1:

On the author's request, the owner of the "fossil" cut a small
specimen from the object, took pictures of the spot where
the specimen was cut

(Fig. 2-2), and sent the specimen to the author by post.

The specimen arrived in the following conditions:

(1) A chunk of "fossil" about 1.5 cm long, 1 cm wide, and
0.5 cm thick.

(2) Three small fragments that crumbled out of the above
chunk when the author took up the chunk to look at it for
the first time. The three fragments measure about 0.5 cm
x 0.5 cm x 0.2 cm each.

(3)Dozens of small grains, each measuring less than 0.2 cm
in any dimension.

Above three kinds of specimens were taken to the geology
department of National Taiwan University. They were made
into three thin sections (Thin Section 1, 2 and 3 respectively)
in the following methods, which involved no artificial
staining of colors:

1. Thin section 1 (Fig. 4): Specimen 1 was cut for transverse
and longitudinal sections, which were then ground and mounted
onto a glass slide, namely thin section 1. One third of
Specimen 1 was left from the process of making the thin
ection (Fig. 5, Specimen 1 remnant).

2. Thin section 2 (Fig. 6): Fragments of Specimen 2 were cut,
ground and mounted onto a glass slide.

3. Thin section 3 (Fig. 7) : Small grains of Specimen 3 were
placed in a mold, glued firmly together, ground to a thickness
of about 0.03 mm, and then mounted onto a glass slide,
namely thin section 3. This thin section was not covered
with glass, but was coated with a thin layer of wax on its top side.

Specimens 1, 2, 3, and thin sections 1, 2, 3 were viewed
through a stereo-microscope, a digital microscope (ref. 11),
and a transmitted-light microscope.

The remnant from specimen 1 and thin section 3 were also
viewed with a scanning electron mircoscope (Hitachi model
S-3400N). Besides the digital microscope, a camera (Canon
model EOS 350D) was used to capture images from the stereo-
icroscope and the transmitted-light microscope.

Material A-2:

On March 17, 2008, Mr. Ed Conrad cut another specimen from
the object (Fig. 2-10) and sent it to the author (Fig. 2-11,
Fig. 2-12). This specimen measured roughly 5.5 cm X 4 cm X 3 cm.

This specimen's original location in the "calvarium fossil"
is visible in Video 1. This specimen, named SK2 (Fig. 2) by
Mr. Conrad, was taken to the geology department of National
Taiwan University, where it was cut in three different directions.

Three thin sections were then obtained and named here as
SK2-1, SK2-2, SK2-3 (Fig. 3). The specimen and its three thin
sections were viewed with various microscopes, such as
stereomicroscope, transmitted-light microscope, digital
microscope, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Their images were captured with the digital microscope, SEM,
and Canon camera Model EOS 350D. The scanning electron
microscope also analysed the chemical composition of a tiny
spot on Specimen SK2 (Fig. 8, EDS report).

Material B: the "calvarium fossil"

On March 28, 2008, the author had the "calvarium fossil"
scanned by the Computed Tomography system of Alberta Research
Council in Canada. The resulting computed-tomography
animations are listed in Result A.

The author had also asked the owner of the "fossil" to measure
the object (Fig. 2-3) and got the following data:

(1) Outer dimensions of the object: 22.8 cm (maximum length)
by 17.8 cm (maximum width) by 13.3 cm (maximum height)

The owner advised the author that on the top side of the
object, there seems to be a 6-mm-thick coating of foreign
substance. To be on the safe side, the author subtracts
twice that thickness (6mm x 2) from the above-mentioned
uter length/ width, and subtracts 6 mm from its outer height.

Hence, the following figures are obtained and used for
calculating its cranial capacity:Outer dimensions: 21.6 cm
(L) by 16.6 cm (W) by 12.7 cm (H)

(2) Inner cavity dimensions: 15.9 cm (maximum L) by 10.8 cm
(maximum W) by 11.4 cm (maximum H), as measured by its owner.

Based on the above data, the author calculated the cranial
capacity of the object as follows:

1.By Lee Pearson Formula, given by Williams et al (1995)
and Manjunath (2002b) (ref. 2):

For males: 0.000337 x (L-11) x (W-11) x (H-11) + 406.01

This formula uses outer dimensions, and those dimensions
are expressed in millimeters in this formula. So, the
following calculation is done:

0.000337 x (216-11) x (166-11) x (127-11) + 406.01=1,648 cc

For females:

0.0004 x (L-11) x (W-11) x (H-11) + 206.60

Hence, the following calculation is done:

0.0004 x (216-11) x (166-11) x (127-11) + 206.60 =1,681 cc

Mean cranial capacity: (1648+1681) divided by 2 makes 1,665 cc.

As the gender of the "cranium" is unknown, only the mean figure
is considered here for convenience.

2. By Spheroid Formula, given by Manjunath (2002b, ref. 3)

0.5238 x length x width x height(depth)= cranial capacity

Above length, width, and depth are measurements of the cranial
cavity and expressed in centimeter.

Hence the calculation 0.5238x15.9x10.8x11.4=1,025 cc.

Results

A. Animated Computed Tomography images in all three planes
(horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes) of the whole
object are contained mainly in the following videos: Video 1,
Video 4.

B. The EDS report (Fig. 8, energy dispersive spectroscopy
report), done by the scanning electronic microscope, reveals
that the scanned nerve cell consists of Carbon (60.07%,
by atom count), Oxygen (38.05%, by atom count) and Si
1.59% by atom count).

C. Various images of the specimens reveal the following
fossil cells and tissues: bone cells ( Fig. 1-0), blood
vessels and red blood cells (Fig. 1-0-0, Fig. 12-3),
Haversian canals ( Fig. 1-3, Fig. 1-4), neurons, neuroglial
cells, nerve fibers (Fig. 10-1, Fig. 10-2, Fig. 10-3,
Fig. 10-4), blood vessel's transverse section (Fig. 11-5).

D. Specimen 1 is found to possess at least three black
areas. One such black area shows brilliant black vitreous
luster under microscopes (Fig. 5).

E. The estimated cranial capacity of the "calvarium" ranges
from 1,025 cc to 1,665 cc as calculated in the preceding
paragraph.

Discussion:

1. Is it a fossil?

Yes. Its computed-tomography images (Video 4) don't look
like any rock. No rocks or plants contain all at the same
time the remains of neurons, neuroglial cells, bone cells,
red blood cells, Haversian canals, and blood vessels mentioned
in Result C. They are found in randomly-chosen, freshly-cut
thin sections, not from re-worked/contaminated tissues.
Their colors are not artificially stained.

2. Is it a calvarium fossil?

Yes. Its computed-tomography images bear close resemblance
to those of a calvarium on the organ level (Video 4). On the
cell level, it contains remains of osteocytes, neurons, and
glial cells as listed in Result C. Those remains point to
a calvarium fossil that once contained brain tissue. No other
animal organs or body parts have inner and outer sizes/shapes
similar to those found in this fossil (Fig. 1).

3. Is it a human calvarium fossil?

Yes. Its cranial capacity of at least 1,025 cc is surpassed
only by cetaceans, walrus, elephants, and/or dinosaurs (ref. 4).
However, those four kinds of animal have no crania/organs
that match the subject fossil in cranial shape and size.

As each order of animal has a different shaped skull (ref. 5),
the subject calvarium fossil can be identified as a human
calvarium fossil by forensic experts on human skulls. One
such expert is Mr. Wilton Krogman.

He has physically examined the calvarium fossil. His broad
smile in the photo (below) says that he confirmed it was
a human calvarium fossil.

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/9e/04/5e/9e045e59b0987b09f896c453026f70c1.jpg

The calvarium fossil matches humans' cranial size, cranial
capacity and cranial shape in the following ways:

3-1: Cranial size (outer dimensions):

Neanderthal: 24.1cm (L) x 14.6 cm (W) x 17.8 cm (H) (ref. 6)

Subject fossil: 21.6 cm (L) x 16.6 cm (W) x 12.7 cm (H)

3-2 : Cranial capacity:

Neanderthal: 1,750 cc (ref. 7)

Modern Human: 1,350-1,400 cc (ref. 8)

Java man: 940 cc (Homo Erectus, Trinil 2, Pithecanthropus I, ref. 9)

Subject fossil: at least 1,025 cc (by Spheroid Formula)

The vast difference resulting from the two methods used
(Pearson Formula vs. Spheroid Formula--1,665 cc vs. 1,025 cc)
may be due to the following factors:

(A) The Lee Pearson Formula uses the skull cap's outer
dimensions, while the Spheroid Formula uses its inner
dimensions. In this case, the calvarium's inner width
is only 60% of its outer width, because the fossil retains
rain remains in its inner cavity (See the bottom view
of the fossil in Fig. 1).

As a result, the Lee Pearson Formula produces the result
of 1,665 c.c. while the Spheroid Formula produces the result
of 1,025 c.c;

(B) The calvarium was broken on the eye socket level in
the front face;

3-3: Cranial shape:

Human: well-rounded cranium (ref. 10)

Java man: flat, very thick cranium (Homo Erectus, Trinil 2,
Pithecanthropus I) (Fig. 2-1 & ref. 9)

Subject fossil: More rounded than Java man (Fig. 1 vs. Fig. 2-1)

The above analysis shows the subject fossil matches human
skull caps in cranial size, cranial capacity, and cranial shape.

4. Is it a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil?

The youngest rocks exposed in Pennsylvania are about 185
million years old in absolute isotopic ages (see here).
The fossil has turned into coal in some spots (Fig. 5,
Fig. 9-5 ). It was found between the coal veins near
Mahanoy City, where rock strata have been firmly dated
at 305 (+/- 7) million years old (Fig.5-1-3 ).

Coal miners had dumped the fossil and other wastes between
the coal veins there, where the discoverer found it and
thousands of other fossils. The above has been confirmed
in three polygraph tests (Exhibt 1, Exhibit 2, Exhibit 3,
Exhibit 4 ) successfully passed by its discoverer.

5. Are there other evidences for humans in the Carboniferous
age?

Two other pieces of evidence for human existence in the
Carboniferous age are: (1) a Carboniferous human femur
fossil

http://www.wretch.cc/album/lin440315(Article 1) and (2)
a Carboniferous human cerebral hemisphere fossil (Video 5, Video 6).

6. Was there high-tech civilization in the Carboniferous age?

Modern humans took no more than 8,000 years to develop from
low-tech society to high-tech society. I have written about
similar subjects in Usenet's talk. origins newsgroup.

7.Attempts to disprove myself

7-1

Couldn't it be a rock?

Its CT images (Video 9, Video 10) don't resemble any rock.

Besides my figures, there are photomicrographs taken by Mr.
Andrew MacRae and Mr. PZ Myers displayed on the internet. Their
figures also show Haversian canals, which are distinguishing
features of fossil bones (Fig. 20-4, Fig. 20-5).

Few rocks have a shape and size that fully matches human
skull interior and exterior. To put it simply, there has
never been a rock that resembles a human skull cap from
the organ level ( showing cranial cavity), through the tissue
level ( showing blood vessels and Haversian canals), down
to the cell level (showing remains of bone cells, red blood
cells, neuroglical cells and neurons).

7-2

Couldn't it be something other than a calvarium fossil?

Its large size and distinct shape cannot be found in any
organs or body parts other than skulls. Its neurons and glias
could only have come from a calvarium, because the subject
fossil does not look like a vertebra at all.

7-3

Couldn't it be a non-human calvarium?

All crania have different, distinctive shapes among different
orders of animal (ref. 5). The author has compared the fossil
with various animal skulls and found only human skulls
matched the fossil.

The No. 1 distinction of human skulls lies in their large
cranial capacity. No other animal has a skull that remotely
matches human skulls in cranial capacity, cranial shape
and cranial size.

7-4

Couldn't it be later than the Carboniferous age?

No. The calvarium fossil is not a tiny object and rivers
could not have moved it through multi-layers of coal-bearing
strata after coal had been formed there. The discoverer has
found thousands of small broken fossils that lay miles
apart, all well preserved down to the microscopic level.

This fact precludes the possibility that some animals fell
from a hole long ago into the present-day region. So, the
subject fossil could not have moved vertically or horizontally
from a younger rock layer.

That region's surface rocks and soil have been repeatedly
excavated away by surface coal-mining since 1900. When the
discoverer found his first fossil there in 1981, the region's
surface rocks and soil of the 19th century had been removed
almost completely.

Moreover, the Pennsylvania state government's geological unit
has confirmed in writing to the author that fossils found
ear Mahanoy City are all 305 (+/- 7) million years old.

References:

Ref. 1: Wikipedia article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull

Ref. 2: "Estimation of Cranial Volume in Dissecting Room
Cadavers" by K.Y. Manjunath, J. Anat. Soc. India 51(2)
pp.168-172 (2002)

Ref. 3: Same as ref. 2.

Ref. 4: Brain Facts and Figures in an article at

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html

Ref. 5: On-line article at
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/bex/31.pdf

(Page 4 of a teaching plan for grade three of primary schools)

Ref. 6 : On-line material at http://www.boneclones.com/BH-019.htm

Ref. 7: Neanderthal physical traits in a Wikipedia article at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal (See anatomy section)

Ref. 8: Same as ref. 4.

Ref. 9: On-line article at www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/java.html

Ref. 10: Same as ref. 9.

Ref. 11: Digital microscope--Dino-Lite AM-313T5 made by AnMo Electronics Corp. http://www.anmo.com.tw/

====================

COMMENTS: What do you think of this article?

Posted by Anonymous:

Awesome! Put this on TV!

=====

Posted by AntjeKipp

Super comment, can't believe there's only ONE! So- let's see,
entire thing through SCIENCE, why is it being treated like
Big Foot's love child with Elvis? Seems typical. WHAT is
going on in the United States? H have we lost our collective
minds along with our nerve?

Amateur here found a human foot which will remain in a literal
and figurative closet. 25 miles from Mahanoy City, deafening
silence preferable to humiliation involved in presenting
evidence early man slept here long before George Washington ...

Same area of PA, btw, dinosaur fossils by the ton lay scattered
barely beneath the earth, from there through mountain valleys
to Harrisburg. Same response, "impossible", "just a rock"
(all 400 agatized teeth, bones and a plethora of soft tissue
- 3 heads.. and a human foot )

Little wonder China remains (thankfully, someone is maintaining
scientific curiosity ) at the forefront of discoveries.
A lot to be said for getting in a car, having a look like
they did 50 years ago (and across the world now, apparently).

Instead of pointing to all the millions of reasons some
fossils could not possibly, possibly BE one. Sight/site
unseen. Crazy way to go about science
-- in the business of proving, not disproving, no? Because
what if it is- what's been lost each time?

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Posted by Ed Conrad

It's truly an insult to mankind that the closest courageous
scientist involved in honest research about man's origin
is on the other side of the world from the Smithsonian
Institution.
<
James Smithon must be tossing and turning in his grave.

[BriZ3l_ 21]

Why the web pages are not working ?