Jo,
Sorry I wasn't on to reply over the last few days; busy with work.
Hokay, it's like this.
The money in your IRA is in the following buckets, with the IRA's take
on this:
1. Bucket #1: Money that you put into the IRA in a particular year and
that you _deducted_ on your federal return the year you did that. That's
a "deductable" IRA contribution.
a. Did you pay tax on that money the year you put it into the IRA?
Answer: No. That's the definition of a deductible contribution, you
deducted the income from your tax return _in_ _that_ _year_. An example:
if you put $2000 into your IRA in 1993 and you deducted that from your
taxes in that year, that meant you took your gross income for that year,
knocked off $2000 for the deductible IRA contribution, and the Feds
didn't tax the contribution.
b. When you take that money _out_, later, the Feds want their slice
of it, using the tax rates present during the year you took it out.
(Note: _not_ the tax rates when you put it _in_. That's usually a Good
Thing, since one typically has less income and lower tax rates after one
retires as compared to before.)
2. Bucket #2: Money that you put into the IRA in a particular year and
that you did _not_ deduct from your income in the year that you did
that. This is the definition of a "non-deductible contribution". Yes,
one can do that; heck, I do that. Sometimes it's been when the income
limits in a particular year are such that one _cannot_ make a deductible
contribution (one makes over "yea", whatever "yea" is: Then the IRS
says, "no cookie (deductible contribution) for you!".
a. Did you pay tax on that money in the year you put it into the IRA?
Answer: Yes. You couldn't deduct the IRA contribution from your gross
income. An example: You put in $2000, the IRS said you couldn't deduct
it, so you didn't.
b. When you take that money out later, the IRS says, "You already paid
taxes on that money. We're not taking a second bite of the apple, you
don't have to pay taxes on it again! So don't."
3. Bucket #3: You've got money in your IRA and it's been in there. Value
of the account has gone up over time: Dividends, reinvested Capital
Gains, and (if you're in mutual funds/stocks/bonds etc.) when you sell
those financial instruments, you get more than you paid for them. (Yeah,
capital gains, no kidding.) A simple way to think of it: Whatever's in
that account that's not from Bucket #1 or Bucket #2 is Bucket #3. And,
yes, it is possible that bucket #3 might be _negative_, one can have
capital losses, too.
a) Did you pay any taxes on that increase in value? Answer: No. This is
one of the major reasons that people like to invest in IRAs, even if the
contribution is non-deductible: They grow tax-free.
b) When you take that money out later, the IRS says, "You haven't paid
taxes on that stuff, reinvested dividends/capital gains or just straight
capital gains/losses. You sure as heck are going to be paying taxes on
it now!"
Just to be clear about Bucket #2: Suppose that the limit of a deductible
contribution in a given year is some amount, and you put in more than
that. The amount below the limit is deductible and is going to be taxed
when you take it out; the amount above that limit is non-deductible and
you won't be paying taxes on it when you take it out. Example: Suppose
that in 1995 the limit is $5000. (I don't remember what it was, one can
look it up.) You put in $7000: Then, that year, you get a $5000
deduction on your taxes and 1) a $5000 deductible contribution and 2) a
$2000 non-deductible contribution into your IRA.
At the end of any given year before you start taking money out, the
amounts in Buckets #1 and #2 are fixed and are a sum of the amounts you
put in Buckets #1 and #2 in previous years. The amount in Bucket #3
depends upon how well your investments are doing. At the end of any
given year, the sum of Buckets 1, 2, and 3 _is_ the year-end value of
your IRA. Period.
Now comes the time when you take money out. Bucket #1 is taxable; Bucket
#3 is taxable; and Bucket #2 is _not_ taxable. Like I said above, the
IRS/Congress doesn't want to double dip.
Reporting. If you have an IRA and you've made non-Deductible
contributions, ever, you're _supposed_ to file Form 8606, Nondedutible
IRAs (Contributions, Distributions, and Basis). Chase on over to the IRS
web site and download a copy. Now. I'll wait.
This form does two things:
1. It works out for you what's in Buckets 1, 2, and 3. It's a running
total thing: On line 2, it wants the amounts from previous years, fun.
2. If you had a distribution, based upon what was in Buckets 1, 2, and 3
at the beginning of the year, it figures out how much of that was
taxable (the proportion that was in Buckets 1 and 3) and how much was
not taxable (the proportion that was in Bucket 2). It then has you stick
the appropriate values into the right places in the 1040 forms.
If you've never had a Bucket 2, non-deductible contribution then it's
simple: You don't have to file 8606 and do the math, everything you got
out of your IRA is straight income since it was never taxed before. Full
stop, go on with your life.
If you have had a Bucket #2 situation, then you slap your forehead (like
I did once), go back through your records, find copies of 8606 from the
IRS web site going back 'way too many years, fill out all those forms
starting in the year you made your first non-deductible contribution,
and fill out the forms right on through to the present year. The last
one (using the data from all the previous 8606's) will have the
appropriate basis (what the IRS calls it) and the correct bucket data.
You'll also put in what you had for your distribution this year and
it'll figure out how much income is taxable or non-taxable.
Hope this helps.
KBeck.