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HUMMINGBIRD, QUIT: NO MORE TOMMIE POTTER NONSENSE OR I'LL GET BARRY BARNES AND THE HALSTEAD POLISH COMMUNITY TO PERFORM UNNATURAL ACTS ON YOU. QUIT HUMMINGBIRD!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Moby Dick
Aug 16, 2012, 1:51:45 PM8/16/12
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Here's proof I'm serious Hummingbird: No more Tommy Potter,
Hear!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Polish diaspora:From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Polish diaspora refers to people of Polish origin who live outside
Poland. The Polish diaspora is also known in modern Polish language as
Polonia, which is the name for Poland in Latin and in many other
Romance languages.
Contents
1 Europe
1.1 Azerbaijan
1.2 Belarus
1.3 Czech Republic
1.4 Denmark
1.5 Faroe Islands
1.6 Finland
1.7 France
1.8 Germany
1.9 Greece
1.10 Hungary
1.11 Iceland
1.12 Ireland
1.13 Italy
1.14 Latvia
1.15 Lithuania
1.16 Netherlands and the Benelux
1.17 Norway
1.18 Romania
1.19 Russia and former Soviet Union
1.20 Serbia
1.21 Slovakia
1.22 Spain
1.23 Sweden
1.24 Turkey
1.25 Ukraine
1.26 United Kingdom
2 North America
2.1 Canada
2.2 United States
3 Latin America
3.1 Argentina
3.2 Brazil
3.3 Chile
3.4 Haiti
3.5 Mexico
3.6 Uruguay
4 Asia, Africa and Oceania
4.1 Australia
4.2 Israel
4.3 New Zealand
4.4 Pakistan
4.5 South Africa
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
There are roughly 15 to 20 million people of Polish ancestry living
outside Poland, making the Polish diaspora one of the largest in the
world.[1] Reasons for this displacement vary from border shifts, to
forced resettlement, to political or economic emigration. Major
populations of Polish ancestry can be found in Germany, Ukraine,
Belarus, Lithuania, France, United Kingdom, Sweden, Ireland and many
other European countries, the United States, Canada, Brazil and
elsewhere in the Americas. Many Poles can also be found in most Asian,
African and Australasian countries. There have also been some Poles in
Antarctica, though these journeys have been expeditionary in nature.
A large proportion of the Polish citizens who migrated in the early
20th century were Polish Jews, and these also make up part of the
Jewish diaspora. Poland was home to the world's largest Jewish
population as late as 1938, a decade before the establishment of
Israel. Over three million Polish Jews were killed in the Holocaust by
Nazi Germany during World War II. Most survivors subsequently
emigrated, since Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow
free Jewish aliyah to Israel upon its creation.[2][3] Many remaining
Jews, including Stalinist hardliners and members of security apparatus,
[4][5] left Poland during 1968 political crisis when the Polish
communist party, pressured by Brezhnev, joined the Soviet "anti-
Zionist" campaign triggered by the Six Day War.[6][7] In 1998,
Poland's Jewish population was estimated at about 10,000–30,000.[8]
Europe
Azerbaijan
For more details on this topic, see Poles in Azerbaijan.
Belarus
For more details on this topic, see Poles in Belarus.
There are presently 396,000 Poles living in Belarus (according to the
official 1999 census;[9] the estimates are higher according to various
NGO organizations). They form the second largest ethnic minority in
the country after Russians. The majority of Poles live in the western
regions of Belarus (including 294,000 in the Grodno Region, Polish:
Grodzieńszczyzna).
During the Second World War the Soviet Union forcibly resettled large
numbers of Belarusian Poles to Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Few
Belarusian Poles live in Siberia and the Russian Far East and some of
those who managed to survive resettlement returned to Poland after
1956.
Czech Republic
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in the Czech
Republic.
The Polish community in the Czech Republic is concentrated in Cieszyn
Silesia (so-called Zaolzie), in the north-east of the country. It
traces its origins to post-First World War border changes that
partitioned the area between Poland and what was then Czechoslovakia,
leaving many Poles on the Czech side of the border. The Polish
population numbered 51,968 at the 2001 census.
Denmark
It is estimated that around 40,000 Poles live in Denmark, the majority
of them in Copenhagen.
Faroe Islands
Poles make up 0.2% of the population of the Faroe Islands (followed by
Norwegians).[10] They mainly live in the capital of the islands,
Tórshavn.
Finland
The history of the Polish community in Finland dates back to the early
19th century, when a number of Poles from the Russian-controlled part
of the country settled there. In 1917, there were around 4,000 Poles
in Finland, mostly soldiers of the Russian Imperial Army, and almost
all returned to their homeland by 1921. Finland has never been a major
destination for Polish immigrants, and currently around 3,000 Poles
live there, most of whom are well-educated.[11] Around half of this
population lives in Helsinki, and the biggest Polish organization
there is the Polish Association, founded on April 3, 1917.
France
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in France.
About one million people of Polish descent live in France,
concentrated in the Nord-Pas de Calais region, in the metropolitan
area of Lille and the coal-mining basin (Bassin Minier) around Lens
and Valenciennes. Prominent members of the Polish community in France
have included Frédéric Chopin, Adam Mickiewicz (temporarily), Rene
Goscinny, Marie Curie, Raymond Kopa, Ludovic Obraniak, and Edward
Gierek (who was raised there). Large numbers of Poles settled in
France during the rule of Napoleon when 100,000 Poles fled Russian
rule of Poland in the early 19th century. Many enlisted to fight in
the French army. Another wave of Polish migration took place between
the two World Wars, when many were hired as contract workers to work
temporarily in France. Polish refugees also fled Nazi or Soviet
occupation (1940s). There are estimates of 100,000 to 200,000 Poles
living in Paris and many E.U. program guest workers in regions of the
south (including the cities of Arles, Marseille and Perpignan).
Germany
For more details on this topic, see Poles in Germany.
The second largest Polonia in the world, and the largest in Europe, is
the Polish minority in Germany. As many as three million people living
in Germany may be of Polish descent. The main Polonia organization is
Kongres Polonii Niemieckiej / Polnischer Kongress in Deutschland.
Polish surnames are very common in Germany.
Greece
The Polish minority in Greece consists of over 50,000 Poles, most of
whom are first-generation immigrants to the country. It should be
noted however that there might be many more in this minority due to
the fact that the Greek Orthodox Church administers Greek names for
marriage and Christianizing. Statistics show that over 300,000 Poles
visit Greece each year for tourism, especially during the summer
months. Famous Poles in Greece who also have mixed Polish and Greek
ethnicity include famous Polish singer Eleni Tzoka.[12]
Hungary
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in Hungary.
The Polish minority in Hungary numbers around 10,000 and has a long
history of over a thousand years. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
included large areas of Hungarian territories, and the Austrian-
Hungarian empire (1867–1918) included the Polish region of Galicia.
Polish-Hungarian ties are strong and positive, best described in the
poem: Pole, Hungarian, two good friends about the fraternal sense of
commonality of Polish and Hungarian cultures. Budapest is home to a
large Polish community and there are also ethnic Poles in the northern
part of the country bordering Slovakia and Ukraine. Most Polish-
Hungarians are practising Roman Catholics, but many are members of the
Uniate, Eastern (Polish-Carpathian or Carpato-Ukrainian) and Greek
Catholic churches.
Iceland
Polish minority in Iceland is a relatively new phenomenon, although it
has for almost a decade been the largest minority. According to the
official statistics, there are 9,146 people of Polish origin in
Iceland, or about 2,9% of the population.[13] Many of them have
acquired Icelandic citizenship. After the financial crisis, many Poles
returned home, decreasing from 8,500 in 2008 to about 7,500 a year
later.
Ireland
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in Ireland.
After Poland joined the European Union in 2004, Ireland was one of
three existing EU members to open its borders and welcome Polish
workers as relatively cheap qualified labour (the others being the
United Kingdom and Sweden). Ireland quickly became a key destination
for young Poles seeking work outside the country. According to the
2011 Census, there are 122,585 Poles living in Ireland,[14]
constituting the largest ethnic minority in the country.
Italy
The Polish minority in Italy numbers around 50,000. The majority of
Polish residents are recently arrived immigrants in the late 20th
century drawn to the stellar economy of Italy in need for imported
labor. Large Polish immigrant sections/communities are found such as
Rome, Milan, Venice, Naples and Palermo. Polish immigration to Italy
might continue while the EU contract labor program between the two
countries remains in place.
Latvia
For more details on this topic, see Poles in Latvia.
Lithuania
For more details on this topic, see Poles in Lithuania.
The Polish minority in Lithuania numbers 234,989 persons and, at 6.74%
of the population of Lithuania, forms the largest ethnic minority in
modern Lithuania. Poles are concentrated in the Vilnius region, and
form the majority of population in Vilnius district municipality and
Šalčininkai district municipality.
Netherlands and the Benelux
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in the
Netherlands.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help
improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011)
Polish immigration to the Netherlands has steadily increased since
Poland was admitted to the E.U., and now an estimated 135,000 Polish
people live in the country. The majority of them are guest workers
through the European Union contract labor program, as more Poles
obtain employment in this country's light industrial jobs. The growing
number of Polish nationals could double in the next decade depending
on economic conditions in Poland. The majority of Polish people in the
Netherlands are in The Hague (approximately 30.000) but Polish emigres
long settled in Amsterdam and industrial towns or cities like Utrecht
and Groningen. Polish immigrants arrived to find employment in the
country in the 19th and 20th centuries. Belgium has approx. 70,000
Poles, Luxemburg almost 3,000.
Norway
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in Norway.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help
improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011)
Norway has recently experienced an influx of Polish migrant workers.
This because Norway is a member of the European Economic Area,
providing the same free movement of labour as between members of the
European Union. According to the Norwegian statistics bureau
Statistisk_sentralbyrå there are 72 103 Polish immigrants in Norway
per 1 January 2012. [15]
Romania
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in Romania.
According to the 2002 census, 3,671 Poles live in Romania, mainly in
the villages of the Suceava region (Polish: Suczawa). There are even
three exclusively Polish villages: Nowy Sołoniec (Soloneţu Nou),
Plesza (Pleşa) and Pojana Mikuli (Poiana Micului). Poles in Romania
form an officially recognised national minority, having one seat in
the Chamber of Deputies of Romania (currently held by Ghervazen
Longher) and access to Polish elementary schools and cultural centres
(known as "Polish Houses").
Russia and former Soviet Union
Further information: Sybirak, Polish minority in the Soviet Union,
Population transfer in the Soviet Union, Polish minority in Russia
During the Second World War, the Soviet Union annexed large parts of
Poland's former eastern territories of Kresy. Many Poles were
expelled, but a significant number remained in what are now parts of
Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania. The Soviet authorities also forcibly
resettled large numbers of Poles to Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
The following post-Soviet countries retain significant Polish
minorities:
Belarus – 396,000. See the Belarus section in this article and the
Polish minority in Belarus for details.
Kazakhstan – between 60,000 and 100,000. See Poles in Kazakhstan.
Lithuania – between 250,000 and 300,000. See the Lithuania section
in this article and the Polish minority in Lithuania article for
details.
Latvia – between 60,000 and 75,000. See the Latvia section in this
article and the Polish minority in Latvia article for details.
Russia – about 300,000. See Polish minority in Russia for details.
Ukraine – 144,000. See the Polish minority in Ukraine article for
details.
Serbia
There is a small community of descendants of Silesian miners in
Ostojićevo.[16]
Slovakia
According to the 2011 Slovak census results, there are 3,084 (0.1%)
Poles living in Slovakia.[17] Compared to the Hungarian census of
1910, it is a significant decrease, as then there were 10,569 Polish-
language speakers in the territory of present Slovakia.
Spain
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in Spain.
The Polish minority in Spain numbers between 45,000 and 60,000.[18]
Most of the Polish population consists of guest workers drawn into
Spain's economic boom during the 1990s. Main sections of the Polish
population are in Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, San Sebastian and
Valencia. Polish minority in Spain is relatively young, 74% of Spanish
Polonia is made of people between 20 and 49 years old.[18]
Sweden
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in Sweden.
The Polish minority in Sweden has been estimated to be around 120,000
people. The majority of them are guest workers invited to Sweden since
1990 in contracts with the Swedish government. Most Polish residents
live in Stockholm and the rest farther south towards the Baltic Sea.
Historically, Poland and Sweden had some cultural exchange with each
other and the Swedish Empire's occupation of the Polish Baltic Sea
coast (Gdansk and Pomerania) in various times from the 13th to 18th
centuries.
Turkey
In 1842 Prince Adam Czartoryski founded a village of Adampol, for
Polish immigrants who came to Turkey after the failed November
Uprising. The village, still existing and now called Polonezkoy, is
the main center of the small but historic Polish community in Turkey.
[citation needed] The Polish minority in Turkey has been estimated to
be around 4,000 people. However, Polish minority is higher than
present Polish census in Turkey because of Turkified Poles after
marriages with Turks. For example Leyla Gencer's mother was Atiye
Çeyrekgil, was born as Alexandra Angela Minakovska and embraced to
Islam after death of her husband.[19] Also, Nazım Hikmet Ran's mother,
Ayşe Celile Hanım, were descended from Mustafa Celaleddin Pasha, was
born as Konstantin Borzecki in 1826. He immigrated to Ottoman Empire
after Greater Poland Uprising and embraced to Islam in 1848. He later
became Ottoman General and died in 1876.[20]
Ukraine
For more details on this topic, see Poles in Ukraine.
According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, there were 144,130 Poles
residing in the country. Poles began settling in the territory of
present Ukraine in the 14th century, after Red Ruthenia had become
part of the Kingdom of Poland. The number of Poles in Ukraine
gradually increased over the centuries, but after World War II it
drastically decreased as a result of Soviet mass deportation of the
Poles in Ukraine to Siberia and other eastern regions of the USSR as
well as a campaign of ethnic cleansing, carried out in the early 1940s
by Ukrainian nationalists in western part of the country (see:
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia). There was a Polish Autonomous
District, located near Zhytomyr, created in 1926, but it was disbanded
in 1935 and its Polish inhabitants were either murdered or deported to
Kazakhstan. The majority of those who survived the war in Ukraine were
forcibly deported to the Former eastern territories of Germany after
Poland was shifted to the West by the Allied Potsdam Agreement after
World War II.
United Kingdom
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in United Kingdom.
Polish people have travelled to the British Isles throughout the
centuries for a variety of reasons. By 1016 Cnut the Great, of Danish-
Polish descent had conquered England assisted by Polish troops. In the
16th century Polish travellers came as traders and diplomats. In the
18th century a small number of Polish Protestants arrived as religious
refugees due to the Counter-Reformation in Poland[citation needed]. In
the 19th century, due to the collapse of the November Uprising of
1831, many Polish fighters came to Britain in search of sanctuary.
[citation needed]
However, it was only after the First World War that Poles settled in
large numbers in London – many from the Prisoner of War camps in
Alexandra Palace and Feltham. During the Second World War many Poles
came to the United Kingdom as political émigrés and to join the Polish
Army being recreated there. When the Second World War ended, a
Communist government was installed in Poland. Many Poles felt betrayed
by their wartime allies and were extremely reluctant to return home.
[citation needed] Many soldiers refused to return to Poland, and
around 200,000, after occupying resettlement camps, later settled in
UK. The Polish Government in London was not dissolved until 1991, when
a freely elected president took office in Warsaw.
Following Poland's entry into the European Union in May 2004, Poles
gained the right to work in some other EU countries. While France and
Germany put in place temporary controls to curb Eastern European
migration, the United Kingdom (along with Sweden and the Republic of
Ireland) did not impose restrictions. Many young Poles have come to
work in UK since then. Estimates vary between 300,000 and 800,000
moving to the UK since May 2004.[21]
Estimates for the total number of people living in the UK and born in
Poland, or of Polish descent vary significantly. The figure has been
quoted as 600,000 (February 2007)[22] and "well over a
million" (October 2007),[23] but more recently it is reported that the
numbers are decreasing.[24] Other than London, Poles have settled in
Manchester, Bolton and Bury in Greater Manchester and Chorley in
Lancashire. There are also large concentrations in Bradford, Leeds,
Coventry and Nottingham, as well as South Yorkshire, South Wales,
Rugby, Banbury, Slough and Swindon.[citation needed]
The economic crisis in the UK and the growing economy in Poland
reduced the economic incentive for Poles to migrate to the UK.[25] By
the last quarter of 2008, approximately half of those that had come to
the UK to work had returned home.[26]
North America
The Pope John Paul II statue in Toronto.
The United States and Canada were the major focus of Polish political
and economic migration after 1850 and up until the fall of the Iron
Curtain. Many North American Jews trace their ancestry to Poland,
which was Europe's Jewish heartland before World War II. Some 3
million Polish Jews were killed in the Holocaust; however, there's a
revival of contemporary Jewish life in the new democratic Poland.[27]
Canada
For more details on this topic, see Polish Canadians.
There are about 850,000 Polish Canadians. The population is widely
dispersed across Canada. The first Polish immigrants came to Canada in
the 19th century. One of the largest concentrations of Polish-
Canadians is in the Roncesvalles area of Toronto. The area holds an
annual Polish Festival, Canada's largest. The Canadian Polish Congress
is an umbrella organization founded in 1944 by Polish-Canadians in
Canada to coordinate the activities and to articulate the concerns of
the Canadian Polish community on public policy issues.
United States
Polish store on Milwaukee Avenue in Chicago
Geographic distribution of Polonia in the United States
For more details on this topic, see Polish American.
There are around 10 million Americans of Polish descent. Chicago bills
itself as the largest Polish city outside the Polish capital of
Warsaw. Buffalo, New York is seen as American Polonia's second city,
as it is also home to many Polish-Americans. Its steel mills and
automobile factories provided unskilled blue collar jobs for many
Polish peasant immigrants in the early twentieth-century. There are
approximately 185,000 Polish speakers in the Chicago metropolitan area.
[28] Chicago's Polish presence is felt in the large number of Polish-
American organizations located here beginning with the Polish Museum
of America, the Polish American Association, the Polish National
Alliance and the Polish Highlander's Alliance of North America.
Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, Grand Rapids, Buffalo, Brooklyn,
Milwaukee, Baltimore and New Britain, Connecticut also have very large
Polish populations. Older Polish Americans are rapidly migrating to
the Southeast (Florida), Southwest (Arizona) and the West Coast
(California), but also destinations for Polish immigrants from Poland
in the 1990s. The only city to have official Dyngus Day celebrations
inspired by the popular Polish Custom of Dyngus Day is Buffalo. The
major U.S. Polonia organization is the Polish American Congress.[29]
Latin America
There has been political and economic migration of Poles to Latin
America since the mid-19th century. The largest number went to Brazil,
followed by Argentina and Chile.
Argentina
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in Argentina.
In Argentina Poles are one of the most significant minorities,
numbering around 500,000. The Parliament of Argentina has declared
June 8 Polish Settlers' Day.
Brazil
For more details on this topic, see Polish Brazilian.
Polish old architecture in Curitiba.
The number of people of Polish descent in Brazil is estimated at over
1 million. Most Polish Brazilians are Catholic, with significant
Jewish and non-religious minorities. The majority of them are
concentrated in the South and Southeastern regions of Brazil,
especially in the states of Paraná and Espírito Santo.
Chile
For more details on this topic, see Polish Chilean.
A small number of Poles came to Chile, with first of them coming
during the Napoleonic wars. In early 20th century, there were around
300 Poles in Chile, but considered Germans. After World War II, around
1,500 Poles and 1,900 Polish Jews, mostly former soldiers, settled in
Chile and in 1949 the Association of Poles in Chile was founded.[30]
An estimate of 45,000 ethnic Poles live in Chile.[31] Most live in
Santiago. One of the notable Polish Chileans is Ignacy Domeyko.[32]
Haiti
During the times of Napoleon, 5000 Poles fighting in Polish Legions in
the Napoleonic armies were sent to fight against the rebelling
Haitians. Many of the Poles who were sent there felt it wrong to fight
against the Haitians who were fighting for their freedom - just like
the Poles in the Napoleonic armies - and some 400 Poles changed sides.
After the war, the Haitian constitution stated that because the Poles
switched sides and fought for their cause, all Poles could become
Haitian citizens. Many of the Poles who were sent to Haiti stayed
there. Most of their descendants live in Casale and Fond des Blancs in
Haiti. They are very proud to be of Polish descent.
Mexico
For more details on this topic, see Polish Mexican.
Folk dancers of Polish community from Mexico.
The first Polish immigrants to Mexico arrived in the late 19th
century. During World War II, Mexico received thousands of refugees
from Poland, primarily of Jewish origin, who settled in the states of
Chihuahua, and Nuevo Leon.[33][34]
Uruguay
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help
improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010)
Polish immigration in Uruguay brought Poles to settle in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries. An estimated 10,000 to 50,000 Polish
descendants are thought to be in Uruguay. The majority of them reside
in Montevideo, the capital. Often Poles came when the Prussian (now
Germany) and Russian Empires ruled Poland, thus they were known as
"Germans" and "Russians".
Asia, Africa and Oceania
In addition to the countries mentioned above, Poles have settled in
smaller numbers in Asia, Africa and Oceania as economic migrants or as
part of Catholic missions.
Australia
For more details on this topic, see Polish Australian.
The first Polish settlers arrived in South Australia in 1856. After
World War II, large numbers of displaced persons migrated from Poland
to Australia, including soldiers from the Polish Independent
Carpathian Brigade (the "Rats of Tobruk").
There are now approximately 160,000 – 200,000 Polish Australians.
Israel
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help
improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010)
Israel has been a destination for Polish Jews ever since the country's
foundation in 1948, as a result of the Holocaust and the high impact
it had on Poland than any other European country. According to sources
about the Israeli media, about 100,000 Polish-language news papers
sold as of the year 2000.
New Zealand
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in New Zealand.
In 1944, several hundred Polish children, survivors of forced
resettlement of Poles to Soviet Siberia, and their caregivers were
temporarily resettled at a refugee camp at Pahiatua, New Zealand. It
was originally planned for the children to return to Poland after
World War II ended, but they were eventually allowed to stay in New
Zealand with the onset of the Cold War.[35]
Pakistan
For more details on this topic, see Polish people in Pakistan.
South Africa
According to the Council of Polonia in South Africa, some
25,000-30,000 Poles live there.[36] The Polish community in South
Africa dates to World War II, when the South African government agreed
to the settlement of 12,000 Polish soldiers as well as around 500
Polish orphans, survivors of forced resettlement of Poles to Soviet
Siberia. More Poles came in the 1970s and 1980s, with several of them
specialists, coming for contracts and deciding to stay there.
See also
Demographics of Poland
Great Emigration
Hotel Lambert
Polish Charter
World Polonia Games
References
^ Michael Pieslak, Poles around the World (see: Polonia >
statystyka)
^ Devorah Hakohen, Immigrants in turmoil: mass immigration to
Israel and its repercussions... Syracuse University Press, 2003 - 325
pages. Page 70. ISBN 0-8156-2969-9
^ Aleksiun, Natalia. "Beriḥah". YIVO. "Suggested reading: Arieh J.
Kochavi, "Britain and the Jewish Exodus...," Polin 7 (1992): pp. 161–
175"
^ Wilson Center, "New Evidence on Poland in the Early Cold War" By
Andrzej Werblan (PDF)
^ (English) Tadeusz Piotrowski (1997). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic
Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide.... McFarland
& Company. pp. 58–64. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
^ Andrzej Friszke, "The March 1968 Protest Movement in Light of
Ministry of Interior Reports to the Party Leadership," Intermarium 1:1
(1997, translated from Polish; originally published in Więź, March
1994).
^ Excel HSC modern history By Ronald E. Ringer. Page 390.
^ Encyclopedia of the Nations: Poland—Religions, available at
Advameg, 2010 (bottom)
^ Union of Poles in Belarus
^ Demographics of the Faroe Islands
^ Polish Embassy in Helsinki
^ [1] The Warsaw Voice discusses Poles in Greece.
^ Statistics Iceland - Statistics » Population » Citizenship and
country of birth
^ http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/documents/census2011pdr/Census%202011%20Highlights%20Part%201.pdf
^ http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef/tab-2012-04-26-01.html
^ Potomci bosonogih rudara
^ The 2011 Population and Housing Census Results - Table 11
Population by nationality - 2011, 2001, 1991 (pdf - 68 kB)
^ a b The world of Polonia, Past and present of Polish community
in Spain
^ http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyla_Gencer
^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Hikmet
^ Special report: Finance for Poles in Britain. Jo Thornhill, Mail
on Sunday, reports from Warsaw. November 4, 2007.
^ "The true number of Poles living in Britain", Daily Mail, 12th
February 2007
^ "The arrival of the east European media", The Independent on
Sunday, 22 October 2007
^ "Now Poles begin mass desertion of Britain as soaring prices
send them home", Daily Mail, 16th February 2008
^ UK Poles return home. The Telegraph. February 21, 2009.
^ Packing up for home: Poles hit by UK's economic downturn, This
is London, October 20, 2008
^ Ruth Ellen Gruber, Reaction to tragedy showcases changes in
Polish-Jewish relations, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, April 20, 2010
^ The Polish Community in Metro Chicago:A Community Profile of
Strengths and Needs, A Census 2000 Report, published by the Polish
American Association June 2004, p. 18
^ See Stanley S. (1976). In Quest of a Cultural Identity: An
Inquiry for the Polish Community. New York, New York: IUME, Teachers
College, Columbia University. ISBN ERIC ED167674.
^ Poles in Chile
^ (Spanish) Relaciones entre Polonia y Chile. Pasado y presente,
(ed.) Katarzyna Dembicz serie: Polonia y el Mundo Iberoamericano,
CESLA, Warszawa, 2002
^ (Spanish) Polacos en Chile
^ Poles in Mexico
^ http://www2.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/cultura/124704/polacos-mexico-exilio-olvidado
^ "Pahiatua Children"
^ [2]
Hear!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Polish diaspora:From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Polish diaspora refers to people of Polish origin who live outside
Poland. The Polish diaspora is also known in modern Polish language as
Polonia, which is the name for Poland in Latin and in many other
Romance languages.
Contents
1 Europe
1.1 Azerbaijan
1.2 Belarus
1.3 Czech Republic
1.4 Denmark
1.5 Faroe Islands
1.6 Finland
1.7 France
1.8 Germany
1.9 Greece
1.10 Hungary
1.11 Iceland
1.12 Ireland
1.13 Italy
1.14 Latvia
1.15 Lithuania
1.16 Netherlands and the Benelux
1.17 Norway
1.18 Romania
1.19 Russia and former Soviet Union
1.20 Serbia
1.21 Slovakia
1.22 Spain
1.23 Sweden
1.24 Turkey
1.25 Ukraine
1.26 United Kingdom
2 North America
2.1 Canada
2.2 United States
3 Latin America
3.1 Argentina
3.2 Brazil
3.3 Chile
3.4 Haiti
3.5 Mexico
3.6 Uruguay
4 Asia, Africa and Oceania
4.1 Australia
4.2 Israel
4.3 New Zealand
4.4 Pakistan
4.5 South Africa
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
There are roughly 15 to 20 million people of Polish ancestry living
outside Poland, making the Polish diaspora one of the largest in the
world.[1] Reasons for this displacement vary from border shifts, to
forced resettlement, to political or economic emigration. Major
populations of Polish ancestry can be found in Germany, Ukraine,
Belarus, Lithuania, France, United Kingdom, Sweden, Ireland and many
other European countries, the United States, Canada, Brazil and
elsewhere in the Americas. Many Poles can also be found in most Asian,
African and Australasian countries. There have also been some Poles in
Antarctica, though these journeys have been expeditionary in nature.
A large proportion of the Polish citizens who migrated in the early
20th century were Polish Jews, and these also make up part of the
Jewish diaspora. Poland was home to the world's largest Jewish
population as late as 1938, a decade before the establishment of
Israel. Over three million Polish Jews were killed in the Holocaust by
Nazi Germany during World War II. Most survivors subsequently
emigrated, since Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow
free Jewish aliyah to Israel upon its creation.[2][3] Many remaining
Jews, including Stalinist hardliners and members of security apparatus,
[4][5] left Poland during 1968 political crisis when the Polish
communist party, pressured by Brezhnev, joined the Soviet "anti-
Zionist" campaign triggered by the Six Day War.[6][7] In 1998,
Poland's Jewish population was estimated at about 10,000–30,000.[8]
Europe
Azerbaijan
For more details on this topic, see Poles in Azerbaijan.
Belarus
For more details on this topic, see Poles in Belarus.
There are presently 396,000 Poles living in Belarus (according to the
official 1999 census;[9] the estimates are higher according to various
NGO organizations). They form the second largest ethnic minority in
the country after Russians. The majority of Poles live in the western
regions of Belarus (including 294,000 in the Grodno Region, Polish:
Grodzieńszczyzna).
During the Second World War the Soviet Union forcibly resettled large
numbers of Belarusian Poles to Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Few
Belarusian Poles live in Siberia and the Russian Far East and some of
those who managed to survive resettlement returned to Poland after
1956.
Czech Republic
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in the Czech
Republic.
The Polish community in the Czech Republic is concentrated in Cieszyn
Silesia (so-called Zaolzie), in the north-east of the country. It
traces its origins to post-First World War border changes that
partitioned the area between Poland and what was then Czechoslovakia,
leaving many Poles on the Czech side of the border. The Polish
population numbered 51,968 at the 2001 census.
Denmark
It is estimated that around 40,000 Poles live in Denmark, the majority
of them in Copenhagen.
Faroe Islands
Poles make up 0.2% of the population of the Faroe Islands (followed by
Norwegians).[10] They mainly live in the capital of the islands,
Tórshavn.
Finland
The history of the Polish community in Finland dates back to the early
19th century, when a number of Poles from the Russian-controlled part
of the country settled there. In 1917, there were around 4,000 Poles
in Finland, mostly soldiers of the Russian Imperial Army, and almost
all returned to their homeland by 1921. Finland has never been a major
destination for Polish immigrants, and currently around 3,000 Poles
live there, most of whom are well-educated.[11] Around half of this
population lives in Helsinki, and the biggest Polish organization
there is the Polish Association, founded on April 3, 1917.
France
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in France.
About one million people of Polish descent live in France,
concentrated in the Nord-Pas de Calais region, in the metropolitan
area of Lille and the coal-mining basin (Bassin Minier) around Lens
and Valenciennes. Prominent members of the Polish community in France
have included Frédéric Chopin, Adam Mickiewicz (temporarily), Rene
Goscinny, Marie Curie, Raymond Kopa, Ludovic Obraniak, and Edward
Gierek (who was raised there). Large numbers of Poles settled in
France during the rule of Napoleon when 100,000 Poles fled Russian
rule of Poland in the early 19th century. Many enlisted to fight in
the French army. Another wave of Polish migration took place between
the two World Wars, when many were hired as contract workers to work
temporarily in France. Polish refugees also fled Nazi or Soviet
occupation (1940s). There are estimates of 100,000 to 200,000 Poles
living in Paris and many E.U. program guest workers in regions of the
south (including the cities of Arles, Marseille and Perpignan).
Germany
For more details on this topic, see Poles in Germany.
The second largest Polonia in the world, and the largest in Europe, is
the Polish minority in Germany. As many as three million people living
in Germany may be of Polish descent. The main Polonia organization is
Kongres Polonii Niemieckiej / Polnischer Kongress in Deutschland.
Polish surnames are very common in Germany.
Greece
The Polish minority in Greece consists of over 50,000 Poles, most of
whom are first-generation immigrants to the country. It should be
noted however that there might be many more in this minority due to
the fact that the Greek Orthodox Church administers Greek names for
marriage and Christianizing. Statistics show that over 300,000 Poles
visit Greece each year for tourism, especially during the summer
months. Famous Poles in Greece who also have mixed Polish and Greek
ethnicity include famous Polish singer Eleni Tzoka.[12]
Hungary
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in Hungary.
The Polish minority in Hungary numbers around 10,000 and has a long
history of over a thousand years. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
included large areas of Hungarian territories, and the Austrian-
Hungarian empire (1867–1918) included the Polish region of Galicia.
Polish-Hungarian ties are strong and positive, best described in the
poem: Pole, Hungarian, two good friends about the fraternal sense of
commonality of Polish and Hungarian cultures. Budapest is home to a
large Polish community and there are also ethnic Poles in the northern
part of the country bordering Slovakia and Ukraine. Most Polish-
Hungarians are practising Roman Catholics, but many are members of the
Uniate, Eastern (Polish-Carpathian or Carpato-Ukrainian) and Greek
Catholic churches.
Iceland
Polish minority in Iceland is a relatively new phenomenon, although it
has for almost a decade been the largest minority. According to the
official statistics, there are 9,146 people of Polish origin in
Iceland, or about 2,9% of the population.[13] Many of them have
acquired Icelandic citizenship. After the financial crisis, many Poles
returned home, decreasing from 8,500 in 2008 to about 7,500 a year
later.
Ireland
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in Ireland.
After Poland joined the European Union in 2004, Ireland was one of
three existing EU members to open its borders and welcome Polish
workers as relatively cheap qualified labour (the others being the
United Kingdom and Sweden). Ireland quickly became a key destination
for young Poles seeking work outside the country. According to the
2011 Census, there are 122,585 Poles living in Ireland,[14]
constituting the largest ethnic minority in the country.
Italy
The Polish minority in Italy numbers around 50,000. The majority of
Polish residents are recently arrived immigrants in the late 20th
century drawn to the stellar economy of Italy in need for imported
labor. Large Polish immigrant sections/communities are found such as
Rome, Milan, Venice, Naples and Palermo. Polish immigration to Italy
might continue while the EU contract labor program between the two
countries remains in place.
Latvia
For more details on this topic, see Poles in Latvia.
Lithuania
For more details on this topic, see Poles in Lithuania.
The Polish minority in Lithuania numbers 234,989 persons and, at 6.74%
of the population of Lithuania, forms the largest ethnic minority in
modern Lithuania. Poles are concentrated in the Vilnius region, and
form the majority of population in Vilnius district municipality and
Šalčininkai district municipality.
Netherlands and the Benelux
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in the
Netherlands.
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Polish immigration to the Netherlands has steadily increased since
Poland was admitted to the E.U., and now an estimated 135,000 Polish
people live in the country. The majority of them are guest workers
through the European Union contract labor program, as more Poles
obtain employment in this country's light industrial jobs. The growing
number of Polish nationals could double in the next decade depending
on economic conditions in Poland. The majority of Polish people in the
Netherlands are in The Hague (approximately 30.000) but Polish emigres
long settled in Amsterdam and industrial towns or cities like Utrecht
and Groningen. Polish immigrants arrived to find employment in the
country in the 19th and 20th centuries. Belgium has approx. 70,000
Poles, Luxemburg almost 3,000.
Norway
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in Norway.
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Norway has recently experienced an influx of Polish migrant workers.
This because Norway is a member of the European Economic Area,
providing the same free movement of labour as between members of the
European Union. According to the Norwegian statistics bureau
Statistisk_sentralbyrå there are 72 103 Polish immigrants in Norway
per 1 January 2012. [15]
Romania
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in Romania.
According to the 2002 census, 3,671 Poles live in Romania, mainly in
the villages of the Suceava region (Polish: Suczawa). There are even
three exclusively Polish villages: Nowy Sołoniec (Soloneţu Nou),
Plesza (Pleşa) and Pojana Mikuli (Poiana Micului). Poles in Romania
form an officially recognised national minority, having one seat in
the Chamber of Deputies of Romania (currently held by Ghervazen
Longher) and access to Polish elementary schools and cultural centres
(known as "Polish Houses").
Russia and former Soviet Union
Further information: Sybirak, Polish minority in the Soviet Union,
Population transfer in the Soviet Union, Polish minority in Russia
During the Second World War, the Soviet Union annexed large parts of
Poland's former eastern territories of Kresy. Many Poles were
expelled, but a significant number remained in what are now parts of
Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania. The Soviet authorities also forcibly
resettled large numbers of Poles to Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
The following post-Soviet countries retain significant Polish
minorities:
Belarus – 396,000. See the Belarus section in this article and the
Polish minority in Belarus for details.
Kazakhstan – between 60,000 and 100,000. See Poles in Kazakhstan.
Lithuania – between 250,000 and 300,000. See the Lithuania section
in this article and the Polish minority in Lithuania article for
details.
Latvia – between 60,000 and 75,000. See the Latvia section in this
article and the Polish minority in Latvia article for details.
Russia – about 300,000. See Polish minority in Russia for details.
Ukraine – 144,000. See the Polish minority in Ukraine article for
details.
Serbia
There is a small community of descendants of Silesian miners in
Ostojićevo.[16]
Slovakia
According to the 2011 Slovak census results, there are 3,084 (0.1%)
Poles living in Slovakia.[17] Compared to the Hungarian census of
1910, it is a significant decrease, as then there were 10,569 Polish-
language speakers in the territory of present Slovakia.
Spain
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in Spain.
The Polish minority in Spain numbers between 45,000 and 60,000.[18]
Most of the Polish population consists of guest workers drawn into
Spain's economic boom during the 1990s. Main sections of the Polish
population are in Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, San Sebastian and
Valencia. Polish minority in Spain is relatively young, 74% of Spanish
Polonia is made of people between 20 and 49 years old.[18]
Sweden
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in Sweden.
The Polish minority in Sweden has been estimated to be around 120,000
people. The majority of them are guest workers invited to Sweden since
1990 in contracts with the Swedish government. Most Polish residents
live in Stockholm and the rest farther south towards the Baltic Sea.
Historically, Poland and Sweden had some cultural exchange with each
other and the Swedish Empire's occupation of the Polish Baltic Sea
coast (Gdansk and Pomerania) in various times from the 13th to 18th
centuries.
Turkey
In 1842 Prince Adam Czartoryski founded a village of Adampol, for
Polish immigrants who came to Turkey after the failed November
Uprising. The village, still existing and now called Polonezkoy, is
the main center of the small but historic Polish community in Turkey.
[citation needed] The Polish minority in Turkey has been estimated to
be around 4,000 people. However, Polish minority is higher than
present Polish census in Turkey because of Turkified Poles after
marriages with Turks. For example Leyla Gencer's mother was Atiye
Çeyrekgil, was born as Alexandra Angela Minakovska and embraced to
Islam after death of her husband.[19] Also, Nazım Hikmet Ran's mother,
Ayşe Celile Hanım, were descended from Mustafa Celaleddin Pasha, was
born as Konstantin Borzecki in 1826. He immigrated to Ottoman Empire
after Greater Poland Uprising and embraced to Islam in 1848. He later
became Ottoman General and died in 1876.[20]
Ukraine
For more details on this topic, see Poles in Ukraine.
According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, there were 144,130 Poles
residing in the country. Poles began settling in the territory of
present Ukraine in the 14th century, after Red Ruthenia had become
part of the Kingdom of Poland. The number of Poles in Ukraine
gradually increased over the centuries, but after World War II it
drastically decreased as a result of Soviet mass deportation of the
Poles in Ukraine to Siberia and other eastern regions of the USSR as
well as a campaign of ethnic cleansing, carried out in the early 1940s
by Ukrainian nationalists in western part of the country (see:
Massacres of Poles in Volhynia). There was a Polish Autonomous
District, located near Zhytomyr, created in 1926, but it was disbanded
in 1935 and its Polish inhabitants were either murdered or deported to
Kazakhstan. The majority of those who survived the war in Ukraine were
forcibly deported to the Former eastern territories of Germany after
Poland was shifted to the West by the Allied Potsdam Agreement after
World War II.
United Kingdom
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in United Kingdom.
Polish people have travelled to the British Isles throughout the
centuries for a variety of reasons. By 1016 Cnut the Great, of Danish-
Polish descent had conquered England assisted by Polish troops. In the
16th century Polish travellers came as traders and diplomats. In the
18th century a small number of Polish Protestants arrived as religious
refugees due to the Counter-Reformation in Poland[citation needed]. In
the 19th century, due to the collapse of the November Uprising of
1831, many Polish fighters came to Britain in search of sanctuary.
[citation needed]
However, it was only after the First World War that Poles settled in
large numbers in London – many from the Prisoner of War camps in
Alexandra Palace and Feltham. During the Second World War many Poles
came to the United Kingdom as political émigrés and to join the Polish
Army being recreated there. When the Second World War ended, a
Communist government was installed in Poland. Many Poles felt betrayed
by their wartime allies and were extremely reluctant to return home.
[citation needed] Many soldiers refused to return to Poland, and
around 200,000, after occupying resettlement camps, later settled in
UK. The Polish Government in London was not dissolved until 1991, when
a freely elected president took office in Warsaw.
Following Poland's entry into the European Union in May 2004, Poles
gained the right to work in some other EU countries. While France and
Germany put in place temporary controls to curb Eastern European
migration, the United Kingdom (along with Sweden and the Republic of
Ireland) did not impose restrictions. Many young Poles have come to
work in UK since then. Estimates vary between 300,000 and 800,000
moving to the UK since May 2004.[21]
Estimates for the total number of people living in the UK and born in
Poland, or of Polish descent vary significantly. The figure has been
quoted as 600,000 (February 2007)[22] and "well over a
million" (October 2007),[23] but more recently it is reported that the
numbers are decreasing.[24] Other than London, Poles have settled in
Manchester, Bolton and Bury in Greater Manchester and Chorley in
Lancashire. There are also large concentrations in Bradford, Leeds,
Coventry and Nottingham, as well as South Yorkshire, South Wales,
Rugby, Banbury, Slough and Swindon.[citation needed]
The economic crisis in the UK and the growing economy in Poland
reduced the economic incentive for Poles to migrate to the UK.[25] By
the last quarter of 2008, approximately half of those that had come to
the UK to work had returned home.[26]
North America
The Pope John Paul II statue in Toronto.
The United States and Canada were the major focus of Polish political
and economic migration after 1850 and up until the fall of the Iron
Curtain. Many North American Jews trace their ancestry to Poland,
which was Europe's Jewish heartland before World War II. Some 3
million Polish Jews were killed in the Holocaust; however, there's a
revival of contemporary Jewish life in the new democratic Poland.[27]
Canada
For more details on this topic, see Polish Canadians.
There are about 850,000 Polish Canadians. The population is widely
dispersed across Canada. The first Polish immigrants came to Canada in
the 19th century. One of the largest concentrations of Polish-
Canadians is in the Roncesvalles area of Toronto. The area holds an
annual Polish Festival, Canada's largest. The Canadian Polish Congress
is an umbrella organization founded in 1944 by Polish-Canadians in
Canada to coordinate the activities and to articulate the concerns of
the Canadian Polish community on public policy issues.
United States
Polish store on Milwaukee Avenue in Chicago
Geographic distribution of Polonia in the United States
For more details on this topic, see Polish American.
There are around 10 million Americans of Polish descent. Chicago bills
itself as the largest Polish city outside the Polish capital of
Warsaw. Buffalo, New York is seen as American Polonia's second city,
as it is also home to many Polish-Americans. Its steel mills and
automobile factories provided unskilled blue collar jobs for many
Polish peasant immigrants in the early twentieth-century. There are
approximately 185,000 Polish speakers in the Chicago metropolitan area.
[28] Chicago's Polish presence is felt in the large number of Polish-
American organizations located here beginning with the Polish Museum
of America, the Polish American Association, the Polish National
Alliance and the Polish Highlander's Alliance of North America.
Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, Grand Rapids, Buffalo, Brooklyn,
Milwaukee, Baltimore and New Britain, Connecticut also have very large
Polish populations. Older Polish Americans are rapidly migrating to
the Southeast (Florida), Southwest (Arizona) and the West Coast
(California), but also destinations for Polish immigrants from Poland
in the 1990s. The only city to have official Dyngus Day celebrations
inspired by the popular Polish Custom of Dyngus Day is Buffalo. The
major U.S. Polonia organization is the Polish American Congress.[29]
Latin America
There has been political and economic migration of Poles to Latin
America since the mid-19th century. The largest number went to Brazil,
followed by Argentina and Chile.
Argentina
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in Argentina.
In Argentina Poles are one of the most significant minorities,
numbering around 500,000. The Parliament of Argentina has declared
June 8 Polish Settlers' Day.
Brazil
For more details on this topic, see Polish Brazilian.
Polish old architecture in Curitiba.
The number of people of Polish descent in Brazil is estimated at over
1 million. Most Polish Brazilians are Catholic, with significant
Jewish and non-religious minorities. The majority of them are
concentrated in the South and Southeastern regions of Brazil,
especially in the states of Paraná and Espírito Santo.
Chile
For more details on this topic, see Polish Chilean.
A small number of Poles came to Chile, with first of them coming
during the Napoleonic wars. In early 20th century, there were around
300 Poles in Chile, but considered Germans. After World War II, around
1,500 Poles and 1,900 Polish Jews, mostly former soldiers, settled in
Chile and in 1949 the Association of Poles in Chile was founded.[30]
An estimate of 45,000 ethnic Poles live in Chile.[31] Most live in
Santiago. One of the notable Polish Chileans is Ignacy Domeyko.[32]
Haiti
During the times of Napoleon, 5000 Poles fighting in Polish Legions in
the Napoleonic armies were sent to fight against the rebelling
Haitians. Many of the Poles who were sent there felt it wrong to fight
against the Haitians who were fighting for their freedom - just like
the Poles in the Napoleonic armies - and some 400 Poles changed sides.
After the war, the Haitian constitution stated that because the Poles
switched sides and fought for their cause, all Poles could become
Haitian citizens. Many of the Poles who were sent to Haiti stayed
there. Most of their descendants live in Casale and Fond des Blancs in
Haiti. They are very proud to be of Polish descent.
Mexico
For more details on this topic, see Polish Mexican.
Folk dancers of Polish community from Mexico.
The first Polish immigrants to Mexico arrived in the late 19th
century. During World War II, Mexico received thousands of refugees
from Poland, primarily of Jewish origin, who settled in the states of
Chihuahua, and Nuevo Leon.[33][34]
Uruguay
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improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010)
Polish immigration in Uruguay brought Poles to settle in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries. An estimated 10,000 to 50,000 Polish
descendants are thought to be in Uruguay. The majority of them reside
in Montevideo, the capital. Often Poles came when the Prussian (now
Germany) and Russian Empires ruled Poland, thus they were known as
"Germans" and "Russians".
Asia, Africa and Oceania
In addition to the countries mentioned above, Poles have settled in
smaller numbers in Asia, Africa and Oceania as economic migrants or as
part of Catholic missions.
Australia
For more details on this topic, see Polish Australian.
The first Polish settlers arrived in South Australia in 1856. After
World War II, large numbers of displaced persons migrated from Poland
to Australia, including soldiers from the Polish Independent
Carpathian Brigade (the "Rats of Tobruk").
There are now approximately 160,000 – 200,000 Polish Australians.
Israel
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improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010)
Israel has been a destination for Polish Jews ever since the country's
foundation in 1948, as a result of the Holocaust and the high impact
it had on Poland than any other European country. According to sources
about the Israeli media, about 100,000 Polish-language news papers
sold as of the year 2000.
New Zealand
For more details on this topic, see Polish minority in New Zealand.
In 1944, several hundred Polish children, survivors of forced
resettlement of Poles to Soviet Siberia, and their caregivers were
temporarily resettled at a refugee camp at Pahiatua, New Zealand. It
was originally planned for the children to return to Poland after
World War II ended, but they were eventually allowed to stay in New
Zealand with the onset of the Cold War.[35]
Pakistan
For more details on this topic, see Polish people in Pakistan.
South Africa
According to the Council of Polonia in South Africa, some
25,000-30,000 Poles live there.[36] The Polish community in South
Africa dates to World War II, when the South African government agreed
to the settlement of 12,000 Polish soldiers as well as around 500
Polish orphans, survivors of forced resettlement of Poles to Soviet
Siberia. More Poles came in the 1970s and 1980s, with several of them
specialists, coming for contracts and deciding to stay there.
See also
Demographics of Poland
Great Emigration
Hotel Lambert
Polish Charter
World Polonia Games
References
^ Michael Pieslak, Poles around the World (see: Polonia >
statystyka)
^ Devorah Hakohen, Immigrants in turmoil: mass immigration to
Israel and its repercussions... Syracuse University Press, 2003 - 325
pages. Page 70. ISBN 0-8156-2969-9
^ Aleksiun, Natalia. "Beriḥah". YIVO. "Suggested reading: Arieh J.
Kochavi, "Britain and the Jewish Exodus...," Polin 7 (1992): pp. 161–
175"
^ Wilson Center, "New Evidence on Poland in the Early Cold War" By
Andrzej Werblan (PDF)
^ (English) Tadeusz Piotrowski (1997). Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic
Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide.... McFarland
& Company. pp. 58–64. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
^ Andrzej Friszke, "The March 1968 Protest Movement in Light of
Ministry of Interior Reports to the Party Leadership," Intermarium 1:1
(1997, translated from Polish; originally published in Więź, March
1994).
^ Excel HSC modern history By Ronald E. Ringer. Page 390.
^ Encyclopedia of the Nations: Poland—Religions, available at
Advameg, 2010 (bottom)
^ Union of Poles in Belarus
^ Demographics of the Faroe Islands
^ Polish Embassy in Helsinki
^ [1] The Warsaw Voice discusses Poles in Greece.
^ Statistics Iceland - Statistics » Population » Citizenship and
country of birth
^ http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/census/documents/census2011pdr/Census%202011%20Highlights%20Part%201.pdf
^ http://www.ssb.no/emner/02/01/10/innvbef/tab-2012-04-26-01.html
^ Potomci bosonogih rudara
^ The 2011 Population and Housing Census Results - Table 11
Population by nationality - 2011, 2001, 1991 (pdf - 68 kB)
^ a b The world of Polonia, Past and present of Polish community
in Spain
^ http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyla_Gencer
^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Hikmet
^ Special report: Finance for Poles in Britain. Jo Thornhill, Mail
on Sunday, reports from Warsaw. November 4, 2007.
^ "The true number of Poles living in Britain", Daily Mail, 12th
February 2007
^ "The arrival of the east European media", The Independent on
Sunday, 22 October 2007
^ "Now Poles begin mass desertion of Britain as soaring prices
send them home", Daily Mail, 16th February 2008
^ UK Poles return home. The Telegraph. February 21, 2009.
^ Packing up for home: Poles hit by UK's economic downturn, This
is London, October 20, 2008
^ Ruth Ellen Gruber, Reaction to tragedy showcases changes in
Polish-Jewish relations, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, April 20, 2010
^ The Polish Community in Metro Chicago:A Community Profile of
Strengths and Needs, A Census 2000 Report, published by the Polish
American Association June 2004, p. 18
^ See Stanley S. (1976). In Quest of a Cultural Identity: An
Inquiry for the Polish Community. New York, New York: IUME, Teachers
College, Columbia University. ISBN ERIC ED167674.
^ Poles in Chile
^ (Spanish) Relaciones entre Polonia y Chile. Pasado y presente,
(ed.) Katarzyna Dembicz serie: Polonia y el Mundo Iberoamericano,
CESLA, Warszawa, 2002
^ (Spanish) Polacos en Chile
^ Poles in Mexico
^ http://www2.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/cultura/124704/polacos-mexico-exilio-olvidado
^ "Pahiatua Children"
^ [2]
Tom Potter
Aug 19, 2012, 10:05:05 PM8/19/12
to
"Moby Dick" <b7r...@gmail.com> wrote in message
news:bfa9d2ae-2f75-4dc3...@wm7g2000pbc.googlegroups.com...
>Here's proof I'm serious Hummingbird: No more Tommy Potter,
>Hear!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
>Polish diaspora:From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
It is interesting to see that my pal "Moby Dick"
>Hear!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
>Polish diaspora:From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
is trying to lump Catholic and Jewish Poles in the same bag.
Regarding "Moby Dick's" comment:
"During the Second World War the Soviet Union forcibly resettled large
numbers of Belarusian Poles to Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Few
Belarusian Poles live in Siberia and the Russian Far East and some of
those who managed to survive resettlement returned to Poland after 1956."
Observe that as Jews controlled most of the power positions in Russia,
numbers of Belarusian Poles to Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Few
Belarusian Poles live in Siberia and the Russian Far East and some of
those who managed to survive resettlement returned to Poland after 1956."
during WWII, they "forcibly resettled" many Polish Jews to Russia,
and "forcibly resettled" many Russian Jews safer places in the East
such as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan,
and they left the Catholic Jews to shift for themselves.
Note that after WWII ended,
and the infrastructure was rebuilt,
and good housing was avail;able in western Russia,
the Jews returned to western Russia
and went to the best colleges,
and took the best housing and jobs.
Also observe that after their Class Wars
were discredited
( Thanks to Jimmy Carter's boycotting of the Moscow
Olympics and CNN's exposure of life in Russia.)
Millions of Russian Jews migrated to America, England
and Israel, from where they are instigating the
Religious Wars and revolutions,
to get back in the chips
as the loot from their Class Wars and Ponzi scams
is almost gone.
Note that Jews are desparate to get American presidents
under their control and use them to get America
to wage war on Iran.
Observe that Jews have never forgiven Jimmy Carter
for reversing the tide of the expansion of Communist/Jew
influence in the world, and they have demonized him,
as they have Henry Ford, Lindbergh,
and all folks who put honesty, free speech, equity,
and life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness
for ALL people above Jewish gluttony.
And yes, Jews are forced to mount their most aggressive
attacks against Hitler because he had the wisdom
to recognize that the gang who had assassinated the
Russian Family, and co-opted the Russian government,
and were using Russia as a base from where to train terrorists,
and instigate the Class Wars were a threat to "civil" ization.
Here is what Hitler had to say about the situation:
SPEECH OF JUNE 22, 1941
You probably all felt that this was a bitter and difficult step for me. The
German people have never had hostile feelings toward the peoples of Russia.
During the last two decades, however, the Jewish-Bolshevist rulers in Moscow
have attempted to set not only Germany, but all of Europe, aflame. Germany
has never attempted to spread its National Socialist worldview to Russia.
Rather, the Jewish-Bolshevist rulers in Moscow have constantly attempted to
subject us and the other European peoples to their rule. They have attempted
this not only intellectually, but above all through military means.
The results of their efforts, in every nation, were only chaos, misery, and
starvation.
SPEECH OF APRIL 12, 1922
While now in Soviet Russia the millions are ruined and are dying,
Chicherin - and with him a staff of over 200 Soviet Jews - travels by
express train through Europe, visits the cabarets, watches naked dancers
perform for his pleasure, lives in the finest hotels, and does himself
better than the millions whom once you thought you must fight as
'bourgeois.' The 400 Soviet Commissars of Jewish nationality - they do not
suffer; the thousands upon thousands of sub-Commissars -they do not suffer.
No! all the treasures which the 'proletarian' in his madness took from the
'bourgeoise' in order to fight so-called capitalism - they have all gone
into their hands.
SPEECH OF JULY 28, 1922
More and more so to influence the masses that he persuaded those of the
Right that the faults of the Left were the faults of the German workman, and
similarly he made it appear to those of the Left that the faults of the
Right were simply the faults of the so-called 'Bourgeois,' and neither side
noticed that on both sides the faults were the result of a scheme planned by
alien devilish agitators. And only so is it possible to explain how this
dirty joke of world history could come to be that Stock Exchange Jews should
become the leaders of a Workers Movement. It is a gigantic fraud: world
history has seldom seen its like.
If FDR had opposed the War-for-profit gang,
rather than sell out to them,
WWII would have lasted six months,
and there would have been no Cold War, no nuclear weapons,
no Korean War, no Vietnam War, no 911, no Religious Wars, etc.
Fortunately for America and the world FDR died,
and as the Jews had not had time to "Jimmy Carter" the new leaders,
(Truman, Nixon, Hoover, McCarthy, etc.),
and Americans were sick of conflict and war,
the new leaders managed to prevent the takeover of America
by the War-for-profit gang.
--
Tom Potter
http://tom-potter.tel
https://tdp1001.jux.com/
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