Atheists err in claiming that atheism involves only not believing that
there is a God rather than believing that there is no God.
There�s a history behind this. Certain atheists in the mid-twentieth
century were promoting the so-called �presumption of atheism.� At face
value, this would appear to be the claim that in the absence of evidence
for the existence of God, we should presume that God does not exist.
Atheism is a sort of default position, and the theist bears a special
burden of proof with regard to his belief that God exists.
So understood, such an alleged presumption is clearly mistaken. For the
assertion that �There is no God� is just as much a claim to knowledge as
is the assertion that �There is a God.� Therefore, the former assertion
requires justification just as the latter does. It is the agnostic who
makes no knowledge claim at all with respect to God�s existence. He
confesses that he doesn�t know whether there is a God or whether there
is no God.
But when you look more closely at how protagonists of the presumption of
atheism used the term �atheist,� you discover that they were defining
the word in a non-standard way, synonymous with �non-theist." So
understood the term would encompass agnostics and traditional atheists,
along with those who think the question meaningless (verificationists).
As Antony Flew confesses,
the word �atheist� has in the present context to be construed in an
unusual way. Nowadays it is normally taken to mean someone who
explicitly denies the existence . . . of God . . . But here it has to be
understood not positively but negatively, with the originally Greek
prefix �a-� being read in this same way in �atheist� as it customarily
is in . . . words as �amoral� . . . . In this interpretation an atheist
becomes not someone who positively asserts the non-existence of God, but
someone who is simply not a theist. (A Companion to Philosophy of
Religion, ed. Philip Quinn and Charles Taliaferro [Oxford: Blackwell,
1997], s.v. �The Presumption of Atheism,� by Antony Flew)
Such a re-definition of the word �atheist� trivializes the claim of the
presumption of atheism, for on this definition, atheism ceases to be a
view. It is merely a psychological state which is shared by people who
hold various views or no view at all. On this re-definition, even
babies, who hold no opinion at all on the matter, count as atheists! In
fact, our cat Muff counts as an atheist on this definition, since she
has (to my knowledge) no belief in God.
One would still require justification in order to know either that God
exists or that He does not exist, which is the question we�re really
interested in.
So why, you might wonder, would atheists be anxious to so trivialize
their position? Here I agree with you that a deceptive game is being
played by many atheists. If atheism is taken to be a view, namely the
view that there is no God, then atheists must shoulder their share of
the burden of proof to support this view. But many atheists admit
freely that they cannot sustain such a burden of proof. So they try to
shirk their epistemic responsibility by re-defining atheism so that it
is no longer a view but just a psychological condition which as such
makes no assertions. They are really closet agnostics who want to claim
the mantle of atheism without shouldering its responsibilities.
(by William Lane Craig, "Reasonable Faith")
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