bibl. of history of astrology (fwd)

[lester john ness]

L525

RESOURCE GUIDE

TO

THE

HISTORY OF ASTROLOGY

LESTER J. NESS

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

1993

COMPILER'S NOTE

This work is a guide to literature on the history of astrology. It is nearly unique: of the
thousands of titles published each year on astrology, few are concerned with the history of the
discipline. The same is true of the common reference works on occult practices. This work is
related to research I did on my doctoral dissertation on the zodiac mosaics found in ancient
Israeli synagogues. Inevitably, it reflects my own interests in the religious and artistic aspects
of astrology. It is aimed at upper-classmen and -women, and beginning graduate students, and
is the sort of reference work I wished for when I began my academic career. The work is
organized chronologically and by cultures. Astrology has a long, complex history, going back
to pre-history. But one of the most interesting aspects of that history is the way in which the
most diverse societies adapt it to indigenous purposes. Astrology is important in both the
United States and in India, but exactly because they are such different societies, their
astrologies are different as well.

The first section is given over to reference works, general histories of astrology and to
bibliographies of astrology in various times and places. Section two is on astrology in the
Ancient Near East, primarily Mesopotamia, where astrology came into being. The third
portion is about astrology in Classical culture, that is, in the world of Greece and Rome,
including the contemporary Near East. Section four is on Jewish astrology, from the days of
the Israelite kingdoms down to modern times. Five deals with the attitudes of the early
Christians towards astrology, from the time of the apostles to the end of the Roman Empire,
while Six deals with astrology in the following Islamic Empire. Section Seven is on astrology
in India from the third century AD to the present. Section Eight takes us back to the West,
and the role of astrology in Medieval and Renaissance Europe. The ninth and final segment is
about astrology in modern times, since the rise of modern science in the later seventeenth
century.

Each work is listed alphabetically by author, within its section. My own annotations
are with curly brackets {}. If Iquote another person's opinion, it is in quotation marks " ".
Due to the constrictions of ASCII code, underlined words are represented by underlines _ _
_at front and back_. French accented vowels have been replaced by the un-accented
equivalents, while the German umlaut vowels have been replaced by their older equivalents,
ae, oe, ue. Otherwise, I follow Kate Turabian's bibliography format.

Finally, let me explain how I categorize astrological practices. The basic principle is
that there is some connection between events in the sky and events on the earth. "That which
is above is like that which is below, and that which is below is like that which is above," in
the words of _The Emerald Tablet_. But there are many ways of explaining this connection.
One may consider the planets to be living, intelligent beings, gods or the messengers of gods.
In that case, one may look at the rules of astrology as the habits of the planets, and try to ask
them for favors, just like any other deity. This was the case in Mesopotamia, where the
classical astrological tradition began. It remained a common assumption in magic and religion
in the Greco- Roman Near East. I call this approach "religious" astrology.

On the other hand, one might look at the planets as impersonal sources of influences,
e.g., Jupiter rays, not too different from gravity or electromagnetic rays. This approach tends
to interpret astrology in terms of contemporary mathematics and physics. I call this approach
"scientific" astrology.

Another way to group astrological practices is into "practical" and "symbolic"
astrology. "Practical" astrology is meant to do something for a client. A horoscope to decide
the best day for a business trip, or a prayer to Mercury to make the clients eager to buy are
clearly practical, in the same way that marketing surveys are today. "Symbolic" astrology uses
astrological imagery to praise one's king or one's god. Thus, when Nero arranged to have a
rotating ceiling, with paintings of the constellations, in the dining hall of the Golden House,
the message was clear: the universe revolves around Nero. One of the Sasanian Persian kings,
Khusrau Parviz, did the same thing with his throne-room some centuries later, as did one of
the Ummayad Caliphs later yet.

"Symbolic" astrology was particularly common in religious art, making the zodiac one
of the most common motifs in Greco- Roman art. At Palmyra, for example, the Temple of
Bel has Bel surrounded by the seven planet-gods, all withing a circle of the twelve signs of
the zodiac. The message was that Bel rules the world through the powers of astrology, i.e.,
Bel is powerful. In a private tomb at Palmyra, we find Dionysus in a zodiac. Again, the
message is: Dionysus is powerful. Similar symbolism is especially common in the Roman
Near East, and is found in Jewish and (rarely) Christian art. This is how I
interpret the synagogue zodiacs, mentioned above.

This is a third draft of the guide, and I welcome any suggestions for improving it. I do
ask that you request my permission before posting it further. I hope to publish in print,
eventually. My address is:

Lester J. Ness
415 E. Fourth St. #2
Bloomington, IN 47408
(812) 332-2981

e-mail: LN...@UCS.INDIANA.EDU

REFERENCE WORKS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND GENERAL HISTORIES

L'Annee philologique_; _Bibliographie critique et analytique de l'antiquite greco- latine_, ed.,
Ernst, Juliette, et al.__ (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1924-1992) {An invaluable
bibliography to all aspects of Greco-Roman Civilization. It appears annually, and tries to
include all works published anywhere in the world, with brief annotations in the original
languages. A version on CD- ROM is scheduled to appear in January 1994.}

Aufstieg und Niedergang der roemischen Welt_; _Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel
der neueren Forschung_, ed. Hildegard Temporini (Berlin, NY: Walter de Gruyter, 1972-
present) {_ANRW_ is a serial publishing bibliographical essays and surveys of recent
research, including articles on the occult sciences.}

Boll, Franz, Bezold, Carl, and Gundel, Wilhelm, _Sternglaube und Sterndeutung_; _Die
Geschichte und das Wesen der Astrologie_, siebente unveraenderte Auflage, mit einem
bibliographischen Anhang von H. G. Gundel. (Stuttgart: Teubner, 1977). {This is a reprint of
the sixth edition, without revisions. It is one of the best histories of astrology}

Borger, Riekele [or Rykele], ed. and compiler, _Handbuch der Keilschriftliteratur_, 3
volumes. (1967-1975) {A very thorough and reliable book-length bibliography of
Mesopotamian civilization, both for primary and secondary sources. A excellent guide to
publications of cuneiform literature. Compare the annual "Keilschriftbibliographie" in
_Orientalia_ for more recent works.}

Bouche-Leclercq, Auguste, _L'Astrologie grecque_ (Paris: Presses Universitaires de Frances,
1899; repr. Aalen: Scientia Verlag, 1979) {This is the best work on the techniques of greek
astrology.}

Carmody, F. J., _Arabic Astronomical and Astrological Sciences in Latin Translation_. _A
Critical Bibliography_ (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1956) {This
is a detailed descriptive bibliography, useful for both Islamic and Medieval European
civilization. Works are listed chronologically.}

Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum_, ed. D. Olivieri, et al., 12 Volumes in 20 parts
(Brussels: Academie Royale, 1898-1953) {A collection of many greek astrological texts.}
Cavendish, Richard, _A History of Magic_ (NY: Taplinger Publ. Co., 1977) {BF 1F589 .C37
1977b; Excellent, by one of the best historians of the occult.}

Cavendish, Richard, ed., _The Encyclopedia of the Unexplained_. _Magic, Occultism, and
Parapsychology_, special consultant on parapsychology, Prof. J. B. Rhine (NY: McGraw-Hill
Book Co., 1974) {Ref BF 1411 .C32; Good popular reference work on all aspects of the
occult, including astrology.}

Cavendish, Richard, _The Black Arts_ (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967. NY:
Putnum, 1967) {Similar to his _History of Magic_.)

Chiat, M. J., _Handbook of Synagogue Architecture_ (Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1982) {A
very good bibliography to works on ancient synagogues, including their zodiacs. it is a
published version of her 1979 dissertation at University of Minnesota.}

Clairie, Thomas C., _Occult Bibliography_. _An Annotated List of Books Published in
English, 1971 Through 1975_ (Metuchen, NJ and London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1978)
{A good bibliography of late twentieth century occult writings. "... analyzes approx. 1850
books, most of which are annotated with descriptive and critical commentaries"-Clairie,
1984.}

Clairie, Thomas C., _Paranormal Bibliography_. _An Annotated List of Books Published in
English, 1976 Through 1981_ (Metuchen, NJ and London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1984)
{BF 1411.C53. A sequel to the above work, it holds 3814 items listed with
critical commentaries. One of the best.}

Cornell, James, _The First Stargazers_; _An Introduction to the Origins of Astronomy_, (NY:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 1981) {GN 799.A8 C67; Good introduction to prehistoric astronomy,
the pre- cursor of scientific astrology.}

Culianu [or Couliano], Ioan Petru, "Sky," _Encyclopedia of Religion_, ed. Mircea Eliade,
1987. {This article emphasizes astral religion and astrological symbolism. Contains helpful
reference notes.}

Dictionnaire des Antiquites grecque et romaines d'apres les textes et les monuments_, ed. C.
V. Daremberg and E. Saglio (Paris: Imprimerie Imperiale, 1877-1919) {The French equivalent
to Pauly-Wissowa, this covers all aspects of Greco-Roman
civlization. The article "Zodiaque" was written by Franz Cumont, one of the most notable
historians of astrology.}

Encyclopedia Judaica_, ed.-in-chief, Cecil Roth (Jerusalem, NY: Macmillan, 1971-72), {Ref H
DS 102.8 .E496. The _Encyclopedia Judaica_ should be one's first reference source for almost
anything Judaic.}

Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land_, 4 Vols. Michael Avi-Yonah,
ed. English edition (Englewood-Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1975) {DS 111 .A2 E5. An
important reference to archaeological sites in Israel and neighboring countries. It covers all
the synagogue zodiacs known at time of publication. (A new edition has recently been
published in English, which I have not seen.) Avi-Yonah, the editor, was one of Israel's most
noted historians, with one of the most creative explanations of the zodiacs.}

The Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Holy Land_, 2 Vols., Benjamin Mazar, et al.
(Jerusalem: Massada, 1971) {Contains discussions of the synagogue zodiac mosaics in their
sites. Mazar was a leading Israeli archaeologist.}

Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics_, 13 Vols., ed. James
Hastings (NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1908-27) {Ref BL 31
.E42. An old but still useful reference work. See the article "Sun, Moon and Stars," for a
lengthy discussion of different ethnic varieties of astrology.}

Encyclopedia of Religion_, ed. Mircea Eliade (NY: Macmillan Publ. Co., 1987, 1989)
{Recent and very useful reference work edited by the leading historian of religion. It
supplements, rather than replaces, Hastings' _Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics_.}

Galbreath, Robert, "The History of the Modern Occultism: A Bibliographic Survey," _Journal
of Popular Culture_ 5 (1971): 26-54 {A very good essay on twentieth century occult
literature, in a special edition of the journal, given over to the occult.}

Gardner, F. Leigh, _Bibliotheca Astrologica, A Catalogue of Astrological Publications of the
15th through the 19th Centuries. with a History of Astrology which serves as an Introduction
by William Wynn Westcott_ (North Hollywood CA, Symbols and Signs, 1977). {"This
valuable work, which is the only reasonably full attempt at a Bibliography in the English
language on this subject, was first published in 1911 under the title, A Catalogue Raisonne of
works on the Occult Sciences, Vol II, Astrological Books. The only other valuable book for
this purpose is the Catalogue of Dr. John Dee's Library, for which see the seperate entry.
Gardner's Bibliography is not up to date, and it mostly deals with books to be found in
England, and within these limits it is excellent." --Win Rowe.}

Gundel, Wilhelm, "Astronomie, Astralreligion, Astralmythologie, und Astrologie. Darstellung
und Literaturbericht, 1907-1933," in _Bursian's Jahresberichte ueber die Fortschritte der
klassischen Altertumswisseschaft_ Band 243, 60 Jahrhgang, 2 Abteilung
(Leipzig: O. R. Reisland, 1934), pp. 1-149 {Wilhelm Gundel was one of the major historians
of astrology in all its forms. This very thorough bibliography covers the heyday of
Panbabylonism, a popular theory at the turn of the century which claimed that all the
religions of the ancient world were derived from Mesopotamian astrology.}

Gundel, Wilhelm, _Sternglaube, Sternreligion und Sternorakel_: _Aus der Geschichte der
Astrologie_, 2. auflage, neu bearbeitet von H. G. Gundel (Heidelberg: Quelle und Meyer,
1959) {An excellent popular history.}

Hachlili, Rachel, _Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Land of Israel_, Handbuch der
Orientalistik, siebente Abteilungen, Kunst und Archaeologie, ed. J. Stargardt, Erster Band,
Der vordere Orient, zweiter Abschnitt, Die Denkmaeler, ed. B. Hrouda, B--Vorderasien,
Lieferung 4 (Leiden: Brill, 1988) {DS 44 .H3. Catalogs and discusses all excavated ancient
synagogues. Includes plans and discussions of all zodiacs known to date of
publication. Hachlili is a disciple of Avi-Yonah.}

Hospers, J. H., _A Basic Bibliography for the Study of the Semitic Languages_, V. 1 (Leiden:
Brill, 1973) {Excellent reference source for discussions of Ancient Near Eastern works,
including astrological ones.}

Hunger, Herbert, _Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner_, 2 Vols., Handbuch
der Altertumswissenschaft, XII.5.2 (Munich: Beck, 1978) {PA 25 .H24 Abt. 12 T. 5. Volume
2, chapter 9 deal with astronomy, mathematics, astrology. Good reference notes. A standard
reference work, in a standard series, describing Byzantine literature, including astrological
works. Most of ancient astrology comes to us in works copied by
Byzantine scribes for their own use.}

Huettenmeister, Frowald, and Reeg, Gottfried, _Die Antike Synagogen im Israel_, Beihefte
zum Tuebinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients herausgegeben in Auftrag des
Sonderforschungsbereichs 19, von Wolfgang Roellig (Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert
Verlag, 1977) {Gives bibliographies of all synagogues discovered in Israel up to time of
publication, including those with zodiacs. An unusual feature is that it has separate segments
for Jewish and Samaritan synagogues.}

Kitson, Annabella, ed., _History and Astrology_. _Clio and Urania Confer_ (London: Unwin,
Mandala, 1989) {Originally a series of lectures at the Astrological Lodge of London: "... its
works embraces the history, philosophy and symbolism of astrology". The articles seem
serious, scholarly. Good article on Sabians of Harran, including the welcome information that
excavations have resumed.}

Knappich, Wilhelm, _Geschichte der Astrologie_ (Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann,
1964) {Useful chapters on Hellenistic, Roman, Islamic, and Indian astrology, with
bibliographies at the end of each chapter.}

Krupp, E. C., _Beyond the Blue Horizon_; _Myths and Legends of the Sun, Moon, Stars, and
Planets_ (NY: HarperCollins, 1991) {BL 325 .S5 K78 1991. A good popular survey of
celestial myths, including astrological ones.}

Lehmann, Karl, "The Dome of Heaven," _Art Bulletin_ 22 (1945): 1-17. {Discusses a variety
of stellar motifs in world art. Many references to astral religion.}

Lexikon der Astrologie_: _Astrologie, Astronomie, Kosmologie_, ed. Becker, Udo (Frieburg:
Herder, 1981) {Good short guide to the practice and history of astrology. Good, short
bibliography, many excellent illustations, particularly renaissance prints.}

Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, _An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrine_. _Conceptions of
Nature and Methods Used for its Study by the Ikhwn al- ~af, al-Brn, and Ibn Sn_
(Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964; repr., Boulder, CO:
Shambala, 1978) {B 745 .C6 N2; "This is a study of various arabic sources, from the peak
period of arabic scientific and mathamatical writing, which explores not only the
cosmological doctrines which were held, but the philisophical and religious implications of
those doctrines. A valuable background study. Heavy focus on Al-Biruni, and decent chapter
on Astrology. Other arabic savants discussed include [the] Ikhwan Al-Safa, and Ibn Sina."
--Win Rowe. I have read the 1964 edition since I copied Rowe's comments. The book is
indeed an excellent introduction to Islamic scientific thought, with good references to, for
example, the Ikhwan's works in Western translation.}

National Union Catalog_, Compiled, Edited and Approved by the Library of Congress ....
(Ann Arbor, MI: J. W. Edwards, 1956- present) {Lists all the books in North American
academic libraries alphabetically by author. Divided into several
chronological series, such as all books up to 1956. This is an invaluable resource for verifying
references from footnotes and bibliographies.}

Naylor, P. I. H., _Astrology_: _An Historical Examination_ (London: Robert Maxwell, 1967)
{Brief but reliable. Covers antiquity to present.}

Ness, Lester J., _Astrology and Judaism in Late Antiquity_ (Oxford, Ohio, Miami University:
PhD Dissertation, 1990) {A very thorough history of astrology in the ancient world, with the
goal of explaining the use of zodiac mosaics in ancient Israeli synagogues. The planets and
stars were identified with angels, messengers of the Invisible God. When portrayed in a
religious context, the represented the Presence and love of their Creator. Hard copies of this
work are available from Miami University, King Library, University Microfilms, International.
Electronic versions, lacking the illustrations, may be obtained from the FTP archives of the
CONTENTS project, University of Ottawa, Canada. FTP pan...@uottawa.bitnet to the
directory pub/religion, for the files astrology-and-judaism. If one searches Gopher servers with
Veronica, one will also find copies.}

Neugebauer, Otto, and van Hoesen, H. B., "Astrological Papyri and Ostraca: Bibliographical
Notes," _Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society_ 108 (1964): 57-72 {Lists
publications and discusions of astrological works excavated, primarily in Egypt.}
Peuckert, Will Erich, _Astrologie_ (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer Verlag) {Good general history
from antiquity to present. Peuckert has written valuable works on a number of esoteric
movements.}

Peuckert, Will Erich, _L'Astrologie, son histoire, ses doctrines_, Petite librairie Payot (Paris:
Payot, 1980) tr. from German by R. Jouan and L. Jospin {A 274 page French translation of
the above.}

Pingree, David, "Astrology," in Philip P. Weiner, ed., _Dictionary of the History of Ideas_
(NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968) {"This is a short (8 pgs) article which expresses the
views of D. Pingree, a distinguished historian of science, who has specialized in editing and
translating astrological texts of great importance. His views are probably from outside of the
astrological community, but place astrological ideas in the context of their contribution to the
general history of western intellectual development. It is as important as Tester for
understanding the contribution of the classical world to present day astrological methods, and
more important for understanding the bridge to Arabic and Indian Astrology." --Win Rowe.
Pingree took Neugebauer's and Sach's position at Brown University and is probably America's
leading historian of astrology.}

Pingree, David, _Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit_. Series A (Philadelphia: American
Philosophical Society, 1970) {Q 11 .P612 Vol. 81, sections 1-4. An extenzive descriptive
bibliography of astrological writings in India, with sizeable amounts of narrative.}

Pingree, David, et al., "Occultism," _Encyclopedia Brittanica_, fifteenth edition, (Chicago:
Encyclopedia Britannica, inc., 1993), volume 25, pages 75-98 {The subsections were separate
articles in earlier editions. See the subsection "Astrology" by David Pingree, who is probably
America's most notable historian of astrology. The bibliography at the end is also quite
useful.}

Realenzyklopaedie der classischen Altertums Wissenschaft_, ed., Pauly, August Friedrich, et
al. (Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1972) {Commonly called Pauly- Wissowa, this is the ultimate
example of Germanic scholarship. It is 88 volumes on every imaginable aspect of
Greco-Roman society, including astrology. There is also an abridged version, the _Kleine
Pauly_.}

Religion Index_, ed., Albert Hurd, et al. (Evanston, IL: American Theological Library
Association, 1949-present) {This is the premier U. S. bibliography of works in religion, and a
good source for recent works on astrology. Called _Index to Religious Periodical Literature_
until 1974, since then it has taken the form of separate serials, _Religion Index One:
Periodicals_, _Religion Index Two: Multi-author Works_, and _Index to Book Reviews in
Religion_. A series of retrospective volumes cover the years 1949-1959. Wilson also
publishes a version on CD-ROM and it is available on-line through Dialogue.}

Rowe, Win, "__[Historical Bibliography of astrology]," archived at FTP site
hilbert.maths.utas.edu.au in the directory pub/astrology {Rowe has compiled a sizeable
bibliography of astrology, and made it available electronically. His interests are as much
technical as historical, but he does provide valuable information on authors and works
associated with the modern revival of scientific astrology.}

Saxl, Fritz, _Verzeichnis der astrologischen und mythologischen illustrierten Handschriften
des lateinischen mittelalters_ ..., 3 volumes in 4 (Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1915-53) {Associated
with the Warburg Institute, Saxl here catalogs Medieval Latin manuscripts with astrological
and astronomical illuminations. A good source on the later use of astrological symbolism.}

Stierlin, Henri, _L'Astrologie et le Pouvoir de Platon Newton_ (Paris: Payot, 1986) {BF
1711 .S750 1986. An excellent account of astrological symbolism used for political and
religious symbolism in Greco-Roman society. Comparable to L'Orange. No references to
synagogue zodiacs, but worth reading and considering for articles, revisions, etc. A German
translation, _Astrologie und Herrschaft_, also exists.}

Sullivan, Lawrtence E., ed., _Hidden Truths_: _Magic, Alchemy, and the Occult_. _Religion,
History, and Culture_. _Selections from The Encyclopedia of Religion_, ed. Mircea Eliade
(NY: Macmillan Publ. Co., 1987, 1989) {+IU. BF 1611 .H54 1989; Very good. Contains all
the articles on the occult from the _Encyclopedia of Religion_. good bibliographies follow
each article.}

Tester, S. J., _A History of Western Astrology_ (Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press,
1987; Ballantine, 1988) {A good history by a distinguished classicist, emphasizing scientific
astrology, but weak on astrological religion and symbolism. "This is without a doubt the best
book in its field. Its excellencies are most apparent in developing a view of the relationship
between calendrical and agricultural concerns, and the
astrological factors stressed in the work of Claudius Ptolemey. Together with the work of
David Pingree it is the key to an understanding of classical astrology. It seems to be less
detached from traditional astrological points of view than Pingree, and utilizes the researches
of someone like Rupert Gleadow. " --Win Rowe.}

Thorndike [or Thorndyke], Lynn, _A History of Magic and Experimental Science_, 8 volumes
(Columbia University Press, 1923-1958) {Q 125 .T4; This is a massive narrative, a lifetime's
work. Because of the long period of time over which it appeared, many of the references on
sources are out of date. But overall, it is very thorough and invaluable. It particularly
concentrates on the Latin Middle Ages and the Renaissance.}

Vogel, Eleanor K., _Biblography of Holy Land Sites ... Compiled in Memory of Dr. Nelson
Glueck_, parts 1-3 (Cincinnati: Hebrew Union Coolege Press, 1982) {Excellent reference
work, listing all primary publications and discussions of archaeological sites in Israel and
neighboring countries. These volumes were originally published in the _Hebrew Union
College Annual_.}


MESOPOTAMIA AND ANCIENT NEAR EAST

Berossus, _Berossos und die baylonisch-hellenistische Literatur_, tr. and ed. Paul Schnabel
(Leipzig and Berlin, 1923; repr. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1968)
{History of mesopotamian civilization in Greek by a hellenized Babylonian priest of Bel, who
also brought astrology to Greece. Berossus' work survives only in quotations in later works.
This is a critical edition of the Greek text with a German translation and commentary.
Compare Burstein's 1978 English translation.}

Berossus, _The Babyloniaca of Berossus_, Translated by Stanley Mayer Burstein (Malibu,
CA: Undena Publications, 1978) {This is an English translation of the above without the
Greek text. It includes a valuable introductory essay on Berossus and his goals.}

Damascius, _Damaskiou diadoxou aporiai kai lyseis peri ton proton archon_ [in Greek], ed.
Charles E. Ruelle (Paris: 1889) {A version of the Mesopotamian creation myth, preserved in
the writings of Damascius, a Greek Neo- Platonist philosopher of the sixth century AD.,
calling B l _demiurge_, or Creator. No one knows for sure what his sources were, but his
account substantially agrees with _Enuma Elish_, the cuneiform creation epic. Compare
Heidel, 1951.}

Damascius, _Traite des premiers principes_, I _De l'ineffable et de l'un_ texte etabli par
Leendert Westerink and traduit par Jospeh Comb
s, Collection G. Bude (Paris: Les Belles
Lettres, 1986) {French translation of the above.}

Dhorme, Edouard. _Les religions de Babylonie et Assyrie_. Paris: Presses Universitaires de
France, 1949. {Very good account of mesopotamian religion, including astrology.}

Ebeling, Erich, "Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Beschwoerungsserie Namburbi," _Revue
Archeologique_ 48 (1954): pages 113-16 {_Namburbis_ were rituals to counter bad omens
listed in _Enuma Anu Enlil_ and similar works. Ebeling has written nine articles with the
same title, with editions of various _namburbis_.}

Frank, K., "Bilder und Symbole babylonisch-assyrischer Goetter," _LSS_ 2, 2 (1906): pages
1-44 (Leipzig: 1906; repr. Leipzig: Zentral-antiquariat, 1968) {Stars and other objects as
symbols of the mesopotamian gods in art.}

Heidel, Alexander, _The Babylonian Genesis_. _The Story of Creation_, 2nd ed. (Chicago
and London: University of Chicago Press, 1951. Phoenix Books, 1963) {BS 1236 .H4; The
standard translation of the mesopotamian creation epic. The planets were created to help rule
the universe.}

Hinke, William J., _A New Boundary Stone of Nebuchadnezzar I from Nippur with a
Concordance of Proper Names and a Glossary of the Kudurru inscriptions Published thus Far_
(Philadelphia: 1907) {This is an older work, but is one of the few discussions of the symbols,
astrological and otherwise, on _kudurrus_. _Kudurrus_ were Babylonian boundary stones,
carved with land rental contracts and symbols of the gods guaranteeing them.}

Jastrow, Morris, _Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria_ (1911.
repr. NY: Benjamin Blom, Inc., 1971) {This work is the source of Cumont's mesopotamian
information. In spite of its age, it is not grossly out of date, at least on astral religion.}

Jastrow, Morris, _The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_ (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1898)
{Similar to the above.}

Labat, Rene, _Un calendrier babylonien des travaux des signes et des moins (Series Iqqur
ppu)_ (Paris: Honore Champion, 1965) {A divination manual which uses astral omens along
with calendar dates. This is a useful French translation.}

Neugebauer, Otto, _Astronomy and History_. _Selected Essays_ (NY: Springer Verlag, 1983)
{QB 15 .N48; An excellent collection of Neugebauer's essays. Neugebauer was one of the
greatest historians of science, practically creating the history of Mesopotamian mathematics
and astronomy. He has much to say on astrology as well.}

Neugebauer, Otto, _The Exact Sciences in Antiquity_ (2nd ed., Providence, RI: Brown
University Press, 1957.) {The best introductory book on astronomy and mathematics in
Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece.}

Nougayrol, J., et al., eds., _La Divination en Mesopotamie ancienne et dans les regions
voisines_, XIVe rencontre assyriologique internationale 1965 (Paris: Presse universitaires de
France, 1966) {Anthology devoted to the history of mesopotamian methods of divination,
including astrology. Contains many useful articles.}

Oppenheim, A. Leo, "A New Prayer to the `Gods of the Night,'" _Analecta Biblica_ 12
(1959): 287-88 {Mesopotamian prayers to the planets, in the Maqlu texts, prayers meant to
counter the effects of witchcraft.}

Oppenheim, A. Leo, _Ancient Mesopotamia_. _Portrait of a Dead Civilization_, Revised
Edition, completed by Erica Reiner (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1977)
{A very good survey of Mesopotamian civilization in general, and of the role of divination in
particular.}

Parker, Richard A., _A Vienna Demotic Papyrus on Eclipse- and Lunar-Omina_ (Brown
Egyptological Studies 2. Providence, RI: Brown University Press, 1959) {An Achaemenian
period (sixth- fourth centuries BC) document with mesopotamian type astral omens.}

Parker, Richard A., and Neugebauer, Otto, _Egyptian Astronomical Texts_, 4 Vols., Brown
University Egyptological Studies 6 (Providence, RI: Brown U. Press, 1969) {__Volume III
has illustrations of late Egyptian zodiacs, such as at Denderah, first century AD/BC.}

Parpola, Simo, _Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal_
(Kevelaer: Butzon and Bercker, 1970) {The Assyrian kings had an elaborate empire-wide
network of observors, looking for astral omens. These are the __letters they wrote to court on
what they saw, and what rituals the king should perform to make the gods happy again. One
might compare them to the reports of modern economists or pollsters in political importance.
Compare Thompson, 1900.}

Pingree, David, "Mesopotamian Astronomy and Astral Omens in Other Civilizations," in
_Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn_, _politische und kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen im
altem Vorderasien vom 4-1 Jahrtausend v. Chr._, XXV Rencontre assyriologique
internationale, Hans-Joerd Nissen and Johannes Renger, eds. (Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag,
1982), pages 613-31. {An excellent survey.}

Reiner, Erica, "The Uses of Astrology," _Journal of the American Oriental Society_ 105
(1985): 589-95 {Featured address to the annual conference of the American Oriental Society,
this is a good survey of the broader aspects of mesopotamian astrology, including the
astrological properties of plants, stones, etc.}

Reiner, Erica, and Pingree, David, _Babylonian Planetary Omens_, Part 2: _Enma Anu
Enlil_ (Malibu: Undena Publications, 1981) {PT 3921 .A8 E5.7; A continuation of the
above.}

Reiner, Erica, and Pingree, David, _Enma Anu Enlil_, Part 1: _Tablet 63: The Venus Tablet
of Ammisaduqa_, Bibliotheca Mesopotamica, ed., Giorgio Buccelati (Malibu: Undena
Publications, 1975) {Enuma Anu Enlil was the standard reference work on mesopotamian
astral omens and what they meant, and constantly cited by the Assyrian observor corps.
Reiner and Pingree are slowly publishing a critical edition of the work. The work, per se,
dates to the Neo-Assyrian empire, ninth through seventh centuries BC. This section preserves
observations from the grandson of Hammurabi, in the eighteenth century BC.}

Reiner, Erica, _urpu, a Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations_, Archiv fuer
Orientforschung, ed. Ernst Weidner, Beiheft 11 (Graz, 1958. repr. Osnabrueck: Biblio Verlag,
1970) {This corpus includes prayers and sacrifices to the planet-gods.__}

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, "Babylonian Horoscopes and their Sources," _Orientalia_ NS
(1989): 102-23 {More cuneiform horoscopes. Compare Sachs, 1952.}

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, "Benefics and Malefics in Babylonian Astrology," _A. Sachs
Memorial Volume_ (Philadelphia: The University Museum, 1993) {Explains the usual order
of the planets in Mesopotamian texts as related to the planets' natures,
favorable or hostile.}

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, "Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic
Astrology," _Journal of the American Oriental Society_ 108.1 (1988): pages 51-62
{Demontrates how the doctrines of the _hupsomata_, _dodekatemoria_, and the trine aspect
began in Mesopotamia.}

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, "New Evidence for the History of Astrology," _Journal of Near
Eastern Studies_ 43 (1984): pages 115-140 {The text of an Achaemenian period tablet
BM36746 and an explanation of how it bridges gap between mesopotamian and Greek
astrology. Very Important! Rochberg- Halton has done path- breaking research in recent years
on Mesopotamian scientific astrology, particularly with practices hitherto known only in
Hellenistic versions.}

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, "TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology,"
_Zeitschrift fuer Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archaeologie_ (1987): pages 207-28.
{Tablet showing a mixture of mesopotamian and Greek practices in scientific astrology.}

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, _Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination_: _The Lunar
Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil_ (Horn, Austria: Ferdinand Berger & Sohne, 1988) {PJ
3921 .A8 A764 1988; This is Rochberg-Halton's dissertation, an edition of lunar omens in
_Enuma Anu Enlil_. Also discusses _Enuma Anu Enlil_ outside Mesopotamia.}

Rochberg-Halton, Francesca, ed., _Language, Literature and History_: _Philological, and
Historical Studies Presented to Erica Reiner_, American Oriental Studies, Vol. 67 (New
Haven, CT: American Oriental Society, 1987) {PJ 3189 .L35; Festschrift for Erica Reiner,
with astrological essays.}

Sachs, A., "Babylonian Horoscopes," _Journal of Cuneiform Studies_ 6 (1952): pages 47-100
{Publishes all cuneiform horoscopes known to 1952.}

Saggs, H. W. F., _The Greatness that was Babylon_: _A Sketch of the Ancient Civilization of
the Tigris-Euphrates Valley_ (New York and Scarborough, Ontario: Mentor Books, New
American Library, 1962, 1968) {A good standard survey of Mesopotamian civilization. The
chapter on science has a useful survey of astrology.}

Seidl, Ursula, "Die babylonischen Kudurru-reliefs," _Deutsche Achaeologisches Institut
Abteilung Baghdad, Baghdader Mitteilungen_ 4 (1968): pages 7-220, and plates 1-32 {A
recent discussion of the iconography of _kudurrus_, including astral symbols.}

Thompson, R. Campbell, _Late Babylonian Tablets in the Bodleian Library, Oxford_
(London: 1922) {Q 125 .52; A classic discussion astral divination in Mesopotamia. Contains
primary sources, tablets in translation.}

Thompson, R. Campbell, _The Reports of the Magicians and Astrologers of Nineveh and
Babylon_, The Original Texts, printed in cuneiform characters, edited tr., notes, vocab., index,
and an intro., Luzac's Semitic Texts and Translations Series, Vol. VII (London: Luzac, 1900)
{These are the official reports of the Assyrian corp of omen observors, with many references
to _Enuma Anu Enlil_. Compare Parpola, 1970}


ASTROLOGY IN GREECE AND ROME

Alfoeldi, A., and Alfoeldi, E., _Die Kontorniat-Medaillons_ (Berlin: de Gruyter and Co.,
1976) {Coin-like tokens with pix of gods; one of Sol Invictus is much like
Hammath-Tiberias's sun- god}

Amand, D., _Fatalisme et liberte dans l'antiquite grecque_; _Recherches sur la survivance de
l'argumentation anti-fataliste de Carneade chez les philosophes grecs et les theologiens
Chretiens des quatre premiers si
cles_ (Louvain: Dissertation, 1945) {The classic work on
philosophical arguments for and against astrology. Carneades formulated the key
anti-astrology arguments, which were followed by most later anti-astrology writers, christian
and non-christian. Compare Sextus Empiricus.}

Anson, Leo, _Numismata Graeca_. _Greek Coin Types of for Immediate Identification_, Pts.
I-VI (London: L. Anson, 1910-1916) {A good source for astrological coins; Part VI is on
science and the arts, including astronomy}

Aristotle, _On Coming To Be and Passing Away_ [_de Generatione et Corruptione_], LCL,
tr. E. S. Forster, M.A. (London: Wm. Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
1935; repr. 1969) {PA 3890 .A99; An influential work on physics by the most influential
Greek scientist. Aristotle's physics was frequently used as the theoretical backing for
"scientific" astrology. Compare Claudius Ptolemy.}

Aristotle, _On the Cosmos_ [_de Mundo_], LCL, tr. D. J. Furley, M.A. (London: Wm.
Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1955; repr. 1965, 1978) {PA
3890.A99; Probably __this is not geninely by Aristotle, but it has still been influential. It is a
good example of Stoic physics, also used as theoretical backing for "scientific" astrology.}

Aristotle, _On the Heavens_ [_de Caelo_], LCL, tr. W. K. C. Guthrie (London: Wm.
Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939) {An influential work on
physics by the most influential Greek scientist. Aristotle's physics was frequently used as the
theoretical backing for "scientific" astrology. Compare Claudius Ptolemy.}

Beck, Roger, "Mithraism Since Franz Cumont," _Aufstieg und Niedergang der Roemischen
Welt_ II.17.4 (NY: W. de Gruyter, 1984), 2002-15 {Cumont wrote influential books, at the
turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, on the roman era mystery religion of Mithras,
which used astrological art for religious symbolism. Beck's bibliography is a useful account of
research in the last hundred years. Compare Cumont, Campbell, Ulansey.}

Beck, Roger, _Planetary Gods and Planetary Orders in the Mysteries of Mithras_ (Leiden: E.
J. Brill, 1988) {BL 1585 .B43; A published dissertation on a religious movement which
prominently featured astrological art and symbolism. Good bibliography}

Campbell, L. A. _Mithraic Iconography and Ideology_ (Leiden: Brill, 1968) {More on
astrological art and symbolism in the popular Roman religious movement.}

Capelle, W., "`elteste Spuren der Astrologie der Griechen," _Hermes_ 60 (1925): 373-95
{Adoption of astrology by Greeks from Mesopotamians.}

Censorinus, _Censorini de die natali liber_, ed. Fredericus Hultsch (Lipsiae: in aedibus B. G.
Teubneri, 1867) {CE 25,C39; Ancient Greek work on how to cast horoscopes. Chapter 17
tells how Berossus brought astrology to Greece. Chapter 18.14 describes mesopotamian
calculations methods used by Greeks. cf. Neugebauer, 1957; Tester, 1987, 16.}

Closs, A., _Die Steinbuecher in kultuerhistorischer teberschau_, Joanneum. Mineralogisches
Mitteilungensblatt 1, 34 seiten (Graz: 1958) {Hellenistic works on the astrological properties
of stones, etc.}

Colledge, Malcolm A. R., _The Art of Palmyra_, Studies in Ancient Art and Archaeology,
Gen. Ed., Prof. D.E. Strong (London: Thames and Hudson; Boulder, CO: Westview Press,
1976) {N 5460.C64; Palmyra was a rich caravan city, which used a great deal of astrological
art in its official religion. Very good illustrations and bibliography. See particularly the zodiac
relief from the temple of Bel. Cooledge is probably the most notable student of the history
and art of the Parthian Empire.}

Cornford, F. M., _Plato's Cosmology:_ _The "Timaeus" of Plato with a Running
Commentary_ (Indianapolis; London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1945) {B 387.A5 C65; A
commentary on a work influential on astral religion.}

Cramer, Frederick H., _Astrology in Roman Law and Politics_, (Philadelphia: American
Philosophical Society, 1954) {An excellent account of astrology in Roman history, down to
the end of the High Empire. The author promises, in notes, a sequel taking story down to
Constantine, but it seems never to have appeared. Good bibliographies, many good
illustrations.}

Cumont, Franz, "Le mysticime astral dans l'antiquite," _Bulletins de l' academie royale des
sciences, des lettres, et des beaux- arts de Belgique_ (1909): 256-279. {An important aspect
of astrological religious symbolism by an important scholar.}

Cumont, Franz, "Les noms des plan tes et l'astrolatrie chez les Grecs." _L'antiquite classique_
4 (1935): pp. 5-45. {Astral religion among the Greeks. Still the standard account, despite its
age. Note that the cuneiform signs for the god he equates with Saturn are now read Ninurta,
not Ninib.}

Cumont, Franz, _Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans_ (New York and
London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, The Knickerbocker Press, 1912; repr., NY: Dover, 1960) {The
best single book on history of astrology in ancient society and religion. In spite of its age, it
has not been replaced.}

Cumont, Franz, _L'egypte des astrologues_ (Brussells: Fondation egyptologiques reine
Elizebeth, 1937) {Astrology as a source for social history.}

Cumont, Franz, _Les Religions orientales dans le paganisme romain_. 4th Edition. Paris:
Librairie orientaliste Paul Guethner, 1929. {An older standard reference work. Good on the
religious aspects of magic and astrology.}

Cumont, Franz, _Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism_, second edition (Chicago: The Open
Court Publishing Co., 1911; repr. NY: Dover, 1960) {English translation of an earlier edition
of the above.}

Cumont, Franz, _Monumenta Mysteriae Mithraicae_ {BL 1585.C83; The first collection of
Mithraic astrological art. Compare
Vermaseren, _Corpus_, 1965.}

Cumont, Franz, _Textes et monuments figures relatifs aux myst
res de Mithra_ (Brussels:
1899) {Corpus of Mithraic writings and art.}

Curtis, Col. James W., "Coinage of Roman Egypt: A Survey; Ch. IV: Mythology and the
Zodiac," _The Numismatist_ 69 (1956): 402-8 {Astrological coins in plates 27-28 with text
describing them.}

Dicks, D. R. _Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle_ (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
1970) {Perhaps the best book on early greek astronomy, and pre-cursors of astrology.}

Dillon, John. _The Middle Platonists_: _80 BC to AD 220_. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
Press, 1977. {Survey of an important philosophical school. Very good on spirits, astral
religion, and their philosophical justifications.}

Dorotheus Sidonius, _Carmen Astrologicum_, _Interpretationem Arabicum in lingvam
Anglicam versam vna cvm Dorothei fragmentis et Graecis et Latinis_, edidit D. Pingree
(Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1976) {Critical text, translations, and commentary of an influential
astrological writer, by the most notable contemporary historian of astrology. Dorotheus is
particularly important for "elections," that is, selecting the best astrological moment to begin
some activity. Win Rowe notes that he was a contemporary of Jesus, in a neighboring
region.}

Drijvers, H. J. W., _Cults and Beliefs at Edessa_ (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1980) {Edessa was an
important commercial center in Roman Syria. Astral religion was an important part of its
civic religion. Drijvers is an important scholar of the religion of the Roman Near East.}

Drijvers, H. J. W., _The Religion of Edessa_ (Leyden: E. J. Brill, 1976) {Similar to the
above.}

Drijvers, H. J. W. _The Religion of Palmyra_. Leyden: E. J. Brill, 1976. {Palmyra was the
greatest caravan city, which emphasized the astral aspect of its civic religion. Compare
Colledge, 1976.}

Empiricus, Sextus, _Adversus Astrologos_ in _Adversus Mathamaticos_ 5, Loeb Classical
Library, ed. and trans. R. G. Bury (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1949) {This
work summarizes the most common philosophical arguments against "scientific" astrology.
Compare Amand, Hippolytus of Rome.}

Festugiere, Andre Marie Jean. _La revelation d'Hermes Trismegiste_, 4 Volumes. Paris:
Lecoffre, 1949-1954. {Hermes Trismegistus was a mythical person, credited with writed a
large variety of popular philosophical and occult works. This work thoroughly reviews most
hermetic works. Vol. 1 is on astrological hermetica. An appendix by Louis Massignon
discusses Arabic hermetism.}

Gundel, H. G. "Imagines Zodiaci: zu neueren Funden und Forschungen." in _Hommages a
Martin J. Vermaseren_. Edited by B. M. de Boer and T. A. Ettridge, 1978. Leiden: E. J. Brill,
pp. 438-54. {Hans Georg Gundel and his father Wilhelm Gundel are two important German
historians of "scientific" astrology, emphasizing the Egyptian contribution. This supplements
his Pauly-Wissowa article.}

Gundel, H. G., "Zodiakos. Der Tierkreis in der Antike," _Realenzyklopaedie der classischen
Altertums Wissenschaft_, ed., August Friedrich Pauly, et al. (Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1972),
Volume X.A, columns 597-705. {A very thorough article listing all examples of zodiac in art,
and much else. Separately published by Munich: Alfred Druckemueller Verlag, 1972.}

Gundel, H. G., _Weltbild und Astrologie in den griechischen Zauberpapyri_ (Munich: C. H.
Beck, 1968) {A good discussion of one prominent use for astrological religion.}

Gundel, Wilhelm, and Gundel, H. G. _Astrologoumena_: _die astrologische Literatur in der
Antike und ihre Geschichte_. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1966. {BF 1674 .G97; A very
good book-length bibliographical essay, discussing nearly all known astrological works from
the ancient world.}

Gundel, Wilhelm, _Dekane und Dekansternbilder_ (Glueckstadt und Hamburg: J. J. Augustin,
1936) {Decans are subdivisions of the zodiac, three to each sign, and were important in
astrological medicine and magic. This is the classic account of the decans and is quite
well-illustrated.}

Hajjar, Yousseff, _La triade d'Heliopolis-Baalbek_; _Iconographie, Theologie, Culte, et
Sanctuaires_ (Montreal: Universite de Montreal, 1985) {BL 802 .E7; Zeus of Baalbek was
usually shown in a robe with the planet gods on it, proclaiming him the Lord of Heaven. This
is an important collection of astrological religious art.}

Heliodorus__, _Heliodori, ut dicitur, in Paulum Alexandrinum commentarium_, ed. AE. Boer,
Interpretationes astronomicas addiderunt O. Neugebauer and D. Pingree (Leipzig: Teubner,
1962) {Fifth century AD commentary on Paul of Alexandria by another well-known
astrologer. This is a detailed work on casting and interpreting horoscopes.}

Hephaistion, _Hephaistionis Thebani Apotelesmaticorum libri tres_, 2 Vols., ed. David
Pingree (Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1973-74) {Hephaistion was a well- known astrologer. This
work discusses connections between stars and exta, an animal's internal organs at section
1.3.6.14-17.}

Hoepfner, Theodor, _Griechisch-aegyptischer Offenbarungszauber_, Studien zur Palaeographie
und Papyruskunde, ed. C. Wessely, 21, 1921 and 23, 1924 (Leipzig: H. Haessel, 1921-24) {A
major discussion of astrological magic, along much else. He also wrote a article in
Pauly-Wissowa.}

Huebner, Wolfgang, _Die Eigenschaften der Tierkreiszeichen in der Antike_. _Ihre
Darstellung und Verwendung unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung des Manilius_, Sudhoff's
Archiv, Zeitschrift fuer Wissenschaft Beihefte, Heft 22 (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag,
1982) {Discussion of the zodiac signs. Good bibliography, pp. 653-42.}

Julian the Apostate, _Hymn to Helios_, tr. Wilmer Cave Wright, _The Works of Julian the
Apostate_, 3 Vols. (London: William Heinemann; NY: The Macmillan Co., 1913) {A major
work of astrological religion.}

Kaimakis, Dimitris, ed., _Die Kyraniden_ (Meisenheim am Glam: Hain, 1976) {The most
recent edition of an important work of astrological medicine. Good introduction and
bibliography.}

L'Orange, H. P., _Studies in the Iconography of Cosmic Kingship in the Ancient World_
(Oslo: 1953) {A god in zodiac ring represents a supreme god, or a supreme king. Excellent
argument, excellent notes.}

Luck, Georg, _Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds_, A
Collection of Texts, Translated, Annotated and Introduced by Georg Luck (Baltimore and
London: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1985) {A very good collection of texts in tranlation,
including astrological texts. Good bibliography.}

MacMullen, Ramsay, _Enemies of the Roman Order_; _Treason, Unrest and Alienation in the
Empire_ (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966) {Very good on social role of
astrology.}

Manilius, _Astronomica_, trans. G. P. Goold, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press; London: Wm. Heinemann, 1977) {Written in the first century AD,
this is one of the oldest surviving works on scientific astrology, as well as one of the few
written in Latin. Manilius was a competitor with Virgil and Lucretius in writing popular
science.}

Manilius, _M. Manilii Astronomicon_, 4 vols., ed. A. E. Houseman (London: 1903-1930) {A
critical edition of the Latin text. Houseman is probably better known to most readers as a
poet than a classical scholar.}

Maternus, Julius Firmicus, _Mathesis; Ancient Astrology, Theory and Practice_ trans. Jean
Rhys Bram, (Park Ridge, Jew Jersey, Noyes Press, 1975 {Firmicus was the other well-known
Latin writer on astrology, and lived in the fourth century AD. "He achieves almost no
astrological influence in his own day, but his works directly transmit late hellenistic
astrological methods to the renaissance practitioners, by-passing arab influence, (and also in
another sense paving the way for them). He is the best (most complete) source for the
doctrine of the Antiscia, see p. 58 and on, of the work. The Mathesis also contains a copy of
the famous Thema Mundi, the horoscope of the creation. Firmicus Maternus is essentially a
literary astrologer...." -- Win Rowe.}

Mely-Ruelle, Ch. de, _Lapidaires grecs_ (Paris: 1898) {The signs and the astrological
properties of stones, used in astrological medicine and magic.}

Murray, Gilbert, _Five Stages of Greek Religion_, 3rd ed. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1955) {Includes astrology as a religion.}

Nechepso and Petosiris, _De Nechepsonis-Petosiridis Isagoge quaestiones selectae_, ed. C.
Darmstadt (Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1916) {Nechepso and Petosiris were the inventors of
astrology, according to one Greek legend. The work published under their name popularized
Hellenistic astrology. This work gathers fragmentary quotations in later authors.}

Nechepso, and Petosiris, _Nechepso et Petosiridis fragmenta magica_, ed. E. Riess (Philologus
Supplementband 6, Goettingen, 1891-93), pp. 327-88. {A rival attempt to collect the
fragments of Nechepso and Petosiris.}

Neugebauer, Otto, and van Hoesen, H. B., _Greek Horoscopes_, Memoirs of the American
Philosophical Society Held in Philadelphia for the Promoting of Useful Knowledge, V. 48
(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1959) {Q 11 .P612 v.48 folio. This is a
collection of all known Greek horoscopes, in translation, thus is an important source. The
glossary is one of the best introductions to the terminology of "scientific" astrology.}

Nilsson, Martin P., _Geschichte der griechischen Religion_, 2 Vols., 3d ed., Handbuch der
Altertumswissenschaft V.2 (Munich: Beck, 1955) {The classic work; good references to
astrology on pages 268-80, 486-519.}

Plato, _Epinomis_, in Plato, _Complete Works_, 8 Volumes, translated by W. R. M, Lamb,
Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1955) {This work may not be genuiely by Plato, but it belongs to the Platonic tradition
of astral religion. The stars are explicitly called gods in section 984a.}

Plato, _Laws_, in Plato, _Complete Works_, 8 Volumes, translated by W. R. M, Lamb. Loeb
Classical Library (London: William Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
1955) {This is Plato's second ideal state, after _Republic_, and perhaps his last work. In
section 10:899b, the planets are called divine.}

Plato, _Timaeus_, in Plato, _Complete Works_, 8 Volumes, translated by W. R. M, Lamb,
Loeb Classical Library (London: William Heinemann; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1955) {This work contains a famous creation myth, which became the equivalent of
_Genesis_ for Greek astral religion. A very influential work.}

Sennak, Labubna Bar, _The Teaching of Addai_, trans. George Howard, Society of Biblical
Literature Texts and Translations 16; Early Christian Literature Series 4 (Chico, CA: Scholars
Press, 1981) {Describes the astrological character of the civic religion of an important city in
Roman Mesopotamia. Includes Syriac text and English translation.}

Speidel, Michael, _Mithras-Orion_; _Greek Hero and Roman Army God_, EPRO 81 (Leiden:
E. J. Brill, 1980) {BL 1585 .S67; Another attempt to explain the astral symbolism of this
popular religious movement.}

Strabo, _The Geography of Strabo_, with an English Translation by Horace Leonard Jones,
Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William
Heinemann, Ltd., 1930) {G 87 .S91 J6; Section 16.1.6 describes astronomy and astrology in
Hellenistic Mesopotamia. Strabo lived late first century BC.}

Suetonius, C. Tranquillus, _Lives of the Caesars_, Loeb Classical Library, 2 Vols., tr. J.C.
Rolfe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1913; repr. 1989) {The life of Tiberius
tells of his addiction to astrology. This is the source of much in the popular TV series _I,
Claudius_.}

Tubach, Juergen, _Im Schatten de Sonnen Gottes_; _Der Sonnenkult in Edessa, Harran und
Hatra am Vorabend der christlichen Mission_ (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1986)
{Discussion of worship of the Sun-god in Roman Syria and Mesopotamia. Outstanding
bibliography, pages 489-529.}

Ulansey, David, _The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries_; _Cosmology and Salvation in the
Ancient World_ (Oxford University Press, 1989) {BL 1585 .U43 1989; Another attempt to
explain the astrological symbolism of Mithraism. The cult image, the Tauroctony was a map
of heavens, while Mithras was the constellation Perseus. good bibliography.}

Vermaseren, M. J., _Corpus Inscriptionum et Monumentum Religionis Mithriacae_ (The
Hague: M. Nijhof, 1956) {BL 1585 .V27; After Cumont, this is the chief collection of
Mithraic astrological art.}

Vermaseren, M. J., _Mithras, the Secret God_ {A good popular book by major authority.}

JEWISH ASTROLOGY

Allegro, John Marco, _Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, V_: _Qumran Cave 4_ (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1968) {BM 487.A1 folio; _DJD_ is the official publication of the Dead Sea
Scrolls. Pages, 88-91 give a fragmentary astrological document, fragment 4Q186 [also
4Qcryptic], analyzing personality by means of astrologically determined physical appearance.
Compare Eisenman and Wise, 1993 and Vermes, 1987.}

Altman, Alexander, "Astrology," _Encyclopedia Judaica_, III, ed.- in-chief, Cecil Roth
(Jerusalem, NY: Macmillan, 1971-72), cols. 788-95 {Ref H DS 102.8 .E496. The
_Encyclopedia Judaica_ should be one's first reference source for almost anything Judaic. The
article on Astrology is brief, thorough, and reliable. Compare the article on "Astronomy.".}

Enoch, 1 (Ethiopic Apocalypse of) trans. E. Isaac, in _The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha_,
Volume I, ed. James H. Charlesworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1983), pp. 5-90. {I
Enoch dates to perhaps the third century BC, and emphasizes the role of angels as powers in
nature, including the planets, under the command of God. It is a striking example of Judaic
religious astrology.}

Enoch, 2 (Slavonic Apocalypse of) Enoch, trans. F. I. Anderson, in _The Old Testament
Pseudepigrapha_, Volume I, ed. James H. Charlesworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1983),
pages 91-221. {The exact date and provenance of II Enoch is unknown, but planet angels are
important.}

Enoch, 3 (Hebrew Apocalypse of) Enoch, tr. P. Alexander. In _The Old Testament
Pseudepigrapha_, Volume I, ed., James H. Charlesworth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1983), pages 223-316. {In this work, dating to the fifth or sixt centuries AD, Enoch is
promoted to chief angel. A classic of rabbinic angelology.}

Artapanus, "The Fragments of Artapanus." Translated by John J. Collins. In _The Old
Testament Pseudepigrapha_. Edited by James H. Charlesworth. Garden City, New York:
Doubleday, 1983, II, pages 897-902. {Artapanus was a Jewish writer who claimed that Moses
invented astrology.}

Avi-Yonah, Michael, _Art in Ancient Palestine_. _Selected Studies_, Collected and Prepared
for Republication by Hannah Katzenstein and Yoram Tsafrir (Jerusalem: The Hebrew
University, The Magnes Press, 1981) {Collected essays on ancient art history. Discussions of
the zodiac mosaics included.}

Beer, Arthur, "Astronomy," _Encyclopedia Judaica_, Vol. III (Jerusalem: Keter. NY:
Macmillan, 1971), columns 795-808 {Ref H DS 102.8 .E496. Good companion to the article
on "Astrology."}

Charles, R. H., ed., _The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament_, 2 Volumes,
English translation, with introductions and critical and explanatory notes, in conjunction with
many scholars (Oxford: 1913) {Those ancient Jewish writings not included in the Hebrew or
Christian Bibles are collectivvely called "apocrypha" or "pseudepigrapha." This was the
standard collection in English until recently. Compare Charlesworth, _Old Testament
Pseudepigrapha_.}

Charlesworth, James H., "Jewish Interest in Astrology During the Hellenistic and Roman
Periods," _Aufstieg und Niedergang der roemischen Welt_ II 20.2, ed. W. Haase (Berlin:
Walter de Gruyter, 1987), pages 926-49. {Useful survey of the evidence and sources.}

Charlesworth, James H., ed., _The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha_, 2 Volumes (Garden City,
New York: Doubleday, 1983) {The pseudepigrapha are ancient Jewish writings which are not
included in Jewish or Christian Bibles. This is the standard collection of English translations,
with good introductions and bibliographies. It contains astrological documents including the
_Treatise of Shem_ and the _Testament of Solomon_, the fragments of Artapanus and
Eupolemus, as well as First, Second, and Third Enoch, which have much to say about the
stars as angels.}

Dead Sea Scrolls, _The Dead Sea Scrolls in English_, trans. Geza Vermes, 3rd Edition
(Sheffield, UK: JSOT Press, 1987) {This is the preferred translation of those Dead Sea Scrolls
published up till 1987. It included several astrological documents. The Qumran sectarians may
have used astrology to screen applicants.}

Dead Sea Scrolls, _The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered_. _The First Complete Translation and
Interpretation of 50 Key Documents withheld over 35 Years_, by Robert H. Eisenmann and
Michael Wise (NY: Penguin Books, 1993) {This edition contains translations of the Dead Sea
Scroll fragments published since 1987. Some of Eisenman's interpretations are rather
controversial, but should not affect the translated astrological documents here.}

Dobin, Joel C., _To Rule Both Day and Night_. _Astrology in the Bible, Midrash, and
Talmud_ (NY: Inner Traditions International, 1977) {Dobin is an American rabbi who
practices astrology and claims that it is the only future for Judaism. Eccentric but stimulating,
it is the only book I know which is really explicit about the Judaic system of interpretation.
Although it is quite ahistorical, it does give give guidance to discussions of
astrology in classic rabbinic literature. There has been a 1983 reprint with a slightly different
title.}

Dothan, Moshe, "The Representation of Helios in the Mosaic of Hammath-Tiberias," in _Atti
del Convegno internazionale sul tema: Tardo antico e alto medioevo, Roma 4-7 aprile 1967.
Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Quaderno No. 105_ (Rome: 1968), pages 99-104. {Dothan
is a distinguished Israeli archaeologist, and the excavator of the Hammath-Tiberias synagogue
zodiac.}

Dothan, Moshe, "The Synagogue at Hammath-Tiberias," in _Ancient Synagogues Revealed_,
ed. Lee I. Levine Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration
Society), pages 63-69. {A useful article first published in Hebrew in the popular journal
_Qadmoniot_. Good color photographs.}

Ginzberg, Louis, _The Legends of the Jews_, 7 Volumes, trans. Harold Szold (Philadelphia:
Jewish Publication Society of America, 1909-28; Reprint, 1968) {A very useful compilation
derived from a wide variety of sources. A detailed index allows one to, e.g., find the classic
stories of Abraham as astrologer, while detailed notes give references to where the original
versions may be found.}

Goodenough, E. R., _Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period_. 13 Volumes. NY:
Pantheon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1953-68. {A magnificent corpus of
ancient Judaic art, with most of the astrology art- works known. Goodenough was one of the
greatest historians of ancient Judaism, but in this work tends to see astrology where no one
else does. No one is persuaded by his theory of a Judaic mystery religion as ancestor of
Christianity.}

Goodenough, E. R., _Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period_, Abridged Edition, ed.,
with a foreword, by Jacob Neusner (Princeton University Press, 1988) {This abridgement of
Goodenough's magnum opus has the entire astrology section. Jacob Neusner is himself a very
distinguished historian of ancient Judaism.}

Solomon, "Hygromancie of Rehoboam," _Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum_,
Volume VIII.2, ed. J. Heeg (Brussels: 1911), 143-65. {Greek text of "Solomon's" Letter of
Rehoboam, which see. An important Jewish text of astral religion and magic.}

Huebner, Wolfgang, _Zodiacus Christianus_. _Juedisch-christliche Adaptionen des Tierkreises
von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart_, Beitraege zur klassischen Philologie 144 (Koenigstein:
Hain, 1983) {Ways in which Jews and Christians adapted the zodiac to their own purposes.
Index of biblical references as well as a bibliography, pages 231-38. Huebner has written
several good books on ancient astrology.}

Josephus, Flavius, _Complete Works_, 9 Volumes, tr. H. St. John Thackeray, Loeb Classical
Library (Cambridge: Harvard University Press. London: William Heinemann, 1926-63)
{Josephus is the most important Jewish historian of the Greco-Roman period, and his corpus
a cave of treasures filled with information found nowhere else. He identifies symbolism in the
Jerusalem temple with astrological elements. The seven branches of the menorah are the
seven planets, for example, while the veil in front of the Holy of Holies is embroidered with
the zodiac.}

Lehmann, M. B., "New Light on Astrology in Qumran and the Talmud," _Revue de Qumran_
8.4 (1975): 599-602. {The zodiac mosaics are not astrological because Talmud forbids
astrology. His real assumption is that his ancestors could not do something as embarassing as
practice astrology. This is a false assumption: astrology was quite respectable in antiquity.}

Loew, Leopold, "Die Astrologie in der biblischen, thalmudischen, und nachthalmudischen
Zeit," _Ben Chananja_. _Wochenblatt fuer juedische Theology_ 6 (1863): cols. 401-08,
431-35. {A classic analysis of astrology in rabbinic literature.}

Maier, Johann, "Die Sonne im religioesen Denken des antiken Judentums," _Aufstieg und
Niedergang der roemischen Welt_ II.19.1, ed. W. Haase (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1979)
346-412. {Good discussion of a prominent aspect of astral religion.}

Mazar, Benjamin, et al., _The Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Holy Land_, 2 Volumes
(Jerusalem: Massada, 1971) {Standard reference work on archaeology in Israel and
neighboring lands. Contains discussions of the synagogue zodiac mosaics and their sites.}

Merchavya, Chen, "Razim, Sefer Ha-," _Encyclopedia Judaica_, Volume XIII (NY:
Macmillan, 1971), columns 1594-95 {A good survey of an important work of astrological
magic from the fourth or fifth centuries AD.__}

Merrill, E. H., _Qumran and Predestination_ (Leiden: Brill, 1975) {BM 488 .T5 M47;
Discussion of how the Qumran sectarians used astrology.}

__Milik, J. T., _Ten Years of Discoveries in the Judaean Desert_ tr. J. Strugnell (London:
SCM. Naperville, IL: A. R. Allenson, 1959) {BM 487 .M493; Survey of research from
discovery, including astrological documents. See pages 42 and 119.}

Niggemeyer, J.-H., _Beschwoerungsformeln aus dem "Buch der Geheimnisse_," _Zur
Topologie der magischen Rede_, Judaistische Texte und Studien 3 (Hildesheim, NY: Georg
Olms Verlag, 1975) {Detailed discussion of Sepher Ha-Razim and comparison with non-
Jewish magical texts.}

_Pesikta Rabbati_, tr. William G. Braude, Yale Judaica Series, Volumes 18-19 (New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press, 1968) {BR 517.P4 E5; A collection of early rabbinic homelies.
See section 20. 27-8 for astrological references.}

Philo of Alexandria, _Complete Works_, Tr. R. Marcus, Loeb Classical Library, (Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, 1953) gk {Philo was an important Jewish Platonist
philosopher, roughly contemporary with Jesus, who saw astrological references in Jewish
religious artifacts. The twelve stones in the High Priest's breastplate, for example, represent
the twelve signs as well as the twelve tribes.}

Rubenstein, Rosemary, _Incorporation of the Zodiac in Some Synagogues During the Fourth,
Fifth, and Sixth Centuries of the Common Era_ (Drew University: MA Thesis, 1983) {Brief
account of rabbinic period astrology. No reference to astrological religion.}

Schuerer, Emil, _The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.-A.D.
135)_, 3 Volumes, A New English Version, Revised and Edited by Geza Vermes and Fergus
Millar, Literary Editor Pamela Vermes, Organizing Editor, Matthew Black (Edinburgh: T. and
T. Clark, Ltd., 1973-1987) {DS 122 .S422. An updated and thoroughly revised version of a
classic survey. It includes discussions of nearly all the primary literature
surviving from the period. The segment by P. S. Alexander, "Incantations and Books of
Magic," with its bibliography, Volume III, pages 342-47, is particularly valuable.}

Sedgewick, Charlalee Bailey, _Discussions of the Meaning of the Zodiac in Ancient
Palestinian Synagogues_ (University of Georgia, 1976) {Found in First Search, the on-line
reference source. I have not read it personally. 91 leaves.}

Sepher Ha-Razim_. _The Book of Mysteries_, Michael A. Morgan, tr., Society of Biblical
Literature, Texts and Translations, 25, Pseudepigrapha Series 11 (Chico, CA: Scholar's Press,
1983) {A translation of a famous work of rabbinic angel magic. Composed about 300 AD,
and thus contemporary with the synagogue zodiacs, it invokes the planet-gods Aphrodite
(Venus) and Helios (the Sun) with their Greek names, although written in Hebrew. Morgan's
translation contains an excellent introduction and footnotes.}

Sepher Ha-Razim_: _A Newly Recovered Book of Magic from the Talmudic Period,
Collected from Genizah Fragments and Other Sources_, [Title and text in Hebrew] edited
with introduction and annotation by Mordecai Margalioth (Jerusalem: Yediot Aharonot, 1966)
{This is the Hebrew text which Morgan translated.}

Shanks, Herschel, _Judaism in Stone_: _The Archaeology of Ancient Synagogues_, preface
by Yigael Yadin (NY: Harper and Row.
Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society, 1979) {DS 111.17 .S47; Shanks is editor of
the popular journal _Biblical Archaeology Review_. This popular work contains
excellent color photographs of the synagogue zodiacs.}

Shem, "Rylands Syriac MS 44 and a New Addition to the Pseudepigrapha: the Treatise of
Shem, Discussed and Translated," by James H. Charlesworth, _Bulletin of the John Rylands
Library_ 60.2 (1978): pages 376-403. {Syriac text, English translation, and discussion of this
astrological work.}

Shem, "The Treatise of Shem," tr. James H. Charlesworth, _Old Testament Pseudepigrapha_
I, 1983, pages 473-86. {The supposed instructions of the angel Raziel to Shem the son of
Noah. A interesting Jewish astrological work dating to the first century AD. Good
bibliography.}

Solomon, "The _Epistle to Rehoboam_: Introduction and Translation," {Unpublished
translation and introduction by Dr. Scott Carroll. The introduction has been published in
_Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigra_ 4 (1989): 91-103. This is a very interesting first
century AD document of Jewish astrological magic and astral religion. It pretends to be
Solomon's instructions to his son, in how to make angels and demons work for him. It
invokes God to make planets obedient, then asks the planets to do things. A translation is
scheduled to appear in a forthcoming volume of Solomonic works, edited by Denis Duling.}
Sparks, H. F. D., ed., _The Apocryphal Old Testament_ (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985)
{"See especially I Enoch (Ethiopic Enoch) Bk III beginning at Chapter LXXVII, page 257:
and II Enoch (Slavonic Enoch) Chapt VI, verses 14-30 starting on page 332. These quotations
from the Enoch literature are during an ascent of the narrator to God, and the astronomical
details of the spheres are described as the narrator and his angelic guide pass through. With
the Enoch literature there are editorial differences in presentation, based on the preferences
for basic texts. The oldest accurate translation is R. H. Charles, any of several editions. See
also James H. Charlesworth for another up to date contemporaray translation. These
Apocalypses whether we call them intertestamental, Apochryphal, or Pseudoepigrapha are full
of interesting material. These two are quoted simply as a place to get started, and many others
in and out of the various canons of Scripture will have great astrological significance. See
also G. R. S. Mead, Pistis Sophia for a gnostic development on this theme.--Win Rowe". This
edition was meant to update Charles, 1913. It is rather less extensive than Charlesworth's
_Old Testament Pseudepigrapha_.}

Stemberger, Guenter, "Der Tierkreis in der juedisch-christlichen Traditionen," W. Strolz,
_Kosmischer Dimensionen religioeser Erfahrung_, Veroeffentlichen der Stiftung Oratio
Dominica (Freiburg: Herder, 1978): pages 101-27. {Zodiac symbolism in Jewish and Christian
traditions.}

Stemberger, Guenter, "Die Bedeutung des Tierkreises auf Mosaikfussboeden Spaetantiker
Synagogen," _Kairos_ 17 (1975): 11-56 {A major discussion of the meaning of the synagogue
zodiacs. Good notes, referring one to most Talmudic discussions of astrology and art.}

Sukenik, Eleazar Lipa, _The Ancient Synagogue of Beth Alpha_: _An Account of the
Excavations Conducted on Behalf of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem by E. L. Sukenik_
(Jerusalem: The Hebrew University. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1932) {Sukenik
excavated this famous ancient synagogue and its zodiac mosaic. This is the official record of
his research. He says little about astrology, merely that, since it was widely practiced, no one
should be surprised at its use in art. Good color illustrations.}

Trachtenberg, Joshua, _Jewish Magic and Superstition_. _A Study in Folk Religion_
(Behrmann's Jewish Book House, 1939; NY: Atheneum, 1987) {A very stimulating, useful,
book on the history of magic among Jews. It focuses on the Jewish community of Medieval
Germany, but much refers to Late Antiquity. For example, Trachtenberg often cites the
_Sepher Raziel_, which is now known to be closely derived from the fourth century AD
Sepher ha-Razim, which see.}

Zatelli, Ida, "Astrology and the Worship of the Stars in the Bible," _Zeitschrift fuer
alttestamentische Wissenschaft_ 103 (1991): 86-98 {Contains detailed analysis of OT vocab.
of stars, heavens, etc. Good notes.}

EARLY CHRISTIANS AND ASTROLOGY

Augustine, City of God, _De Civitate dei libri XX_ [City of God], Corpus Christianorum,
Series latina XLVIII, 2 Volumes (Turnholtii: Typographi Brepols, 1955) {Standard Latin text
of the following. Also available in electronic form, on the CETEDOC CD-ROM.}

Augustine, _Confessions_, tr. John K. Ryan, Image Ed. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960)
{Discusses Augustine's early infatuation with astrology, and how his father's friend, who cast
horoscopes for dogs, influenced him to abandon belief.}

Augustine of Hippo, _The City of God, Against the Pagans_, ed. David Knowles, trans.
Henry Bettenson (London: Pelican, 1972) {Augustine practiced astrology early in life, then
after conversion attacked as contrary to free will as well as being a non-christian practice.
Nevertheless, like most of the Fathers, he accepted the powers of the planets.}

Chalcidius, _Platonis Timaeus interpretate Chalcidio_, ed. Z. Wrobel (Lipsiae: 1976) {This
half-finished translation and commentary was all that the Latin Middle Ages had of Plato, but
it was influential, nevertheless. Compare Lewis, _Discarded Image_, 1964.}

Doelger, F. J., _Die Sonne der Gerechtigkeit und der Schwarze_ (Muenster: Aschendorf,
1925) {Solar symbolism applied to Christ by early Christians. The title is a reference to
Malachi 4:2, which the early Christians interpreted as a prophecy of Christ.}

Doelger, F. J., _Sol Salutis_ (Muenster: 1925) {Solar symbolism for Christ inLate Antiquity.
The "lux crescit" in the Latin Christmas mass is supposedly from _PHOS AUXEI_ in a
pagan December 25 liturgy.}

Grabar, Andre, "L'iconographie du ciel dans l'art chretienne," _Cahiers archeologiques_ 30
(1982): 5-24 {Hellenistic star maps inspired early christians to paint their churches's ceilings
to look like the sky. cf. the early Islamic palace at Qusayr Amra.}

Hermippus _Anonymi christiani Hermippus de astrologia dialogus_, ed. G. Kroll and page
Viereck __{An early christian dialog supporting astrology -- a very unusual opinion.}

Hippolytus, _The Refutation of All Heresies_ in Roberts, Alexander and Donaldson, James
eds., _The Ante-Nicene Fathers_ (Grand Rapids, Eerdmans,1978) {There is major
anti-astrology polemic in Book IV, Chapters I- XXVII (pages 24-34), the same, word for
word, as Sextus Empiricus' argument. Hippolytus' work is an important source on all varieties
of early Christianity. All heretics are Platonists, he claimed.}

Huebner, Wolfgang, "Das Horoskop der Christen," _VC_ 29 (1975): 120-37. {Very useful.
Contains a German translation and commentary on Zeno of Verona's sermon, "The Twelve
Signs," which see.}

Kirschbaum, Engelbert, _The Tomb of St. Peter and St. Paul_ (London: Secker & Warburg,
1959) __{An account of excavations in the foundations of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Among other interesting finds was an early Christian tomb, with a mosaic of Christ wearing
the crown of rays and driving the four-horse chariot of the Sun, pages 34-35.}

Rahner, Hugo, "The Christian Mystery of Sun and Moon," in Hugo Rahner, _Greek Myths
and Christian Mystery_ (London: Burns and Oates, 1963. NY: Biblo and Tannen, 1971),
pages 89-179 {Explains early Christian use of astral symbols.}

Robinson, James, gen. ed., _The Nag Hammadi Library in English_, third completely revised
edition, first U.S. edition, with an afterword by Richard Smith, managing editor (San
Francisco: Harper and Row, 1988) {The Gnostics were a group of early
Christians which did not become the mainstream. This is a very important collection of
Gnostic documents. The planet-gods are very important in the Gnostic creation myth, and
anti-astrological polemic is a major element in their theology.}

Toynbee, J. M. C., and Ward-Perkins, J. B., _The Shrine of St. Peter and the Vatican
Excavations_ (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1956) {Jesus as Sol Invictus, the Sun-god,
in a mosaic from St. Peter's is discussed pages 72-75, and plate 32. Toynbee and
Ward-Perkins are both well-known historians of Roman art.}

Zeno of Verona, "XXXVIII. Tractatus de XII signis ad neophitos," in _Zenonis Veronensis
Tractatus_, Corpus Christianorum, Vol. 22 (Ternhout: Brepols, 1971), pages 105-06 {Zeno
was bishop of Verona in the fourth century AD. This is one of the first
Christian works to use astrological symbolism in a positive way. It is translated with
commentary in Huebner, "Horoskop der Christen," _VC_ 29 (1975): 120-37. An easily
searched electronic version on CD-ROM, called CETEDOC, is also produced by Brepols.} 
ISLAMIC ASTROLOGY

Chwolson, Daniel, _Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus_ (St. Petersburg, 1859; reprinted
Amsterdam: Oriental Press, 1965) {Excellent collection of nearly all texts, with German
translation, on the Sabians. The Sabians were the pagan inhabitants of Harran, who
emphasized the worship of the planet- gods. They played an important role in the translation
and transmission of Greek science to the Arabic world, and claimed Hermes Trismegistus as
their prophet.}

Creswell, K. A. C., _Early Muslim Achitecture_ (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932) {An
excellent account of Ummayad architecture, including the zodiac painting at Qusayr Amra; cf.
Gundel,"Zodiakos".}

Fehevari, G., "Harran," _Encyclopedia of Islam_, III, (Leiden: Brill; London: Luzac,
1965-present) pages 227-30 {Fehevari has custody of Harran excavation materials at the
School of African and Oriental Studies, University of London. Good survey of Harran's
history, including astral religion in Late Antiquity.}

Green, Tamara M., _The City of the Moon God_ ; _Religious Traditions of Harran_,
Religions in the Graeco-Roman World [formerly EPRO] Vol. 114 (NY, Leiden, Koeln: E. J.
Brill, 1992) {+Notre Dame Univ.; definately the best recent book on Harran and late pagans
there; G. emphasizes the Islamic era; very good, up-to-date bibliography} harran/ syria/
occult/ sabians/ astrol/ pagans/

Margalioth, D. S., "Harranians," _Encyclopedia of Religon and Ethics_, ed. James Hastings, et
al. (NY: Scribners, 1920) {Harran had an important temple to Sin, the mesopotamian
mood-god, from prehistoric times. Somehow, the native pagan religion survived in Harran
well into the Islamic period, in the form of a cult of the planets. It's practitioners were called
"Harranians" or "Sabians," and played an important role in early Islamic science and
philosophy. This is a short but thorough account.}

Masha'allah, _The Astrological History: On Conjunctions, Religions, and Peoples, in the
version of Ibn Hibinta_ eds. E. S. Kennedy and David Pingree, (Cambridge MA, Harvard
University Press, 1971) {"No text of Masha'allah's work has survived, but the Ibn Hibinta text
is close, and for the general argument suffices. This work comprises not only a text, and
translation of the Ibn Hibinta version, but also a most valuable commentary on the whole
subject of arabic (islamic cultural, Ibn Hibinta was a Christian Arab, Masha'allah was Jewish)
mundane astrololgical contextural theories. Deals with such things as the development of
historical periodization, the attribution of astrological knowledge to pre-deluge figures, or
other pseudepigraphic sorts of attributions. Very important for the transmission of late
hellenistic cultural phenomena into European and Indian cultures, as well as an important
source for various occult theories in our own time (i.e. Hermes Trismegistus as the
Ur-astrologer.) It also records many particular interpretive methods of Islamic cluture area
mundane astrology, particularly an emphasis on the exhaltation of the plants in addition to, or
even instead of the usual rulerships." --Win Rowe. With Abu Ma'shar, Masha'allah was one of
the most important Islamic scientific astrologers, and was very influential in Europe, too.
Translated into Latin in the twelfth century AD as Messahala.}

Morony, Michael G., _Iraq After the Muslim Conquest_ (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 1984) {DS 76 F .M67; Very good discussion of religions in Iraq, including astral
polytheism, before and after the Islamic conquest in the seventh century AD. Excellent
bibliography.}

Nadim, Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-, _The Fihrist of al-Nadim_; _A Tenth-Century Survey of
Muslim Culture_, 2 Vols., ed. and tr. Bayard Dodge (New York and London: Columbia
University Press, 1970) {Z 7052 .I213; Al-Nadim was a book-seller at a time when Islamic
book shops were the equivalent of European universities or Greek stoas. His "Catalog" is an
encyclopedic history of scholarship, with a great deal of information on the Sabians of
Harran, including an entire cultic calendar. He says the pagan Harranians gained toleration
from the Islamic state by claiming they were the sect of Sabians mentioned in the Koran, and
that their prophet was Hermes Trismegistus! Bayard Dodge was the president of the American
University of Beirut.}

Peters, F. E., _Allah's Commonwealth_. _A History of Islam in the Near East, 600-1100
A.D._ (NY: Simon and Schuster, 1973) {BP 55.P47; The best book I have read on history of
"Golden Age" of Islam and Arabs, with much on Islamic philosophy and science, including
"scientific" astrology.}

Picatrix, _"Picatrix" Das Ziel des Weisen von Pseudo-Magriti_, Studies of the Warburg
Institute 27, ed. G. Bing, tr. Helmut Ritter and Martin Plessner (London: Warburg Institute,
University of London, 1962) {A classic Islamic grimoire, probably composed in tenth century
Spain. It is probably the best known example of "religious" astrology from the Islamic world.
It claims to give the rituals with which the Sabians of Harran worshipped the planets. It was
translated into Latin in the twelfth century, and was influential in Medieval and Renaissance
Europe, too.}

Picatrix, _Das Ziel des Weisen_ [or _Ghayat al-Hakim_], ed. H. Ritter, Studien der Bibliothek
Warburg 12 (Berlin: B. G. Teubner, 1933. repr. London: Warburg Institute, University of
London, 1962) {Arabic text of _Picatrix_, falsely attributed to Spanish scientist Maslamah ibn
Ahmed al-Majriti. Also translated into Latin. One of the most famous of all works of astral
magic. There is an extended description in Thorndike, _Magic and Science_ and an important
reference in Cumont, _Astrology and Religion_, as well as major discussions in Yates, 1964,
and Ritter, 1923. This last essay, revised, also forms the introduction to the H. Ritter and M.
Plessner German translation, which see. Pingree has published the Latin translation, and
promises editions of the various Renaissance vernacular translations.}

Pingree, David, "Astrology," in _The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature_. _Religion,
Learning and Science in the `Abbasid Period_, ed. M. L. J. Young, J. D. Latham, and R. R.
Serjeant (Cambridge: C. U. page, 1990), pages 290-300 {Ref DS 36.85 .R45 1990. Excellent
survey of "scientific" astrology.}

Pingree, David, "Some Sources of the Ghayat al-akm," _Journal of the Warburg and
Courtauld Institutes_ 43 (1980): pages 1-15 {Very good on connections with the astral
religion of Late Antiquity. Bibliography very useful.}

Pingree, David, _The Thousands of Abu Mashar_ (London: The Warburg Institute, 1968)
{"This is not a text of the Abu Mashar work, but rather a commentary on its sources, and
dating, by a most distinguished historian of science. In the absence of an English translation
this will have to do. The work duplicates much of the subject matter of the Astrological
History of Masha'allah, with same characteristics of transmitting late hellenistic ideas,
pseudepigraphic habits, and romanticizing rewrites of history to fit into vast schemes of
periodization, all of which leads to India and the Yogas and other Indian mythological
perodizations. Given the Hellenistic background, some questions about relations to the
gnostics with their Aeons and so forth should also be raised." -- Win Rowe. As Albumasar,
Abu Ma'shar was the father of Medieval and Renaissance European astrology, while as
Apomasar, he was prominent in Byzantium.}

Rice, D. S., "Medieval Harran. Studies on its Topography and Monuments, I," _Anatolian
Studies_ 2 (1952): 36-84 {Report on the initial stages of excavation. Rice believes that the
moon-temple of the Sabians may still exist, re-cycled into a Crusader-era fortress. In spite of
important finds, the excavation did not last long. Rumor has it that excavations may soon
begin again at this important site.}

Rosenthal, Franz, _A History of Muslim Historiography_ (Leiden: Brill, 1968) {D 198.2
.R67; Pages 110-113 are on astrological history, a Sassanian Persian and Islamic specialty.
Political historians were more skeptical than astrological ones, but the latter's works still
contain useful information, Rosenthal says. I would guess that the chronological data is
especially useful. All early chronology is based on astronomical events in any case.}

Ruska, Julius, "Griechischen Darstellungen in arabischen Steinbuechern," Sitzungsberichte der
Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, philsophisch-historisch Klasse, Bd. 10.1
(Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitaetsbuchhandlung, 1919) {Greek astrological ideas in
Arabian garb. The astrological properties of stones were an important aspect to Greek
astrological medicine, while Islamic astrologers used the same concepts to invent the talisman,
a device to attract favorable influences from the planets.}

Ullmann, Manfred, _Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam_, Handbuch der
Orientalistik, Abteilung 1, Ergaenzungsband 6, Abschnitt 2 (Leiden: Brill, 1972) {PJ 25 .H23
suppl.; The standard work on the natural and occult sciences, including astrology, in the
Islamic world. Contains an excellent bibliography.}

Yardimci, Nurettin, "Excavations, Surveys, and Restoration Works at Harran," in Frangipane,
M., Haouptmann, H., Liverani, M., Matthiae, P., Mellink, M., eds., _Between the Rivers and
Over the Mountains_; _Archaeologica Anatolica et Mesopotamica Alba Palmieri Dedicata_
(Rome: Dipartimento de Scienze Storiche Archeologiche e Antropologiche dell'Antichit`a,
Universit`a di Roma <<LaSapeinza>> ,1993), pp. 437-452. {Alba Palmieri festschrift;
Yardimci is currently in charge of restoration work at Harran; art. contains many good photos,
e.g., of the castle which may incorporate the Sabian Moon Temple, as well as maps of site
and region; Harran is nearly on the border with Syria, as I suspected, making excavation there
a touch political issue; It is also close to, but not the same as, Sultan Tepe. I had once
thought they were the same place; no notes, no bibliography, but a good over-view of
excavations in the region; his historical survey largely ignores the Hellenistic and Roman
epochs; one peculiarity: Y. uses Turkish spellings through-out, making, eg, the Ummayad
Mosque the Ulu Cami)


ASTROLOGY IN INDIA

Biruni, Muhammad ibn Ahman, al-, _Alberuni's India_: _An Account of the Religion,
Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws, and Astrology of
India about AD 1030_, ed. with notes and indices Edward Sachau (New Delhi: Oriental
Reprint, distributed by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1983) {An eye-witness account of
Indian astrology, and much else, at the time of the first Muslim invasion of Hindu India.
Al-Biruni was a distinguished Islamic astronomer and anthropologist.}

Pingree, David, "Representations of the Planets in Indian Astrology," _Indo-Iranian Journal_ 8
(1965): pages 249-67 {Astrological art in India.}

Pingree, David, "The Indian Iconography of the Decans and Horas," _Journal of the Warburg
and Courtauld Institutes_ 26 (1963): 223-54 {Very good! Contains a great deal of information
of how Indians adopted and re- interpreted the Greek astrological iconography.}

Sphudjidhvaja, _The Yavanajataka of Sphudjidhvaja_, 2 Vols., ed., tr., and commented upon
by David Pingree (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1978) {This is a
critical text, translation and commentary of a classical work of Indian astrology. It has an
extensive bibliography of Greek sources and secondary studies. Volume one is the Sanksrit
text, volume two, the translation and commentary. I have found it one of the most generally
useful works on the history of "scientific" astrology.}

Stone, Anthony Philip, _Hindu Astrology: Myths, Symbols and Realities_ (New Delhi, India:
Select Books, Books for Better Living, 1981) {BF 1714 .H5 S75 1981. This is a reliable,
recent, thorough history of "scientific" mathematical astrology in India. It has a good
bibliography, mostly to primary sources in Sanskrit and contains a useful glossary of Sanskrit
technical vocabulary.}

MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE EUROPE

Allen, Don Cameron, _The Star-Crossed Renaissance_: _The Quarrel about Astrology and its
Influence in England_ (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1941) {BF 1679 .A4; Good
survey.}

Calvin, John, _An Admonicion Against Astrology Judiciall and Other Curiosities_ (London:
Roulande Hall, 1561; University Microfilms, # 11404) {Calvin brings out all the classic anti-
astrological arguments, emphasizing it's conflict with free will (!). Basically he uses the same
arguments as Augustine.}

Capp, Bernard, _Astrology and the Popular Press_: _English Almanacs, 1500-1800_ (London
& Boston: Faber & Faber, 1979) {AY 33.C36; An excellent social history. Almanacs were
the major media of the day, for astrology and much else. Almanacs primarily predicted
weather, but also political events.}

Carey, Hilary M., _Courting Disaster_. _Astrology at the English Court and University in the
Later Middle Ages_ (Houndsmills, Hampshire, UK, and London: Macmillan, 1992) {BF 1671
.C37; A good dissertation on astrology in medieval English politics. Very good bibliography.}

Cross, F. L. and Livingston, E. A., eds., _The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church_,
2nd ed., (London, Oxford, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1974) {Ref H BR 95.O8; Short
article, which referred me to Augustine's _City of God_. Augustine's influence, they say,
suppressed astrology in Latin Europe down to the thirteenth century, when it was
re-introduced the Islamic world.}

Dee, Dr. John, _The Private Diary of, and the Catalogue of his Library of Manuscripts, from
the original Manuscripts in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford and Trinity College Library,
Cambridge_. ed. J. O. Halliwell (London, England, 1842) {"This Diary contains much
fascinating material on the life, views and methods of Queen Elizabeth the great's leading
astrologer, John Dee. The Appendix, which is a list of his Astrological, and other occult MSS
is NOT aimed at works in English, for Dee was the master of many languages, but it
constitutes the first attempt at a Bibliography of astrological books in the English speaking
world. Dee is perhaps most famous for his attempts to contact the spirit world using a crystal,
and his recording of the "Enochean" language and alphabet, but he was a serious historian,
astrologer and mathamatician in addition to his addiction to a primitive form of seance."
--Win Rowe. Dee had a European reputation; the Emperor Rudolph and Ivan the Terrible
were both eager to be his patron. He was an important mathematician as well as astrologer,
and was the first to translate Euclid into English.}

Flint, Valerie I. J., _The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe_ (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1991) {BF 1593 .F45 1991. Magic and astrology made acceptable to Latin
Medieval Christians in same ways I think it was to Late Antique Jews: the planets were
interpreted as angels carrying out God's commands. Good bibliography, good ideas, but very
poorly written.}

French, Peter J., _John Dee_; _The World of an Elizabethan Magus_ (London: Routledge &
Kegan Paul, 1972; repr. as paperback, 1984) {BF 1598 .D5 F73; A good biography of the
famous astrologer.}

Kepler, Johann, _De fundamentis astrologiae certioribus_, 1602 {Kepler, the great astronomer,
also practiced astrology. In this work he rejects many traditional aspects of astrology, such as
the houses and the signs of the zodiac, and emphasizes aspects, the angular relationships
between the planets.}

Kepler, Johann, _Concerning the More Certain Fundamentals of Astrology_ (Edmonds, WA:
Sure Fire Press, 1987) {An English translation of the above.}

Klibansky, R., Panofsky, E., and Saxl, F., _Saturn and Melancholy_ (London: 1964) {An
interpretation of Albrecht Duerer's print "Melancolia I," in light of astrological
medicine.}

Lewis, C. S., _The Discarded Image_ (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964) {Excellent
survey of medieval intellectual commonplaces, such as the powers of the planets. Lewis is
particularly good in that he emphasizes what a motley collection of books medieval people
inherited, and the distinctive way in which they interpreted and reconciled them.}

Lilly, William, _An Introduction to Astrology_, ed. Zadkiel [pseudonym] (London: G. Bell,
1907) {Lilly was the most famous astrologer in seventeenth century England, with a great
deal of political influence during the English Civil War. "Zadkiel" was the re-founder of
modern astrology in the nineteenth century, accoding to Howe, 1968.}

Lilly, William, _An Introduction to Astrology,_ reprinted (Hollywood CA, Newcastle Books,
1972) {"This William Lilly's most famous work, and the standard text for the Horary
tradition. Pretty much all Horary work begins here. Absolutely essential." - -Win Rowe. It is
largely based on Albumasar's works. Lilly was the last of the old-style "Hermetic" astrologers.
Astrology went out of intellectual fashion after his death, and later proponents have tried to
use the methods of modern science.}

Lilly, William, _The Last of the Astrologers_, ed. K. M. Briggs (London: Folklore Society,
Mistletoe Books, 1974) {First printed 1602-81. +IU. Cavendish, _Magic_, 1977, 170. Lilly's
autobiography. "This is a reprint of William Lilly's autobiography, which is valuable in
assessing the sincerity of a typical astrological publicist, popularizer, and practicioner in the
last century of its involvement in ordinary public life in England." --Win Rowe. Compare
Parker's 1975 biography}

Nowoty, K. A., "Construction of Certain Seals and Characters in the Work of Agrippa von
Netesheim," _Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes_ 12 (1949): pages 46-57
{Magic squares symbolizing the planets in amulets traced to Sabians. Extensive notes.}

Parker, Derek, _Familiar to All_. _William Lilly and Astrology in the Seventeenth Century_
(London: J. Cape, 1975) {BF 1598 .L5; A biography of England's most important astrologer.}

Picatrix, _Picatrix_: _The Latin Version of the Ghayat Al-Hakim_, ed. David Pingree
(London: Warburg Institute, University of London, 1986) {Very good. Pingree promises a
second volume with Renaissance Italian, French, and English translations.}

Pingree, David, "Between the _Ghaya_ and _Picatrix_ I: The Spanish Version," _Joural of the
Warburg and Courtauld Institutes_ 44 (1981): pages 27-56 {On fragments of a twelfth century
Spanish translation. Spanish and Latin text in parallel columns. Contains a useful account of
how medieval translations were actually made.}

Rowse, A. L., _Sex and Society in Shakespeare's Age_: _Simon Forman the Astrologer_
(NY: Scribner's, 1976) {Simon Foreman was Lilly's teacher, and quite an interesting character
in his own right. Rowse puts Forman's astrological sex diaries to good use. Compare Parker,
_Familiar to All_.}

Seznec, Jean, _The Survival of the Pagan Gods_. _The Mythological Tradition and its Place
in Renaissance Humanism and Art_, tr. from the French by Barbara F. Sessoins, Bollingen
Series 38 (Pantheon Books, 1953) {French edition, Warburg Inst. Studies Vol. 11, London:
Warburg Institute, 1940. Very good account of astrological symbolism in use in the Latin
Middle Ages and the Renaissance.}

Shumaker, Wayne, _The Occult Sciences in the Renaissance_. _A Study in Intellectual
Patterns_ (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: U. of CA Pr., 1972) {BF 1429 .S58; A good
introduction to Renaissance occultism in general. The first chapter is on
astrology. Shumaker deserves praise for the unusual step of explicitly stating his own
skeptical views of the occult, in the foreword. Well illustrated with reproductions of
Renaissance woodcuts.}

Strauss, H. A., and Strauss-Kloebe, S., _Die Astrologie des Johannes Kepler_. _Eine Auswahl
aus seinen Schriften_ (1926) {The famous Renaissance scientist was also a prominent
astrologer.}

Thomas, Keith, _Religion and the Decline of Magic_ (London: Weidenfield and Nicolson,
1971) {A well-known, good, survey. Magic declined with the rise of Protestantism.}

Turner, Robert, _Elizabethan Magic_: _The Art and the Magus_, fwd. by Colin Wilson
(Longmead, Dorset, UK: Element Books, Ltd., 1989) {BF 143 4 .G7 T85 1989; A basic
introduction to careers of Dee, Forman, Fludd, et al. Moderately good.}

Wright, Peter William George, _Astrology in Mid-Seventeenth Century England_. _A
Sociological Analysis_ (London, UK: University of London, Dissertation, 1983) {The author
studies the social uses and milieu of astrology, and reasons for its decline in late seventeenth
century. Astrology did not die because of the new astronomy.}


ASTROLOGY SINCE THE RENAISSANCE

Chaney, W. H., "The Astrologer's Vade Mecum," in James R. Lewis, _The Beginnings of
Astrology in America_. _Astrology and the Re- emergence of Cosmic Religion_, Cults and
New Religions, J. Gordon Melton, gen. ed. (NY and London: Garland Publishing, 1990)
{Only original pages given, not any for Lewis volume. Melton has edited many good
reference works on North American religions. This series began recently to re-publish works
of historical value.}

Dean, Geoffrey and Mather, Arthur eds. _Recent Advances in Natal Astrology_ (Bromley,
Kent, England, The Astrological Association, 1977). {"This is billed as a `critical review' and
it really is. Many many articles on every concievable contemporary application and research
project on astrology. It has numerous formulas and algorithms printed nowhere else, for
example. Essential for serious research programs, particularly scientific, and
statistical. It is already slightly dated, and it is to be hoped that another edition is in the
making." --Win Rowe.}

Gargalis, S., "The Daily Guide," in James R. Lewis, _The Beginnings of Astrology in
America_. _Astrology and the Re- emergence of Cosmic Religion_, NY and London: Garland
Publishing, 1990 {Only original pages given, not any for Lewis volume. Early astrological
pamphlet of historical interest.}

Hazelrigg, John, "Metaphysical Astrology," in James R. Lewis, _The Beginnings of Astrology
in America_. _Astrology and the Re- emergence of Cosmic Religion_, NY and London:
Garland Publishing, 1990 {Only original pages given, not any for Lewis volume.}
Howe, Ellic, _Astrology_: _A Recent History Including the Untold Story of its Role in World
War II_ (NY: Walker, 1968) {reprint of _Urania's Children_, 1967. This is nearly the only
good history of the astrological revival in modern times. Howe helped print bogus astrological
magazines to drop on Hitler's Germany, and has written on the history of ritual magic and of
printing, as well.}

Hungad, Temple, "A Brief History of Astrology," in James R. Lewis, _The Beginnings of
Astrology in America_. _Astrology and the Re-emergence of Cosmic Religion_, NY and
London: Garland Publishing, 1990 {Only original pages given, not any for Lewis volume.}

Leventhal, Herbert, _In The Shadow of the Enlightenment_: _Occultism and Renaissance
Science__ in Eighteenth Century America_ (NY: New York University Press, 1976) {The
occult renaissance in colonial America.}

Lewis, James R., ed. with introduction, _The Beginnings of Astrology in America_.
_Astrology and the Re-emergence of Cosmic Religion_, in J. Gordon Melton, _Cults and New
Religions_ NY and London: Garland Publishing, 1990 {BF 1729 .R4 A88 1990; An
anthology of early US astrological texts.}

Quinn, D. Michael, _Early Mormonism and the Magic World View_ (Salt Lake City, UT:
Signature Books, 1987) {A distinguished Mormon historian demonstrates that Joseph Smith
was a backwoods occultist, as well as a prophet. Fascinating photographs of Smith's amulets,
seer stones, etc. Quinn demonstrates that the Jupiter amulet that Smith wore at his death was
copied from a particular edition of Reginald Scott's _Discoverie of
Witchcraft_. There is a curious foreword in which Quinn testifies to the sincerity of his own
Mormon faith.}

Truzzi, Marcello, "Astrology: A Review Symposium," _Zetetic Scholar_ 3-4 (1979): 71-121
{reviews and discussion of Dean, Mather, et al., 1977. Includes George O. Abell, Dane
Rudhyar, Hans J. Eysenck, Michel Gauquelin, Malcolm Dean, Joseph Agassi and Arthur
Mather. An excellent discussion of the issues facing modern "scientific" astrology.}

Zoller, Robert, _The Arabic Parts in Astrology_. _A Lost Key to Prediction_ (Rochester, VT:
Inner Traditions International, 1989) {Ostensibly on the lots, fictional planets calculated as so
many degrees away from a real planet. The Lot of Fortune was the most important. (Compare
Neugebauer and van Hoesen.) Zoller is an unusually scholarly believer. Pages 15-76 are on
the metaphysics of astrology, largely Neo-Platonic: "... the basis of astrology is not the
physical movements of the planets, not some kind of `radiation' from the stars, but is in fact
the esoteric nature of number ...." He is also rather more deterministic than is common today:
"... it is in fact one of the primary tenets behind the study of astrology that all experiences ...
are caused by the action of `Heaven' on `Earth'...." Pages 71-133 translate Guido Bonnati's
thirteenth century _Liber Astronomiae_, on the parts. This includes a section on predicting
commodities prices -- probably as useful as any stockbroker's formula used today. "The most
important and complete book in English on the computation and use of the so called `Arabic
Parts'. It contains among a multitude of other riches, a translation of Guido Bonatti's treatise
on the parts. An essential and excellent work." --Win Rowe.}