http://www.ocean.ic.net/doc/pol/MLK.txt
Kimble is discussed in Bill Davy's new book, *Let Justice Be Done.* He's
also discussed briefly in part four of my article, "Who Speaks for Clay
Shaw?" (http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/shaw4.htm) and my review of Davy's book
(http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/davy.htm).
Dave Reitzes
New Orleans Times-Picayune June 5, 1968 S2-P8
Kimble is Held in Check Case
Claimed Last Year to be Klan Informer
-
A young man who last year claimed to have inside information
on Ku Klux Klan operations was arrested Tuesday [4th] on a charge
of conducting illicit checking operations.
Accused of making himself $1,405 richer at the expense of the
Bank of New Orleans was Jules R. Kimble [...]
Police claim Kimble effected the theft by manipulating checks
stolen from an industrial firm where he was employed as a clerk from
April 24 to May 10.
In June of last year Kimble left Louisiana claiming he had witnessed
plans to bomb the homes of labor leader Victor Bussie and a Negro
woman teacher in Port Allen, and that his life was in danger.
He was arrested, however, in Miami last October on charges of
parole violation in Avoyelles Parish, and agreed to return to
Louisiana on charges of nonsupport of his family.
He then appeared before the Baton Rouge grand jury in connection
with the Bussie bombing the same month.
Kimble was also arrested in New Orleans May 21 on charges of
impersonating police, carrying a concealed weapon, assault and forgery.
He had been arrested in Baton Rouge in February and charged with
attempted theft and impersonating a doctor.
Discussing Kimble's latest run-in with the law, Sgt. Ronald
Kennedy and Det. Nick Chetta alleged that he stole a number of checks
from the industrial firm and deposited them in a special bank account
under a phony firm name.
He then began making withdrawals using names of legitimate
companies, police claimed.
When arrested, Kimble was on $4,750 bond. Police said a $475 check
he wrote to the bonding company bounced.
-
Jerru Shinley
Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
Share what you know. Learn what you don't.
Say what?
--mcp
Ramparts January, 1968 P68
The Garrison Commission by William Turner
-
The affair of Jules Rocco Kimble illustrates how government
pressure has induced potential witnesses to slip from Garrison's
grasp. A self-avowed member of the Ku Klux Klan who got in trouble
over bombings in Baton Rouge, Kimble approached the DA's men in the
apparent hope of gaining mitigation. He said that on the day after
David Ferrie died, he drove a top KKK official, Jack Helm, to
Ferrie's apartment. Helm came out with a satchel crammed with papers,
which he placed in a bank safe deposit box. Kimble also divulged
that in 1962, he had flown to Montreal with Ferrie on what was
purported to be Minutemen business. He promised the DA's investigators
that he would gather further information and report back.
He didn't come through. Shortly afterward, he phoned his wife
from Atlanta, saying he had met a CIA contact. "They'll never get
me back to New Orleans," he vowed. A few days after that, he called
from Montreal. For reasons unknown, Kimble backtracked to Tampa,
Florida, where he was arrested by local police. Interviewed by
Garrison's men, he said that he had once worked special assigments
for the CIA, and in verification named his Agency contacts and the
box number of the Lafayette Street station they assigned him. He
averred that he had contacted the CIA after Walter Sheridan had
counseled him to say nothing to the DA and go to Canada...
-
<end of excerpt>
-
Would the CIA have used a man who had been publicly identified
as a CIA contact before the MLK assassination as an operative in
that assassination? Would they allow him to return to Jim Garrison's
jurisdiction after the shooting?
-
Jerry Shinley
Also, you notice anything -- or anybody -- missing from the
flight-to-Canada story? \:^)
Dave
Man, this guy's quite a handful, isn't he? I'm surprised that prison walls can
hold him.
Dave
Jerry,
It seems that the CIA did not mind having two former publically
identifiable OFFICERS working in Nixons plumbers unit. Without getting
into an arguement about whether this was a CIA operation or not, the
crimes these guys were committing, along with former FBI man Liddy, were
serious enough and no one can tell me that the agency, and the FBI, were
not aware of what was going on. Yet they let it go on and got away with
it later.
Tony
Just when you think you've heard 'em all . . .
BTW, I don't remember whether I've mentioned that Kimble is discussed a
bit in Pepper's *Orders to Kill.* (If I'm thinking of the right book,
Pepper misspells the name "Kimbel" throughout.)
Dave
St. Louis Post-Dispatch January 8, 1967 p 1A Hawks are Sold Conditionally;
Option Given to Keep Team Here $3,800,000 Basketball Bid by New Orleans
Group - Time Granted to Match Offer - [...] The tentative purchaser is the
New Orleans Professional Basketball Association, headed by Sean M. Downey,
Jr., son of singer Morton Downey. [Isn't Downey, Jr., the talk show host
who was the nemesis of "pablum-puking liberals?"] [...] Downey, 34 years
old, is general manager of the Canteen Corp. of Louisiana, a vending
machine company.
[...] Downey's father was one of the country's best known popular singers
in the 1930s and 1940s. His theme song was "Carolina Moon." The elder
Downey, now 65, lives in Palm Beach, Fla., and is no longer in show
business. [I believe he was also a friend of the Kennedy family.] - St.
Louis Post-Dispatch January , 1967 p 4C One New Orleans Backer of Hawks
Deal Pulls Out Kimble Withdrawal Won't Affect Deal, Downey Says - J. R.
Kimble, vice president of the New Orleans syndicate that agreed Saturday
[7th] to buy the Hawks, said today he was pulling out of the group and
that his action would collapse the $3,800,000 conditional purchase.
However, Sean M. Downey, president of the New Orleans group, said Kimble's
withdrawal would have no effect on the conditional sale because Kimble was
the smallest investor of the 13-man association. [...] Kimble and Downey
disagreed on how much Kimble had agreed to invest, and also over the
reason for Kimble's withdrawal. Kimble in a telephone conversation with
the Post-Dispatch, said he was committed to invest at least half of the
$3,800,000. But Downey said Kimble's share was $150,000. Kimble gave two
reasons for his withdrawal in two seperate telephone calls. First he said
he was pulling out because the team was going to stay in St. Louis - that
there were never any plans to move it - and that he did not want to be
made a fool by serving as an instrument in such developments. In the
second call, he said he was withdrawing because there were several persons
in the 13-man group with whom he did not want to be associated. He said
that he had not been aware of their identities when he first committed his
money to the syndicate. Downey said Kimble had given him another reason.
Kimble had insisted his own attorney handle the sales transaction. "I
couldn't make any such commitment to him," said Downey. "I'm not the big
money man in the syndicate. I can't dictate terms as to who would be the
attorney." Downey said, "I just put the syndicate together, but I'm not
the money man." He said he had no money invested among the $3,800,000.
He said the deposit by his group was for exceedingly less than the
$150,000 Kimble had pledged. However, he said he had agreed not to
disclose the amount that had been deposited Saturday when the terms of the
contract were agreed on. The deposit would be returned if a St. Louis
group matches the purchase price, Downey said, but it would be forfeited
if the New Orleans group would withdraw its offer. Downey termed Kimble's
withdrawal "not an important development," and said that Kimble's share
would be taken up by one of the other members of the syndicate who had
wanted to invest more. He said a major New Orleans investor who was not
part of the syndicate could be called into the picture if necessary. "He
could cover it all, but I didn't include him because I wanted it to be a
community project," Downey said. Hawks attorney Michael J. Aubuchon said
that the 24-year-old Kimble was one of the New Orleans men who signed the
conditional agreement. Downey was the other. They attended the meeting
with Aubuchon and attorney Steve R. Plotkin of the New Orleans group.
[...] - St. Louis Post-Dispatch January 10, 1967 p 1A New Orleans
Syndicate Group Bidding for Hawks Must Get More Funds Member of Syndicate
Said to Have Misrepresented His Financial Worth - The New Orleans
syndicate that apparently had made a winning bid of $3,800,000 for the
Hawks regrouped after Sean M. Downey, Jr., president of the syndicate
disclosed that one of its members had misrepresented his financial worth.
Downey told the Post-Dispatch today that J. R. Kimble, who had been
described as having inherited $1,500,000, "misrepresented his worth by
$1,499,999.99." Michael J. Aubuchon, attorney for the Hawks, said that
Kimble signed a check for the undisclosed amount of the deposit agreed on
in the conditional sale of the National Basketball Association franchise
to the New Orleans group here last weekend. The check represents the only
"good faith" money held by the Hawks, Aubuchon told the Post-Dispatch.
But Kerner and Aubuchon said in San Francisco that the check Kimble had
given them as the New Orleans group's earnest money was a personal draft.
Aubuchon [...] declined to disclose the amount of the check. [...]
Downey, reached by the Post-Dispatch ar his home in New Orleans, said that
Kimble was no longer a member of the Southern syndicate. He said that the
group did not plan legal action against the 26-year-old Kimble. [...] Hap
Glaudi, sports director of television station WWL in New Orleans said he
had made an inquiry into the Kimble situation and found Kimble to be an
oil rig worker. Glaudi, who attributed his information to a law
enforcement officer, said Kimble had "accumulated some money through
investments" but that he found no indication that Kimble was an heir to a
fortune. [...] - [The Hawks deal fell through, but Downey went on the
become part of a group which received an ABA franchise. See:
http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/5290/MemphisMaterial/BuccaneersMemphisYear
ly.html ] - New Orleans Times-Picayune September 8, 1967 S1-P1 Bussie Case
Witness Assured - A missing witness in the bombing of a Baton Rouge labor
leader's home has been promised "all the protection he needs day and
night" by Gov. John J. McKeithen, East Baton Rouge District Attorney
Sargent Pitcher and State Police Supt. Col. Thomas Burbank. The witness
was identified by Burbank and Pitcher as Jules R. Kimble, 24, 7003
Vicksburg st., New Orleans. A Jules R. Kimble in early January attempted
to join a syndicate that was seeking to bring the St. Louis Hawks National
Basketball Association franchise to New Orleans. At the time, Kimble told
a St. Louis newspaper he was committed to pay at least one half of the
$3.8 million purchase price. Kimble called the New Orleans States-Item's
Baton Rouge bureau Thursday [7th] and said the plot to bomb the home of
Victor Bussie, president of the state AFL-CIO, and the home of a Negro
woman teacher in Port Allen, across the river from Baton Rouge, was
concocted in his home by the Ku Klux Klan. According to Kimble, he was
calling from a pay telephone in Cincinnati, Ohio, and had fled Louisiana
because he feared for his life. He said he was not satisfied with
protection offered by state police. Pitcher said he doubted Kimble was in
Ohio. But Pitcher added he would provide protection for Kimble if he comes
into Pitcher's jurisdiction. Burbank challenged Kimble's charge that he
was not offered adequate protection. "We assurded Kimble complete
protection for himself and his family," asserted Burbank. Gov. McKeithen
added, "We're trying to root these fellows (meaning the bombers) out, and
we'll give him or any other witness as much protection as he wants."
Pitcher says he has a grand jury subpena out for Kimble and that it can be
served anywhere in Louisiana. He said that Kimble's home here [N.O.] has
been under surveillance for the last six or seven days. A Jules R. Kimble
was arrested on three charges by the New Orleans Police Department as
recently as July 26. He was arrested for aggravated assault, false
personation and illegally carrying a concealed weapon. The missing
witness told the States-Item that three men met at his home in July and
worked out the details to bomb the two homes. "They wanted to kill Bussie
and Mrs. Viola Logan," said Kimble. According to Kimble, there was a
definite plan to kill Bussie, not just scare him. Bussie had commented
strongly about the KKK while testifying before a committee of the
Legislature considering legislation to probe labor-management racketeering
in the state. "The bombing was also tied into the grant-in-aid thing
[state money for the students of private, segregated schools]," said
Kimble. Kimble told the States-Item he was a member of the Klan and the
person who organized the plot had wanted him to participate. However,
Kimble said he had been injured recently and did not go with them. He
said that two of the men left their cars at his house that night and rode
to Baton Rouge with a third man. He insisted that he did not go. Kimble
said he talked to a state police detective and the detective told him he
could not guarantee him protection if testified before the grand jury.
"My life is in danger," said Kimble. "If they guarantee me protection,
then I'll testify." Kimble said Burbank had promised him a job and issued
him a commission as a special police officer. Burbank confirmed that the
commission had been issued but had later been taken up. The Federal
Bureau of Investigation was interested in the bombings but pulled out when
it became apparent no federal laws had been violated. Pitcher said the
subpena for Kimble is the only one issued thus far in the case. - New
Orleans Times-Picayune September 9, 1967 S1-P5 Kimble 'Seen' in New
Orleans T-P Receives Tip on Wanted Informant - Jules R Kimble [...] was
seen in the 7000 block of Vicksburg st. Friday [8th] The Times-Picayune
was told. [...] The owner of the residence at 7003 Vicksburg st., where
Kimble had lived and where he said the plot [to bomb Bussie] was
concocted, said Friday that Kimble has not lived there in "eight to 10
days." [...] - <end of excerpts> - Jerry Shinley
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Clayton KIMBLE, a/k/a
"Sap", and Jules Ron Kimbel, Defendants-Appellants
No. 82-3528
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
719 F.2d 1253; 1983 U.S. App. LEXIS 16112; 14 Fed. R. Evid. Serv.
(Callaghan) 525
October 12, 1983
SUBSEQUENT HISTORY: [**1]
Cert. Denied, 464 U.S. 1073, 79 L. Ed. 2d 220, 104 S. Ct. 984.
PRIOR HISTORY:
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of
Louisiana.
DISPOSITION: Affirmed.
COUNSEL: For: Clayton Kimble, Jack M. Dampf, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, For:
Jules Kimbel, Lawrence B. Shallcross, Jr., Baton Rouge, Louisiana, for
Appellant.
Stanford O. Bardwell, Jr., U.S. Atty., Baton Route, Louisiona, Ian F.
Hipwell, AUSA, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, AUSA, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, for
Appellee.
JUDGES: Clark, Chief Judge, Gee and Politz, Circuit Judges.
OPINIONBY: POLITZ
OPINION: [*1254] POLITZ, Circuit Judge:
Clayton Kimble and Jules Ron Kimbel, brothers who spell their name
differently, were indicted along with three others in a four-count
indictment arising out of illegal activities in Texas, Louisiana and
Mississippi prior to and during 1976. Following a 24-day trial, the jury
found appellants guilty of conspiracy to violate the Racketeer Influenced
and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d), and
conspiracy to violate the civil rights of Russell Griffith by murdering
him, 18 U.S.C. § 241. n1 Sentenced to life imprisonment, the brothers
appeal, assigning error in pretrial proceedings [**2] and at trial.
Finding no reversible error, we affirm.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- -
n1 Appellants were found not guilty of the substantive charges of
conducting and participating in the affairs of an enterprise through a
pattern of racketeering activity, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), and of obstruction
of justice by threatening and killing Griffith, 18 U.S.C. § 1503. Two of
the co-defendants were found not guilty on all counts and the jury was
unable to reach a verdict as to the other.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -End Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- -
Facts
James Shelton Leslie, a Shreveport advertising executive, was shotgunned
to death on the parking lot of the Prince Murat Hotel, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana, in the early morning hours of July 8, 1976, following a party
celebrating passage of a Right-to-Work bill by the Louisiana Legislature.
[*1255] Three months later, during the evening hours of October 15, 1976,
Russell Griffith was shotgunned to death in the Three Rivers Wildlife
Management Area in Concordia Parish, Louisiana. Three weeks prior to his
death, Griffith and Jules Ron Kimbel were indicted [**3] in the Southern
District of Mississippi for the interstate transportation of a stolen
bulldozer. The Leslie and Griffith murders went unsolved for five years
although a massive investigation was undertaken by various state
authorities.
On June 8, 1981, a major development occurred. On that day, Steve Thomas
Simoneaux pleaded guilty to conspiracy to violate the civil rights of
Griffith by murdering him, 18 U.S.C. § 241. Under a Fed. R.Crim.P.
11(e)(1)(c) plea, Simoneaux agreed to cooperate with the federal
authorities and to testify before grand and petit juries. Conditioned on
the acceptance of the adequacy of his cooperation, Simoneaux was to be
sentenced to 20 years imprisonment, to run concurrently with sentences in
Texas for armed robbery, and federal authorities agreed not to furnish
information on state crimes to state authorities. Simoneaux was given
immunity from testimony-related federal offenses but no immunity from
state law infractions.
Simoneaux testified before the grand jury which handed up the four-count
indictment presently before the court. The government's theory of the case
was that a racketeering enterprise for the theft and interstate
transportation [**4] of heavy equipment existed among and between the
co-indictees, Simoneaux, and others. Under the prosecutor's scenario,
several of the conspirators sought to curry the favor of the late George
W. D'Artois, Commissioner of Public Safety of Shreveport, Louisiana, by
murdering Leslie. Leslie had appeared before a state grand jury which
indicted D'Artois for misuse of public funds and was to testify for the
prosecution at D'Artois's trial. In addition, the prosecution maintained
that when Griffith and Jules Ron Kimbel were arrested for the interstate
transportation of the bulldozer, a decision was made to eliminate Griffith
before he could "cut a deal" with federal authorities and tell them about
the heavy equipment ring and Leslie's murder. The jury was not convinced
of the case involving the murder of Leslie, but returned a special verdict
implicating appellants in the interstate heavy equipment ring and in
Griffith's murder.
The government's case was based largely on the testimony of Simoneaux who
testified, inter alia, concerning the illegal heavy equipment operation,
the involvement with D'Artois and the death of Griffith. Simoneaux was
subjected to rigorous cross-examination, [**5] including extensive
questioning about the precise nature of his plea arrangement, his personal
background, and his crime-studded record. Simoneaux acknowledged that he
was dishonorable and that he had repeatedly lied, including lies under
oath, to save his own skin. He admitted to intimate participation in the
criminal activity set forth in the indictment and candidly stated that he
was testifying only because of the lenient sentence he was to receive in
return for his cooperation. In particular he spoke of the contingent
nature of his sentence, which had not yet been imposed, and that he fully
understood his cooperation would have to be deemed acceptable before the
plea agreement would be operative.
At several points during the course of the trial, the district judge
instructed the jury that the testimony of an alleged co-conspirator was to
be considered with great caution and that the jury was to weigh the
testimony of Simoneaux in light of all circumstances, including the plea
arrangement. The court underscored that it was for the jury to determine
Simoneaux's credibility.
The trial judge imposed one limitation on the scope of cross-examination.
Defense counsel were restrained [**6] from questioning Simoneaux about the
specifics of prior, unrelated state crimes for which Simoneaux had no
immunity, and as to which he was entitled to assert the fifth amendment
privilege against self-incrimination.
During the course of cross-examination of Simoneaux, counsel for one of
the other [*1256] co-defendants attempted to impeach him by reading a
portion of a transcript of a prior inconsistent statement. The prosecutor
asked the judge to direct counsel to read the entirety of the statement to
put it in context. Upon the judge's order, counsel began to read three
sentences which contained references to prior criminal behavior of Clayton
Kimble. n2 Counsel objected during the reading and after an immediate
bench conference, at which the court and counsel agreed that the final
part of the statement should not have been admitted in evidence, the court
instructed the jury to disregard the statement.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - -
n2 The challenged statement was:
The bulldozing thing out of Jackson, Mississippi. Clay was already in
federal trouble, so this would have knocked his probation. He was on
probation, so he would have to get three years automatically, because if
he was revoked, plus whatever time he would --.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -End Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - [**7]
Appellants assign various errors: the evidence was insufficient to sustain
their convictions, hearsay statements by co-conspirators were erroneously
admitted in evidence, the court erroneously limited cross-examination of
Simoneaux, and the reading of the sentences referring to prior crimes of
Clayton Kimble was prejudicial. Appellants further maintain that the trial
court erred in denying motions for severance and in relieving the
government from responding to Clayton Kimble's unsolicited offer of an
alibi list. Appellants further complain that the government interfered
with their trial preparation by furnishing voluminous Jencks Act materials
two weeks before trial. We find no reversible error in any assignment of
error.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
To properly convict, the government must prove every element of each
offense charged beyond a reasonable doubt. To convict defendants of
conspiracy to violate RICO, "the government must prove that [defendants]
objectively manifested, through words or actions, an agreement to
participate in the conduct of the affairs of the enterprise through the
commission of two or more predicate crimes." United States v. Martino, 648
[**8] F.2d 367, 394 (5th Cir.1981) (citing United States v.Bright, 630
F.2d 804 (5th Cir.1980), and United States v. Elliott, 571 F.2d 880 (5th
Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 953, 99 S. Ct. 349, 58 L. Ed. 2d 344
(1978)). There must be proof of an illegal conspiracy, defendants' knowing
participation and an overt act in furtherance. United States v. Phillips,
664 F.2d 971 (5th Cir.1981). To convict defendants of conspiracy to
violate Russell Griffith's civil rights, contrary to 18 U.S.C. § 241, the
government must prove that defendants knowingly joined a conspiracy to
injure, oppress, threaten or intimidate Griffith, with the intent to
deprive him of his right to testify, n3 and that an overt act was
committed in furtherance of the conspiracy.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - -
n3 The right to testify "arises out of the creation and establishment by
the Constitution itself of a national government, paramount and supreme
within its sphere of action." In re Quarles, 158 U.S. 532, 536, 15 S. Ct.
959, 961, 39 L. Ed. 1080 (1895); United States v. Thevis, 665 F.2d 616
(5th Cir.1982).
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -End Footnotes- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - [**9]
When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal, the standard
of review directs inquiry whether "there is substantial evidence, viewed
in the light most favorable to the Government, to uphold the jury's
decision." United States v. Malatesta, 590 F.2d 1379, 1382 (5th Cir.) (en
banc), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 962, 99 S. Ct. 1508, 59 L. Ed. 2d 777 (1979)
(quoting Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 17, 98 S. Ct. 2141, 2150, 57
L. Ed. 2d 1 (1978)). Viewing the evidence in this record under that
standard, it is readily apparent that the jury had before it evidence
which, if deemed credible, fully supported its verdict. It is exclusively
the function of the jury to assess credibility. We are particularly loath
to reject a jury's verdict when it is so manifestly dependent on
credibility assessments.
Appellants argue that Simoneaux's testimony was per se incredible because
of the plea arrangement, and in any event it was so incredible that it
should have been excluded. We are not persuaded. Simoneaux admitted that
he perjured himself, [*1257] he admitted lying in over 30 different
statements motivated by his sense of self-preservation. He was
cross-examined [**10] at length and confronted with the prior inconsistent
statements and offered his explanation. The jury had both the power and
duty to determine whether Simoneaux was to be believed in whole or in
part. The jury obviously believed him, at least to the extent that it
returned the guilty verdicts on two counts. The plea agreement, prior
statements and prior criminal record all went to the weight of Simoneaux's
testimony, not its admissibility.
Hearsay of Co-conspirators
Appellants argue that hearsay of co-conspirators was erroneously admitted.
Under the rule we announced in United States v. James, 590 F.2d 575 (5th
Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 442 U.S. 917, 99 S. Ct. 2836, 61 L. Ed. 2d
283 (1979), a statement which would otherwise be excludable as hearsay is
admissible if there is substantial independent evidence of the conspiracy
between the declarant and the defendant, and the proffered statement was
made in furtherance of that conspiracy. The district court must make these
findings at some time during trial, preferably before introduction of the
statement. However, the court may allow introduction of the challenged
declaration, subject to subsequent establishment [**11] of an adequate
foundation. In this case, the court made the requisite James findings
before submission of the case to the jury. In any event we find this
assignment without merit; appellants fail to point to any specific
inadmissible statement. See United States v. Salinas, 654 F.2d 319 (5th
Cir.1981).
Limitation on Cross-Examination
Appellants maintain that the court erred in restraining defense counsel
from asking Simoneaux specific questions about prior, unrelated state
crimes, claiming that this ruling impermissibly infringed their sixth
amendment right to the confrontation of witnesses. We do not agree.
When a witness legitimately invokes his fifth amendment privilege,
creating a potential conflict with a defendant's sixth amendment right to
confrontation, the relevant question on review is "whether defendant's
inability to make the inquiry created a substantial danger of prejudice by
depriving him of the ability to test the truth of the witness's direct
testimony." Fountain v. United States, 384 F.2d 624, 628 (5th Cir.1967).
In the instant case the court's limitation on cross-examination created no
danger of prejudice. Appellants and their co-defendants [**12] were able
to point out to the jury that Simoneaux was a persistent perjurer who had
lied to the grand jury in this very case, that he was testifying pursuant
to a plea agreement which was contingent upon satisfaction with his
cooperation, that he had committed various state law crimes in Louisiana
and the federal authorities had agreed, as part of the plea agreement, not
to pass along to Louisiana authorities any evidence of those state crimes.
Thus, appellants had ample opportunity to test the truth of Simoneaux's
testimony by challenging his credibility, notwithstanding the court's
minor limitation on the scope of cross examination. See United States v.
Brown, 634 F.2d 819 (5th Cir.1981).
Extrinsic Offense Evidence
Clayton Kimble urges reversible error because of the reading of the
concluding portion of a statement by Simoneaux which made reference to
prior offenses. It is apparent, as quickly recognized by the court and
counsel, that the evidence was inconsistent with Fed.R.Evid. 404(b).
United States v. Beechum, 582 F.2d 898 (5th Cir.1978). However, the trial
court's prompt instruction to the jury to disregard the testimony was
sufficient to cure the error. [**13] The references to the prior offenses
would be reversible "only if there is a significant possibility that they
had a substantial impact on the jury's verdict." United States v. Klein,
546 F.2d 1259, 1263 (5th Cir.1977). Here, the statement was somewhat
ambiguous, did not mention a crime, a conviction, or appellant's last
name, and consisted of only three short sentences, the reading of the
third of which was interrupted, occupying only moments in a 24-day trial.
We are [*1258] satisfied that the error inherent was mitigated and
rendered harmless by the trial judge's prompt curative instruction.
Assignments of Pretrial Error
The remainder of appellants' challenges relate to pretrial rulings and
actions. The district court denied a severance. Joinder of defendants was
proper under Fed.R.Crim.P. 8. Therefore, "defendants must rely on Rule 14,
Fed.R. Crim.P., which permits severance if a defendant is prejudiced by
the joinder." United States v. Martino, 648 F.2d at 385. The defendant's
"burden of showing prejudice is onerous." Id. Severance is only mandated
when a fair trial may not be accorded the joined defendants. A motion to
sever is directed to the sound [**14] discretion of the trial judge. The
refusal here was within the scope of that discretion.
Finally, we find no merit in Clayton Kimble's complaint relative to the
court relieving the government from responding to his unsolicited offer of
an alibi list and to appellants' complaint that the prosecution interfered
with trial preparation by producing a large volume of Jencks Act material
two weeks in advance of trial, purportedly inundating them. Neither issue
warrants further discussion.
AFFIRMED.