Eurocodes For Structural Design

[Priamo Gregory]

Allof the EN Eurocodes relating to materials have a Part 1-1 which covers the design of buildings and other civil engineering structures and a Part 1-2 for fire design. The standards for concrete, steel, composite steel and concrete, and timber structures and earthquake resistance have a Part 2 covering design of bridges. The Part 2 should be used in combination with the appropriate general Parts (Parts 1).

The Eurocodes suite is made up by 10 European Standards for structural design. Each Eurocode consists of a number of parts that cover particular technical aspects. The links between the Eurocodes are given in the figure.

EN 1990 establishes Principles and Requirements for the safety, serviceability and durability of structures, describes the basis for their design and verification and gives guidelines for related aspects of structural reliability.

EN 1990 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1991 to EN 1999 for the structural design of buildings and other civil engineering works, including geotechnical aspects, structural fire design, situations involving earthquakes, execution and temporary structures. For the design of special construction works (e.g. nuclear installations, dams, etc.), other provisions than those in EN 1990 to EN 1999 might be necessary.

The 2nd EU-ASEAN Regional Workshop on Eurocodes, held in Singapore the 9-10 October 2023, was the first hybrid event under the EU-ASEAN Eurocodes Dialogue. It has brought together 123 delegates of the relevant stakeholders in all ASEAN Member States.

Experts from the EU and ASEAN Member States will share knowledge with representatives from competent organisations in AMS on the development and elaboration of wind and thermal maps for structural design with the Eurocodes. The event will provide an opportunity to learn and build on the experience.

Eurocodes are a series of 10 European Technical Standards that provide a common approach to the structural design of buildings and other civil engineering works. Eurocodes help make European companies more competitive and increase safety in the construction industry.

In the Eurocode series of European standards (EN) related to construction, Eurocode: Basis of structural design (informally Eurocode 0; abbreviated EN 1990 or, informally, EC 0) establishes the basis that sets out the way to use Eurocodes for structural design. Eurocode 0 establishes Principles and requirements for the safety, serviceability and durability of structures, describes the basis for their design and verification and gives guidelines for related aspects of structural reliability. Eurocode 0 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1991 to EN 1999 for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works, including geotechnical aspects, structural fire design, situations involving earthquakes, execution and temporary structures.

Annex A2 of EN 1990 gives rules and methods for establishing combinations of actions for serviceability and ultimate limit state verifications (except fatigue verifications) with the recommended design values of permanent, variable and accidental actions and ψ factors to be used in the design of road bridges, footbridges and railway bridges. It also applies to actions during execution. Methods and rules for verifications relating to some material-independent serviceability limit states are also given.

There was some discussion previously (I think in 2001) on this topic. Eurocodes are now obligatory in European civil / structural engineering. There is a publication 'Structural Timber Design to Eurocode 5' by Jack Porteous and Abdy Kermani, which includes many MathCad examples (available on disc for a small fee, after purchase of the book). Does anyone know of any other sources of Eurocode compliant design files, particularly for materials other than timber?

This sounds to be a good opportunity for the Knovel folks to get out and create such a package. It will proably need Mona to feed this thread to them so that they can make a good offer to the likes of Porteus and Kermani to make a paid for e-book.

According to Eurocode 3 (Steel design) you can find hundreds of PDF files with design examples, design theory and design flowcharts (unfortunately not in Mathcad language) on site -steel.com/Content/Content.htm .

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It has been an interesting and challenging journey to observe the development of 3D Printing technology in 2023. While working on various aspects of the technology, I was awarded a Fellow of the Nigerian Institution of Structural Engineers (FNIStructE). It seemed like yesterday when I wrote the Seven-and-a-half-hour open-book professional exams. The weight of the achievement dawned on me when I was personally congratulated by each of the past Presidents of the Institution. I hope this achievement is the birth of greater things to come. The ability to develop multi-story structures is one question I have been asked several times in the development phase of 3D Printing technology. I believe that this can be achieved if well-understood structural design principles are followed.

The foundation type of the building structure will be developed by following the standard/traditional approach of analyzing a soil test to determine the right depth to place a designed foundation footing and soil pressures that can withstand the building loads. I am of the view that in the future, connecting walls of simple foundation footings such as strip and pad footing will be 3D Printed. The loads and design considerations remain the same. We followed guidelines in Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures-Part1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. However, the wall load should be considered concrete because the walls achieve above 50Mpa at 28 days. In most cases, the walls can be designed as unreinforced masonry walls subjected to shear and moment. Shashank and Raghunath (2014) are of the view that in some cases shear reinforcement should be considered.

We discovered that it is difficult to 3D Print a single continuous wall due to sensitivity to slenderness and this conforms to the need to stiffen the wall through the use of connected floors or roofs as specified in Eurocode 6. With the support of the 14Trees design team, we adopted a unique wall shape to solve this challenge. However, for multi-story building designs, we will use double walls and connect effectively to the walls of the building to achieve the required stiffness. As we bid 2023 goodbye, I keep thinking about the likely interesting industry topics that I will write about in 2024. I am sure that the G+1 and G+2 3d Printed building design will be one of the topics. Thank you for following my journey and reading about this exciting project and I wish everyone a prosperous 2024.

The Eurocodes are a set of structural design standards, developed by CEN (European Committee for Standardisation), to cover the design of all types of structures in steel, concrete, timber, masonry and aluminium. In the UK, they are published by BSI under the designations BS EN 1990 to BS EN 1999; each of these ten Eurocodes is published in several Parts and each Part is accompanied by a National Annex that implements the CEN document and adds certain UK-specific provisions.

This article introduces the Eurocode system, sets out the format that is used and explains the relationship between the Eurocodes, their National Annexes and non-contradictory complementary information (NCCI). It explains that the basis of structural design is set out in BS EN 1990[2] and that this defines the common principles and specifies how design values are to be determined and verified. A brief summary of the various actions (loading) that are defined in EN 1991 is given.

The article introduces the parts of EN 1993 (Eurocode 3) that are required when designing a steel framed building and briefly introduces EN 1994 (Eurocode 4), for composite steel and concrete structures, and EN 1992 (Eurocode 2), which covers the design of the concrete elements in composite structures.

The Governments of the UK and its devolved regions publish documents which provide guidance on the means by which compliance with the Building Regulations in force in that region can be achieved. For structure safety these are: Approved Document A[3] (England); Approved Document A[4] (Wales); Scottish Technical Handbook [5] and Technical Booklet D[6] in Northern Ireland. It should be noted that the English and Welsh Approved Documents have been separate only since 2013. Differences between them are small but one should be aware that they exist. When this article, or any other article on this site, refers to Approved Document A, by default it will be the English version[3].

Approved Document A[3] to the Building Regulations (England) currently references the Eurocodes. It states that: British Standards for structural design based on the Eurocodes were.....implemented by the British Standards Institution on 1st April 2010 and it is these standards with their corresponding UK National Annexes which are now referenced in this Approved Document as practical guidance on meeting Part A requirements.

It further states that: There may be alternative ways of achieving compliance with the requirements and there may be cases where it can be demonstrated that the use of withdrawn standards no longer maintained by the British Standards Institution continues to meet Part A requirements.

It is important to recognise that the regulatory system in the UK is such that the Building Regulations themselves merely make high level demands, for example that a structure is safe. Use of the standards cited in Approved Document A[3] is only one way to demonstrate that requirement has been met.

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