Intel Pentium 4 Drivers

[Pierpont Oldham]

isthere no graphic driver for intel pentium gold 5400 , because i already try to use intel driver support and assistant and when i try to install graphic driver it said that this driver is not for my processor

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I had 10.04 installed on my Thinkpad r61 with Compiz Manager and life was great, until the machine took water damage. I bought an ASUS (X54H) since and am trying out 12.04, but the desktop just doesn't look right.

I will greatly appreciate your help. I want to use Linux more, but like I said video drivers appear to be my biggest concern. I have also tried 12.04 on my desktop PC, but again failed to configure video card, so switched back to Windows 7.

The Intel graphics driver is part of the xserver-xorg-video-intel driver package, which is installed on all Ubuntu systems by default. And since it isn't a proprietary driver package, it doesn't show up in jockey (aka the Hardware Drivers application).

CPU performance scaling enables the operating system to scale the CPU frequency up or down in order to save power or improve performance. Scaling can be done automatically in response to system load, adjust itself in response to ACPI events, or be manually changed by user space programs.

A default scaling driver and governor are selected automatically, but userspace tools like cpupower, acpid, Laptop Mode Tools, or GUI tools provided for your desktop environment, may still be used for advanced configuration.

cpupower is a set of userspace utilities designed to assist with CPU frequency scaling. The package is not required to use scaling, but is highly recommended because it provides useful command-line utilities and a systemd service to change the governor at boot.

The configuration file for cpupower is located in /etc/default/cpupower. This configuration file is read by a bash script in /usr/lib/systemd/scripts/cpupower which is activated by systemd with cpupower.service. You may want to enable cpupower.service to start at boot.

thermald is a Linux daemon used to prevent the overheating of Intel CPUs. This daemon proactively controls thermal parameters using P-states, T-states, and the Intel power clamp driver. thermald can also be used for older Intel CPUs. If the latest drivers are not available, then the daemon will revert to x86 model specific registers and the Linux "cpufreq subsystem" to control system cooling.

By default, it monitors CPU temperature using available CPU digital temperature sensors and maintains CPU temperature under control, before hardware takes aggressive correction action. If there is a skin temperature sensor in thermal sysfs, then it tries to keep skin temperature under 45C.

The powerprofilesctl command-line tool from power-profiles-daemon handles power profiles (e.g. balanced, power-saver, performance) through the power-profiles-daemon service. GNOME and KDE also provide graphical interfaces for profile switching; see the following:

tunedAUR is a daemon for monitoring and adaptive tuning of system devices, written by the same team as power-profiles-daemon. tuned, however, does more in addition with the same tasks as power-profiles-daemon. It can configure GPU power modes, PCIe power management, set sysctl settings, adjust kernel scheduling and more; a daemon that also configures out aspects of power management in the system.

Start/enable the tuned daemon service. For power-profiles-daemon compatibility, also start/enable the tuned-ppd service. To control tuned from the command line, use tuned-adm to view, set, and recommend profiles.

cpupower-gui-gitAUR is a graphical utility designed to assist with CPU frequency scaling. The GUI is based on GTK and is meant to provide the same options as cpupower. cpupower-gui can enable or disable cores and change the maximum/minimum CPU frequency and governor for each core. The application handles privilege granting through polkit and allows any logged-in user in the wheel user group to change the frequency and governor. See cpupower-gui systemd units for more information on cpupower-gui.service and cpupower-gui-user.service.

Scaling drivers implement the CPU-specific details of setting frequencies specified by the governor. Strictly speaking, the ACPI standard requires power-performance states (P-states) that start at P0, and becoming decreasingly performant. This functionality is called SpeedStep on Intel, and PowerNow! on AMD.

Some processors support raising their frequency above the normal maximum for a short burst of time, under appropriate thermal conditions. On Intel processors, this is called Turbo Boost, and on AMD processors this is called Turbo-Core.

Scaling governors are power schemes determining the desired frequency for the CPU. Some request a constant frequency, others implement algorithms to dynamically adjust according to the system load. The governors included in the kernel are:

The sampling rate determines how frequently the governor checks to tune the CPU. sampling_down_factor is a tunable that multiplies the sampling rate when the CPU is at its highest clock frequency, thereby delaying load evaluation and improving performance. Allowed values for sampling_down_factor are 1 to 100000. This tunable has no effect on behavior at lower CPU frequencies/loads.

Since Linux 5.9, it is possible to set the cpufreq.default_governor kernel option.[6] To set the desired scaling parameters at boot, configure the cpupower utility and enable its systemd service. Alternatively, systemd-tmpfiles or udev rules can be used.

Both Intel and AMD define a way to have the CPU decide its own speed based on (1) a performance range from the system and (2) a performance/power hint specifying the preference. The fully-autonomous mode is activated when:

The most important feature of active governing is that only two governors appear available, powersave and performance. They do not work at all like their normal counterpart, however: these levels are translated into an Energy Performance Preference hint for the CPU's internal governor. As a result, they both provide dynamic scaling, similar to the schedutil or ondemand generic governors respectively, differing mostly in latency. The performance algorithm should give better power saving functionality than the old ondemand governor for Intel HWP.

The intel-pstate driver has, confusingly, an "active" mode that works without the CPU's active decision. This mode turns on when kernel cmdline forces an "active" mode but HWP is unavailable or disabled. It will still only provide powersave and performance, but the driver itself does the governing in a way similar to schedutil and performance (i.e. it stays at the maximum P-state). There is no real benefit to this mode compared to passive intel-pstate.

It is possible to select in-between hints with the sysfs interfaces available. The interface is identical between AMD and Intel, where the files /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/energy_performance_preference describe the current preference and /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/energy_performance_available_preferences providing a list of available preferences. One can also pass a number between 0 (favor performance) and 255 (favor power). A fallback implementation is provided for Intel CPUs without EPP, translating strings to EPB levels (described in next section) but failing on numbers.

x86_energy_perf_policy supports configuration of EPP hints via the --hwp-epp switch on Intel CPUs only. It works via direct access of machine-specific registers (MSRs) which differ between Intel and AMD. The program can also restrict the range of HWP frequencies using a range of frequency multipliers.

The power consumption of modern CPUs is no longer simply dependent on the frequency or voltage setting, as there are modules that can be switched on as needed. Collaborative processor performance control (CPPC) is the P-state replacement provided by ACPI 5.0. Instead of defining a table of static frequency levels, the processor provides many abstract performance levels and the operating system selects from these levels. There are two advantages:

On the other hand, the flexible frequency breaks frequency-invariant utilization tracking, which is important for fast frequency changes by schedutil. A number of vendor-specific methods have been used to make the frequency static under CPPC, with most successes coming from arm64.

The Intel performance and energy bias hint (EPB) is an interface provided by Intel CPUs to allow for user space to specify the desired power-performance tradeoff, on a scale of 0 (highest performance) to 15 (highest energy savings). The EPB register is another layer of performance management functioning independently from frequency scaling. It influences how aggressive P-state and C-state selection will be, and informs internal model-specific decision making that affects energy consumption.

Users may configure scaling governors to switch automatically based on different ACPI events such as connecting the AC adapter or closing a laptop lid. A quick example is given below; however, it may be worth reading full article on acpid.

Events are defined in /etc/acpi/handler.sh. If the acpid package is installed, the file should already exist and be executable. For example, to change the scaling governor from performance to conservative when the AC adapter is disconnected and change it back if reconnected:

Some CPU/BIOS configurations may have difficulties to scale to the maximum frequency or scale to higher frequencies at all. This is most likely caused by BIOS events telling the OS to limit the frequency resulting in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/bios_limit set to a lower value.

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