News update 31/03/2022 15

Unfortunately, Darius' successors on the Iranian throne did not realize how fragile the balance Darius had created was. They began to allow the union of bureaucratic and military positions in one hand, to give the collection of taxes at the mercy of the trading houses of Babylon, it is senseless to accumulate treasures in their storerooms, depriving the markets of specie. Their main mistake was a century and a half conflict with the Greek city-states. Clashes with the Greeks, in fact, began under Darius, but they became more frequent under his son Xerxes. The political system created by Darius was not designed for waging burdensome long wars. Her death was a foregone conclusion long before, in 334 BC. Alexander the Great went on a campaign against Iran (see article "Philip II and Alexander the Great").

The Greeks did their best to present the Iranians to future generations as a “people of slaves”, and their kings as “despots”. It is hardly worth fully trusting the point of view of the winners ...

Darius I had something to tell the gods in the inscription on the Behistun rock. Not yet knowing the word "history", Darius already felt like its creator.

La Línea de la Concepción – a westernmost resort of the Costa del Sol

Algeciras ranked as the 16th busiest port in the world

San Roque was the first enclave of Campo de Gibraltar to be declared a historical-artistic complex

Sanlúcar de Barrameda is internationally renowned for beach horse racing

Chipiona and its tallest lighthouse in Spain

Rota and its castle

El Puerto de Santa María – the City of a Hundred Palaces

Jerez de la Frontera – the world capital of sherry wine

Cádiz and its Victoria Beach – best urban beach in Europe

Tarifa – where the Mediterranean Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean

Vejer de la Frontera and its historic center

Conil de la Frontera and its beaches

Chiclana de la Frontera has the largest number of hotel beds in the Costa de la Luz

Alexander the Great was dying... The one before whom the world trembled, who called himself a god, died of a fever that left him neither the strength nor the time to decide the fate of the conquered countries and peoples. Meanwhile, people who called themselves friends and associates of the Great Conqueror, having forgotten about him, began a deadly struggle for his inheritance. The body of Alexander lay unburied in the chambers of the palace in Babylon, but there was no one to pay the last debt to the deceased. In vain his mother Olympias, forgetting her pride, begged to be allowed to bury her son's body. Nobody heard her. No one paid attention to the tears of the king's wife Roxana, who was trying to claim the rights of her son and heir Alexander, whom she carried in her womb.

The king is dead, long live the king... but who will become him among the commanders-diadochi of the Great Macedonian? The struggle continued for many years, the place of the fathers was taken by their children-heirs, nicknamed epigones. It took almost 40 years after the death of Alexander, while the warring managed to agree. Three large states appeared in the Ancient World: the Ptolemies, the Seleucids and Macedonia.

Espejo and its attractions

Iznájar and its castle

Lucena and its castle

Cordoba has more World Heritage Sites than anywhere in the world

Zuheros and its castle

The Iznájar reservoir is the largest in Andalusia

The most extensive was the kingdom of the Seleucids. Its capital was first Babylon, then Seleucia on the Tigris, and finally Antioch on the Orontes. While the Seleucids settled in their new palaces, decorated the capitals and strengthened themselves in the western borders of their state, their affairs in the east went from bad to worse. The satrap of Bactria and Sogdiana did not want to submit to the central government, and his son proclaimed himself an independent ruler under the name of Diodotus II, dreaming of creating a kingdom similar to Pergamon, which fell away from the Seleucids and fought hard for its independence.

Guadix and its cathedral

Almuñécar and its castle

Velilla-Taramay and its beach

Salobreña and its castle

Motril is synonymous with sugar cane

Pampaneira and its attractions

Bubión and its architecture

Capileira and its parish church

Lanjarón and its mineral waters

Granada – noble, loyal, named great, famous and heroic city

The castle of Moclín named ‘Hins Al-Muqlin’ during the Nasrid kingdom

The Abbey of Sacromonte and its museum

Sierra Nevada ski resort

The Seleucids had to keep a sizable army on their western borders, fearing an invasion by their main enemies, the Ptolemies. Therefore, they did not have the opportunity to quickly and with great forces force the rebellious to obedience. The threat, which remained unnoticed in time, arose when unrest began on the eastern outskirts - among the Iranian nomadic tribes. The latter drove out the governor sent from the capital and declared their allegiance to the Achaemenid kings, whom everyone had already forgotten about.

Huelva and its attractions

Ayamonte and Isla Canela beach – the westernmost resort on Costa de la Luz

Almonaster la Real and its Mosque from the 10th century

The uprising was led by the leader of one of the tribes named Arshak. The Greeks called this tribe contemptuously “parny” (fugitives), considering them poor and fearful, pushed back to desert arid lands by stronger neighbors. However, the warriors of Arshak were brave and determined to achieve freedom. They swiftly attacked and destroyed government troops in the territories of the provinces of Hyrcania and Parthia, proclaiming Arshak as king, and then his brother Tiridates, which marked the beginning of the Arshakid dynasty (250 BC - 224 AD).

Alcalá la Real and its fortress of La Mota

Jaén – world capital of olive oil

Baños de la Encina and its castle

Linares and its attractions

Úbeda – a World Heritage Site by UNESCO

Baeza – a World Heritage Site by UNESCO

Segura de la Sierra and its castle

The Alcaudete castle was declared a Bien de Interés Cultural monument in 1949

Saint Catherine’s Castle – former Moorish fortress

The worried Seleucids repeatedly tried to destroy the emerging kingdom, but could not cope with the Parthian army. It consisted of light cavalry armed with small double-curved bows and short arrows, with which the riders showered the enemy, dragging him towards their heavily armed cavalry. Riders and horses of the heavy cavalry were protected by scaly or plate shells made of "Margian iron" (see the article "Military Affairs of the Ancient East"). Over the armor, the warriors threw on cloaks of red or purple purple.

Nerja – the easternmost resort of Costa del Sol

Frigiliana and its white colors

Torrox and its umbrellas

El Morche and its beach

Estepona and its beaches

Marbella and its attractions

La Cala de Mijas and its towers

Fuengirola and its attractions

Benalmádena is one of the municipalities with the largest hotel offer on the Costa del Sol

Torremolinos – one of the main spots of musical and nightlife in Spain

The Parthian warriors cherished their war horses more than their lives. Golden or rare white suit, they were fast and hardy, well trained, got used to the owner, unmistakably fulfilling all his commands on the battlefield. The Greeks and Romans claimed that the Parthian horses are descended from the "heavenly", the distinguishing feature of the latter was the bloody sweat that came out when running fast. Getting magical horses or their Parthian offspring was the cherished goal of many of the Parthian neighbors. The Roman military leader Marcus Aurelius was happy when, as a military booty, he got a Parthian horse, which could ride for 8-9 days, overcoming up to 150 km daily.

Malaga – one of the oldest cities in Europe

Rincón de la Victoria and its caves

Torre del Mar and its beaches

El Puerto de La Duquesa and its castle

Casares – the prototype of the Andalusian white village

Ronda and its bridges

Benadalid and its castle

Genalguacil and its Museum of Contemporary Art

Colomares castle – the largest monument in the world to Christopher Columbus

Automobile and Fashion Museum in Malaga

Benalmádena Stupa

Butterfly Park of Benalmadena

Utrera and its historic center

Seville and its UNESCO heritage

Carmona – a monumental city

Lebrija and its attractions

Los Molares castle and its history

The Parthians also used dogs - terrible Hyrcanian killer dogs. Each of them could cope with an armed infantryman or horseman, a few - with a war elephant. The Greeks considered these dogs, which were raised in the province of Hyrcania subordinate to the Parthians, a cross between shepherd sheep dogs and Asia Minor lions. They had a strong, lean body, covered with short hair, and a huge lion-like muzzle framed by a mane of long, coarse hair.

Sword, spear and bow with arrows were able to use not only men, but also women. As a brave warrior, the Parthians sacredly honored the daughter of King Mithridates I, Rodoguna, talking about her courage to their children and grandchildren. Once, as the legend says, Rodoguna was swimming in the pool. At this time, a galloping messenger informed her of the approach of the enemy cavalry. Without hesitation, only wringing out her wet hair, Rodoguna put on military armor and jumped on her horse, vowing to complete her toilette only after victory. At the head of a small personal guard, she, like a whirlwind, ran into enemies who did not expect such a fierce and swift attack. Rodoguna put them to flight and returned to the palace with victory. This story was so popular among the Parthians that they ordered artists to depict Rodoguna in the form of a beautiful woman who emerged from the water after bathing. Strength and courage were not particularly emphasized

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Alhama de Aragón and its castle

Anento and its red architecture

Aragon sea – black bass fishing

Caspe and its attractions

Calatayud and its fortified enclosure

Daroca and its walls

Rodoguna was a worthy daughter of Mithridates, who annexed vast territories to his possessions, entering ancient Babylon and Seleucia on the Tigris, where in 140 BC. crowned and assumed the title of king of Babylon and Uruk.

Mithridates established a new order of counting time: from the 1st day of the month of Nisan (April) 247 BC. the first year of the new Parthian era began. At the same time, the king ordered the removal of all treasures from the temples in Susa: the Parthians needed funds to replenish and equip the troops. To the northern borders of their possessions moved hordes of Sakas - nomadic peoples who from ancient times lived in the regions of Drangiana and Ara-khosia bordering on the Parthians, gradually strengthening themselves in the eastern Iranian and northwestern Indian lands.

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