Bender-gestalt Test Manual
Boyan Atanaschev
Utilized for over 60 years by clinicians worldwide, the Bender Gestalt Test (BGT) today continues to be a widely used assessment tool to measure the cognitive domain of visuoconstructive abilities and to screen for brain dysfunction. Much of the BGT's popularity rests on its brevity, simplicity, and proven effectiveness with individuals from age 4 to 100. The test is often employed in inpatient psychiatric settings because of its ability to discriminate between brain impairment and serious mental disorders like schizophrenia. More recently, the BGT has also been used to identify older adults at high risk for cognitive decline.
This Second Edition is fully revised and includes an up-to-date review of the relevant scientific literature on the test's reliability, validity, and diagnostic accuracy. The book also contains additional normative data, a discussion of malingering, and almost all new examples and practice case materials. Five new chapters address issues in neuropsychological screening, eight steps to interpretation of test results, and use of the Bender Gestalt Test with children, adolescents, and older adults.
The book serves as a comprehensive manual for the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the Bender Gestalt Test. The diagnostic significance of general and specific behavioral observations is stressed and a format for recording them is included. For scoring, there are descriptions and multiple examples within the author's adaptation of the 12 errors of the Hutt and Briskin scoring system. The reader can use the 12 varied clinical case examples with explication of the scoring and 10 additional practice cases to gain rapid scoring facility and accuracy. Norms are provided for adult non-patients and psychiatric inpatients, nonpatient and demented older adults, and adolescents.
Designed for practical use and adhering to APA standards for test manuals, Bender Gestalt Screening for Brain Dysfunction is a comprehensive and easy-to-use manual that will enable psychology clinicians, psychometricians, and graduate students to increase their level of diagnostic accuracy in screening for brain damage.
[Chicago]: American Orthopsychiatric Association, 1946. Soft cover. 7.5" x 10.5" Near Fine. Item #014147
Nine geometric test cards; includes six Wechsler memory scale cards plus manuals for both, 8 pp.; 22 pp. Cards stamped with "Ontario Hospital, Hamilton" Fine, in worn envelope. The WMS is a neuropsychological test designed to measure the memory of a person, to detect learning disabilities, and/or dementia. Similarly, the Gestalt test explores leaning and personality impairments and challenges in children and adults. Both these methods were originally tested and developed in Bellevue Hospital, NY in the mid-1930s, and still in use today.
Reviews of the First Edition . . .
"This is the first major manual on Bender Gestalt testing in over30 years, and includes detailed administration and scoringinstructions, and data on validity and reliability."--Epilepsia.
"This book will provide both psychologists and psychiatrists [with]a comprehensive yet easy-to-use manual for screening braindysfunction." --Contemporary Psychiatry.
"Dr. Lacks should be complimented for her treatment of the use ofthe BGT in screening for organic brain dysfunction." --Book Reviewsin Neurosciences.
Utilized for over 60 years by clinicians worldwide, the BenderGestalt Test (BGT) today continues to be a widely used assessmenttool to measure the cognitive domain of visuoconstructive abilitiesand to screen for brain dysfunction. Much of the BGT's popularityrests on its brevity, simplicity, and proven effectiveness withindividuals from age 4 to 100. The test is often employed ininpatient psychiatric settings because of its ability todiscriminate between brain impairment and serious mental disorderslike schizophrenia. More recently, the BGT has also been used toidentify older adults at high risk for cognitive decline.
This Second Edition is fully revised and includes an up-to-datereview of the relevant scientific literature on the test'sreliability, validity, and diagnostic accuracy. The book alsocontains additional normative data, a discussion of malingering,and almost all new examples and practice case materials. Five newchapters address issues in neuropsychological screening, eightsteps to interpretation of test results, and use of the BenderGestalt Test with children, adolescents, and older adults.
The book serves as a comprehensive manual for the administration,scoring, and interpretation of the Bender Gestalt Test. Thediagnostic significance of general and specific behavioralobservations is stressed and a format for recording them isincluded. For scoring, there are descriptions and multiple exampleswithin the author's adaptation of the 12 errors of the Hutt andBriskin scoring system. The reader can use the 12 varied clinicalcase examples with explication of the scoring and 10 additionalpractice cases to gain rapid scoring facility and accuracy. Normsare provided for adult non-patients and psychiatric inpatients,nonpatient and demented older adults, and adolescents.
Designed for practical use and adhering to APA standards for testmanuals, Bender Gestalt Screening for Brain Dysfunction is acomprehensive and easy-to-use manual that will enable psychologyclinicians, psychometricians, and graduate students to increasetheir level of diagnostic accuracy in screening for brain damage.
The Bender-Gestalt Test has been routinely used for the past two years at the Annie Wittenmyer Home, an institution for dependent and neglected children in Iowa. This simple test was first designed by Bender (1938), as a performance test for young children. Her manual also indicates that the test can be used in the differentiation of organic brain anomolies, schizophrenias and psychoneuroses. This area of research has been covered by Hutt (1945) Swenson and Pascal (1953), Guertin (1954), and others. The observations of the writers have indicated that there is a wide difference in the way apparently normal children respond to these designs. These differences have heretofore been interpreted in the light of Hutt's (1945) findings with an adult population. For example, he indicated that such things as diminution of the figures, conservation of space and the use of light pressure in drawing are indicative of "social withdrawal, limited activity and unassertiveness." In another article Hutt (1953) stated that, "aggressive and rebellious individuals usually show an excessive use of space. On the other hand an inordinately small amount of space between successive drawings is indicative of repressed hostility, occasionally turned inwards in the form of masochistic strivings or needs." Peek (1953) has shown that the direction of drawing a single line such as the diagonal on the figure 5 (an incomplete circle with an intersecting slanting line both composed of dots) can be indicative of differences in personality adjustment. He found that patients drawing the diagonal toward the half-circle rather than in the popular direction, i.e., away from the halfcircle were significantly more immature and dependent than the control group. Rather than being able to direct their hostility upon the sources of their frustration they were inclined to use less adaptive mechanisms such as headaches and other somatic complaints. They were therefore more apt to build up frustrations which spill over into poorly controlled and indirect forms of aggressive hostility.
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Hand sketch psychological data are mysterious and can be used to detect mental disorders early and prevent them from getting worse and with irreversible consequences. The Original Bender Gestalt Test is a psychology test based on hand-sketched patterns. Mental disorders require an automated scoring system. Unfortunately, there is no automatic scoring system for the Original Bender Gestalt test for adults and children with high accuracy. Automating the Original Bender Gestalt test requires 3 phases: Phase 1, collecting a comprehensive Original Bender Gestalt dataset called OBGET. Phase 2, classifying patterns by a proposed method called MYOLO V5; and Phase 3, scoring classified patterns according to associated rules of psychological standard criteria. This research reviews a comprehensive OBGET dataset that includes 817 samples, labeling samples for mental disorders by a psychologist, statistical analysis, the proposed semi-automatic labeling of patterns, patterns classification applied the proposed modified YOLO V5 called MYOLO V5, and automatic scoring of drawing patterns. MYOLO V5 accuracy is 95% and the accuracy of the proposed method called OBGESS as a mental disorder detection is 90%. In this research, a new automatic computer-aided psychological hand sketch drawing test has been proposed.
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