Karan Janardan Pawar

[Karan Janardan Pawar]

   http://t.co/4MbPT5tfWZ

[Karan Janardan Pawar]

see the pic of Sunil Parhad son wearing Tantya Bheel dress http://t.co/kkA4sXUtYS

[Karan Janardan Pawar]

अमेरिकेतील रेड इंडियन्स, ब्राझीलमधील कोगुई, अमेझॉन, फिलिपाइन्समधील बंटुक, कलिंग या आदिवासींना सुधारण्याच्या नावाखाली सशस्त्र टोळ्यांचा धाक दाखवून, दारूचे पाट वाहवून, रोगराईचा फैलाव करून, कर्जबाजारी करून जमिनी बळकावल्या. त्यांना निराधार केले व कित्येक वंश नष्ट केले. बांगला देशात सुमारे १२०० आदिवासींना घरात कोंडून सैनिकांनी जिवंत जाळले. इराकमध्ये कुर्दिश आदिवासींवर अशाच प्रकारचे दडपण अन्याय चालू आहेत.

जगातील हे चित्र नीट अभ्यासा......एकी आणि सामाजिक जाणीव जागृतीची उणीव यामुळे जागतिक स्तरावरील अनेक आदिवासी जमाती आज संपुष्टात आल्या-आणल्या आहेत. उद्या ही वेळ भारतातील आदिवासींवर का येणार नाही? कारण आज आदिवासी भूमिहीन केला जातोय.....कुपोषणाच्या विळख्यात भावी पिढी खुडली जातेय......दर्जाहीन शिक्षणाने फक्त कारकून घडवले जात आहेत चाकरीसाठी.........व्यसनांना खतपाणी घातले जात आहे......दवाखाने आलेत...पण डॉक्टर गायब आहेत....परिणामी आजारपणात अनेकांचा मृत्यू.....अशा एक ना अनेक समस्यांच्या विळख्यात आजचा आदिवासी अडकलेला आपणास दिसतोय. जगण्याच्या या चक्रव्युहातून बाहेर पडलेली शिक्षित मंडळी काही प्रमाणात स्वताला समाजापासून अलिप्त मानण्यात धन्यता मानत आहे. अशा परिस्थितीत सरकारी अन्याय असह्य झाल्याने अनेकजण अनीतीच्या मार्गाचा अवलंब करत असल्याने नक्षलवादासारख्या समस्या वाढीस लागून त्यात आदिवासी समाज भरडला जातोय......नक्षलवाद काही प्रमाणात वाढू देणे आणि त्याच्या नावाखाली संपूर्ण समाजच नष्ट करण्याचे कदाचित षडयंत्र असावे.......नाही तर देशासाठी आपला जीव ओवाळून टाकणारी आपली जंगलातील माणसे देशाच्या संरक्षणात पुढाकार घेणा-यांच्या विरोधात का उभी राहतील.

खरच खूप विचार केला कि खूप ताण वाढतो डोक्यात.....मग नीट उत्तरे नाही मिळाली कि मग जीवनाविषयी अनास्था वाढते....म्हणून अधिक विचार न करता आज सर्व आदिवासी बांधवांनी एकत्र येण्याची गरज आहे. अन्यथा कधी दारू, तर कधी नक्षली कारवाया याच्या नावाखाली टिपून टिपून मारतील भाडखाऊ आपणास.

Let DO It Together.

[Karan Janardan Pawar]

धरणात गेली जमीन जगायला मिळणा जामीन पोटाची भूक नशिबात इज्जत इकली दिन-रात अशीच अवस्था आज ज्या भागातील आदिवासी भूमिहीन होत आहेत त्यांची झाली आहे. जगण्याच्या स्पर्धेत आदिवासी मुली-महिला आपल्या घरापासून दूरवर कामाच्या शोधात जातात. परिणामी वासनांध समाज आणि कामवासनेचे भुकेले ठेकेदार वेगवेगळी आश्वासने दाखवून, कधी फूस लावून आदिवासी महिलांच्या, मुलींच्या इज्जतीची खुलेआम मजा उपभोगत आहेत. मजबुरी का नाम.....अशा प्रकारे काहींची इच्छा नसतानाही याला बळी पडावे लागत आहे. कारण पक्षपात करणारी न्याय व्यवस्था असल्याने शक्यतो न्याय मागण्याऐवजी गप्प राहणे पसंद केले जाते. आज जर स्वताची जमीन असती तर आमच्या आया-बहिणींची इज्जत अशी वेशीवर टांगली गेली नसती. परंतु रांडच्या औलादीचे सरकार आणि आमचे षंड पुढारी यांच्या मतलबी धोरणांमुळे आदिवासी बेघर होत आहे. त्यात भर म्हणून कि काय आमची कार्टी जातीच्या सवलतीच्या बळावर नोकरी मिळवत्यात....पण बाराची जातीची सोडून दुस-याच जातीच्या पोरींशी लगीन करून जातीला माती दावत्यात.....त्यांच्या तर मायला पैशासाठी माय इकाया तयार व्हत्यात......ग्वात पडलेलं पैकं जीभिनं उचलणा-या औलादी यामुळे आदिवासी समाज अजून अडचणीत सापडतोय.....तव्हा हातावर हात मारून काय बी व्हणार नाय......आता काय तरी यल्गार कराया नगं का........तव्हा पोटाले एक येळला कमी भाकर द्या पर मह्या आदिवासी बाप्पाले पूजा लेकहो....नायतर ह्यो रांडचा सरकारी घोळ कव्हा आपल्या जमिनी आणि आपल्याला बी गिळून घेईन याचा न्येम नाही बघा. आमच्या घरात आज शिक्षाण आलंय....तव्हा आपण डोळ्यात त्याल घालून काम कराया पायजे म्हणजे पायजे........नाही तर मुकी झ** हाक ना बोंब अशी अवस्था आपल्याला सहन करावी लागायची. बायको ले लुगडे कमी भावाचे घ्या...पर पोराले शाळेत पाठवा असं गाडगे बाबा सांगत व्हतं.....पर म्या सांगतो बायको ले कमी भावाचे लुगडं घ्या......धांदुक बी चालल.....पर आदिवासी बांधवांनो जमिनी इकू नगा.....ती आपली माय गहाण पडू देवू नका. लोकांच्या डोळ्यातील कावा वळखा आणि येळीच जागं व्हा. एकत्र या.....दारू पायी संसाराची आणि समाजाची राख-रांगोळी व्हया लागलीय...तव्हा दारू इकणाराच्या मौतीला देखील जावू नका.....आणि सगळ्यात महत्त्वाचं आपल्या कार्ट्याना जरूर शाळेत पाठवा....पर घरापासून लांब एखाद्या आश्रमशाळेत पाठवत असताना तिथल्या शिक्षणाची....शिक्षकांची माहिती जरूर ठिवा....कसंय आज काल वसतीगृहांची अवस्था लय वंगाळ हाय बघा....सातवी आठवीची पोरं-पोरी लफडी कराया लागल्याती......उगा डोळेझाक कराल तर कुणीकडे तोंड दाखवाया जागा नाय राहायची बघा.....तव्हा नुसती तोंडाची आय-बहन करण्यापेक्षा आधीच काळजी घ्या....त्यासाठी स्वतः नीट वागा.....नाही कसय स्वताच जर धड राहत नसाल...तर मग आपली कार्टी तरी कशी चांगली वागतील. व्यसन, लालच यापासून दूर राहून इमानदारींनं जगा....पोरान्ले पण ह्येच वळान लागल बघा. जमिनी इकू नका...नायतर हीच पोरं उद्या तुम्हाला बाजारात इकल्या बगर राहणार नाय.

                                                                                                    Save Land Save Tribals!

Around the world ‘development’ is robbing tribal people of their land, self-sufficiency and pride and leaving them with nothing.

Watch this short, satirical film, which tells the story of how tribal peoples are being destroyed in the name of ‘development’.~
http://www.survivalinternational.org/films/there-you-go

[Karan Janardan Pawar]

Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas)
Act, 1996
(PESA Act, 1996)
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Table of Contents
Topic Page No.
Background ------------------------------------------ 3
Tribal Forest Rights in History ---------------------- 3
Tribal Population In India--------------------------- 4
Tribal Statistics ----------------------------------------5
Constitution & The Tribals--------------------------- 6
Fifth & Sixth Schedules -------------------------------6
Bhuria Committee -------------------------------------7
Panchayat (Extension of Scheduled Area) -------- 8
Act, 1996
Some Limiting Issues -------------------------------10
PESA – The Myth & The Reality --------------------10
Ground Realities-------------------------------------11
Bureaucrats & Corporate Think Paisa, Not PESA--- 12
Invasion by Industry -------------------------------- 13
What Should be Done -------------------------------13
Government Initiatives -----------------------------14
Role of NGOs & Civil Society Organizations ------15
Bibliography -----------------------------------------16
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BACKGROUND
“Indigenous people around the world have sought
recognition of their identities, their ways of life and their
right to traditional lands, territories and natural resources;
yet throughout history, their rights have been violated.”
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous
Issues, October 2006
There has been a systemic failure in giving tribals a stake in
the modern economic processes that inexorably intrude into
their living spaces… The systematic exploitation and social
and economic abuse of our tribal communities can no longer
be tolerated. – Dr Manmohan Singh
In last six decades India has achieved significant milestones in the areas of economic
growth, cultural assimilation and global political interests. However, within the purview of
development the tribal affairs have been shoved under the shelf to serve the vested interest
of some. The poor tribals have been made to feel like aliens in their own indigenous lands.
Over the decades the process of development has frequently led to a progressive erosion of
their traditional rights over their land resources including the forests. This can be aptly
ascribed to the lacunae in the laws, faulty implementation, and rapacious exploitation by the
unscrupulous traders, money-lenders, etc.
TRIBAL FOREST RIGHTS IN THE HISTORY
Tribals and forest are synonymous and one cannot be
separated from the other. They have emotional,
psychological, and cultural attachments with the forest
and have always lived in the forest.
Before the British came in, the ruling princes had rights
over the forest and in far-flung areas. The tribals lived on
forest produce and also by cultivating parts of the forest
area. Over the centuries, the tribals were driven into the
hills and forests by people who came from the North and
took possession of the fertile lands in the river valleys.
The Englishmen brought in the Indian Forest Act 1927,
taking away the inherent rights of the tribal people. With one legislative stroke, the tribals
became trespassers on their own land and became victims of externally motivated systems
of forest management that directly violated various facets of their economic and cultural
survival. The final act of atrocity on a largely unsuspecting population was the imposition of
an alien judicial system and "law and order" machinery that subjugated them, further
compounding their vulnerability and subservience.
After independence these rights got transferred to state governments. In the process the
inherent rights of the tribals and forest-dwellers got restricted to nistari rights – the right to
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free grazing and fuel wood – while rights over timber and non-timber produce remained
with the state government. Over the years, the unholy nexus between the forest contractors
and representatives of the government, for the incentive of getting tribal votes, encouraged
large scale felling of forests.
Consequently, in 1980 by enacting the Forest Conservation Act, the Government of India
took away the rights of state governments to convert forest land for non-forest use. The
state government now had to seek permission from the Government of India for any
development work within the forest area. Thus far the term “forest” was as defined in the
Indian Forest Act 1927. In 1996, however, the Supreme Court enlarged the definition of
forest to cover even those areas which were notified as village forests on revenue land.
The forests cannot be conserved by forest employees
alone and the real stakeholders – the forest dwellers –
have to be involved in the conservation and preservation
of forests, including wildlife. The forest should not be
seen merely as a source of revenue for the state but as a
source of livelihood for the forest dwellers. In fact, Forest
Acts in any format must aim to empower the forest
dwellers and make them primary conservators and
protectors, rather than making bureaucracy lord of the
jungles.
It also needs to be pointed out that tribal areas represent the last resources sumps on the
planet earth, simply because tribal knowledge systems ensure sustainable livelihoods, and
tribal religion and outlook engenders the survival of all living beings, through holistic and
ecological sound principals of belief.
TRIBAL POPULATION IN INDIA
It is estimated that Adivasis constitute 8.2% of the total population of the India and yet the tribals are among the
most marginalized people in Indian society. They have a rich and distinct identity and culture. Each of the tribal
communities has its territorial identification. Adivasi people live in close proximity to nature and are separated from
mainstream society. Women in tribal communities enjoy equal status with men.
There are three basic groups of Adivasis in India:
1. Hill tribe groups; have access to land, assets, forest
produce and form part of Gram-Shabas;
2. Semi-nomadic plain groups; live in the foothills and hunt;
depend on others/landowners;
3. Nomadic groups; often depend on selling handicrafts,
begging; landless labourers.
Adivasi were the original inhabitants of India living in the planes but with various invasions they were driven to the
forests and mountains. As a result their livelihood depended mostly on the collection of forest produce, hunting and
cultivation in difficult hill terrains. Over centuries they have become increasingly disadvantaged - economically,
socially and politically - and vulnerable to marginalization and exploitation.
More than 40.1% of the tribals are displaced throughout India.
45.86% of the Scheduled Tribe (STs) population lives below the poverty line (BPL) in rural areas alone and
at national level this rises to 55.2%.
TRIBAL POPULATION
Tribals constitute 8.2% of the total
population of the India and yet they
are among the most marginalized
people in Indian society.
Forests are not just for
Revenue
The forest should not be seen merely
as a source of revenue for the state
but as a source of livelihood for the
forest dwellers. Only tribals can
really protect forests; not the forest
officials.
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63.71% of Adivasis are classified as living in extreme poverty conditions with no access to land, poor
cultivation and poor health service provision, resulting high incidence of communicable and noncommunicable
diseases. They have few opportunities for income generation and work as wage labour and
are extremely vulnerable to economic migration.
Over 63.5% of the tribal households do not have access to electricity.
About 53.1% of the tribal households do not have an accessible source of safe drinking water
Almost 83% of the tribal population do not have access to a sanitation facility
Average Monthly Consumption Expenditure is INR 388 (equivalent to $8)
In post-independent India a number of community based organizations (CBOs) of Adivasi and local and
international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have become active in the field of development of the
Adivasis in the country.
Major Tribes
States Tribes
MP and Chhattisgarh Bhil, Birhor, Damar, Gond , Kharia, Majhi, Munda, Oraon, Parahi, etc.
Himachal Pradesh Gaddi, Gujjar, Lahuala, Swangla, etc.
Rajasthan Bhil, Damor, Garasta, Meena, Salariya, etc.
TRIBAL STATISTICS
TRIBAL POPULATION
State wise ST % Population under the Fifth Scheduled
State STs as % of State
Population
No of ST
Communities
Chhattisgarh 31.76 42
Jharkhand 26.30 32
Orissa 22.13 62
Madhya Pradesh 20.27 46
Gujrat 14.76 32
Rajasthan 12.56 12
Maharashtra 8.85 47
Andhra Pradesh 6.59 35
Himachal Pradesh 4.02 10
16.36 (Average) 318
STATE WISE NO. OF DISTRICTS WITH MORE
THAN 50% ST POPULATION
S No State/UT No of Districts
1 North East States 41
2 Orissa 7
3 Chhattisgarh 5
4 Madhya Pradesh 5
5 Gujrat 4
6 Jharkhand 3
7 Himachal Pradesh 2
8 Jammu & Kashmir 2
9 Rajasthan 2
10 Andman & Nicobar 1
11 Dadra & Nagar 1
12 Lakshwadeep 1
13 Maharashtra 1
All India 75
STATE/UT WISE DISTRIBUTION OF
ST POPULATION
S No State/UT ST as % of Total
Population
1 Madhya Pradesh 14.51
2 Maharashtra 10.17
3 Orissa 9.66
4 Gujrat 8.87
5 Rajasthan 8.87
6 Jharkhand 8.40
7 Chhattisgarh 7.85
8 Andhra Pradesh 5.96
9 West Bengal 5.23
10 Karnataka 4.11
11 Assam 3.92
12 Meghalaya 2.36
Himachal Pradesh 0.29
Uttarakhand 0.30
CONCENTRATION OF ST POPULATION
ACROSS DISTRICTS
S No % Population No of Districts
1 NIL --
2 Less than 1 % 173
3 Between 1 – 5 % 106
4 Between 5 – 20 % 124
5 Between 20 – 35 % 42
6 Between 35 – 50 % 23
7 Above 50 % 75
Total 543
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CONSTITUTION AND THE TRIBALS
FIFTH & SIXTH SCHEDULES
In India most of the tribes are collectively identified under Article 342 (1&2) as Scheduled
Tribes and right to self determination guaranteed by Part X : The Scheduled and Tribal
Areas – Article 244: Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.
(1). The provisions of the Fifth Schedule shall apply to the administration and control of
the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in any State (other than the states of Assam,
Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram).
(2). The provisions of the Sixth Schedule shall apply to the administration of the tribal
areas in the State of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
Fifth Schedule Areas
State Areas
Andhra
Pradesh
Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Adilabad,Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Mahboobnagar,
Prakasam (only some mandals are scheduled mandals)
Jharkhand
Dumka, Godda, Devgarh, Sahabgunj, Pakur, Ranchi, Singhbhum (East&West), Gumla, Simdega,
Lohardaga, Palamu, Garwa, (some districts are only partly tribal blocks)
Chattisgarh Sarbhuja, Bastar, Raigad, Raipur, Rajnandgaon, Durg, Bilaspur, Sehdol, Chindwada, Kanker
Himachal
Pradesh Lahaul and Spiti districts, Kinnaur, Pangi tehsil and Bharmour sub-tehsil in Chamba district
Madhya
Pradesh
Jhabua, Mandla, Dhar, Khargone, East Nimar (khandwa), Sailana tehsil in Ratlam district, Betul,
Seoni, Balaghat, Morena
Gujarat Surat, Bharauch, Dangs, Valsad, Panchmahl, Sadodara, Sabarkanta (partsof these districts only)
Maharashtra
Thane, Nasik, Dhule, Ahmednagar, Pune, Nanded, Amravati, Yavatmal, Gadchiroli, Chandrapur
(parts of these districts only)
Orissa
Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh, Koraput (fully scheduled area in these three districts), Raigada, Keonjhar,
Sambalpur, Boudhkondmals, Ganjam, Kalahandi, Bolangir, Balasor (parts of these districts only)
Rajasthan Banswara, Dungarpur (fully tribal districts), Udaipur, Chittaurgarh, Siroi (partly tribal areas)
The Indian Constitution is supposed to protect tribal interests, especially tribal autonomy
and their rights over land, through Fifth and Sixth Schedules. Scheduled Areas of Article
244(1) are notified as per the Fifth Schedule and Tribal Areas of Article 244(2) are notified
as per the Sixth Schedule.
Sixth Schedule contains provisions as to the administration of tribal areas in the states of
Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. This law gives enormous freedoms to the
autonomous regions and districts in terms of legislative and executive power. The law notes
that each autonomous region shall have its own autonomous Regional Council and every
autonomous district its own autonomous District Council.
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The Regional Council or District Council have the power to constitute village Councils or
courts for the trial of suits and cases between the parties all of whom belong to scheduled
tribes within such areas. The District Councils, additionally, are given the power to establish,
manage and construct primary schools, dispensaries, markets, cattle pounds, ferries,
fisheries, roads, road transport and waterways in the district, which gives them a stake also
in many other fields, besides administration. The Regional Councils and District Councils are
also endowed with the power to assess and collect revenues.
States such as Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh have often demanded their tribal
regions be notified in the Sixth Schedule so that get more autonomous power.
The Fifth Schedule envisages notification of tribal-dominated areas as Scheduled Areas
and the formation of a Tribal Advisory Council (TAC) at the State level. Since these
Scheduled Areas are supposed to enjoy autonomy protected by the Constitution, the laws
passed by parliament and the State legislatures do not automatically apply to them. Hence,
the Fifth Schedule defines Governors' powers to adapt laws to these areas. It provides for
making regulations by the State Government for the Scheduled Areas having the force of
law. It also allows the Union Government to give directions to a State regarding the
administration of Scheduled Areas.
These Schedules have had little impact on the ground. The Tribal
Advisory Councils are either non-existent in many States or are
defunct and dysfunctional. Worse still, the process of scheduling
of tribal areas itself is not yet complete even after decades. It
started in the fifties and soon the bureaucracy at the State level,
acting at the behest of non-tribal landed gentry, gave it up.
Having no inclination to protect the land rights of tribals, they
saw no reason for continuing it. The spread of Naxalites armed
struggle to the tribal areas compelled the ruling class leaders to
initiate some reform measures in tribal areas.
Indira Gandhi introduced what is called as Tribal Sub-Plan in the
planning process, earmarking a portion of funds for tribal
development. Only to ensure their share of the Central Plan allocations, the States started
the notification of tribal areas again. However, the money seldom reached the tribals.
When Rajiv Gandhi’s successors passed 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution to
enact Panchayat and Nagarpalika Bills, they simply forgot that these do not automatically
become applicable to Tribal and Scheduled Areas and hence failed to pass an appropriate
law through the parliament.
Bhuria Committee
The Rao government appointed a committee headed by Mr. Dileep Singh Bhuria, MP, in June
1994, to work out the details as to how structures similar to Panchayati Raj Institutions can
take shape in Tribal Areas and Scheduled Areas and to define their powers. The Committee
submitted its report in January 1995.
The Bhuria Committee recommended a three-tier structure of self-governance in the tribal
areas: (1) Gram Sabha - Every “habitation community” to have a Gram Sabha which will
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exercise command over natural resources, resolve disputes and manage institutions under it
like schools and cooperatives;( 2) Gram Panchayat - Elected body of representatives of each
Gram Sabha, also to function as an appellate authority for unresolved disputes at lower
level; and (3) A block or taluka level body as the next higher level.
Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (or PESA), 1996
Village level democracy became a real prospect for India in 1992 with the 73rd amendment
to the Constitution, which mandated that resources, responsibility and decision making be
passed on from central government to the lowest unit of the governance, the Gram Sabha or
the Village Assembly. A three tier structure of local self government was envisaged under
this amendment.
Since the laws do not automatically cover the scheduled
areas, the PESA Act was in acted on 24 December 1996
to enable Tribal Self Rule in these areas. The Act
extended the provisions of Panchayats to the tribal areas
of nine states that have Fifth Schedule Areas. Most of the
North eastern states under Sixth Schedule Areas (where
autonomous councils exist) are not covered by PESA, as
these states have their own Autonomous councils for
governance. The nine states with Fifth Schedule areas
are:
Andhra Pradesh Chhattisgarh Gujarat
Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Maharashtra
Madhya Pradesh Orissa Rajasthan.
The fundamental spirit of the Panchayat Extension Act for tribal areas under 5th Schedule is
that it devolves power and authority to Gram Sabha and Panchayats rather than delegation;
hence it paves way for participatory democracy. The provision under constitution and the
composition under this act call for every legislation on the Panchayat in 5th Schedule area
be in conformity with the customary law, social and religious practices and traditional
management practices of the community resources.
It also directs the state government to endow powers
and authority to make Gram Sabha and Panchayats
function as Institutions of Local Self Governance,
specifically on matters of enforcing prohibition of sale
and consumption of intoxicant; ownership of minor
forest produce; power to prevent alienation of land and
restoration of unlawfully alienated land, management
of village markets, control over money lending, etc.
PESA also empowered gram sabha of the Scheduled Areas to approve plans, programmes
for social and economic development, identify beneficiaries under poverty alleviation
PESA Act, 1996
PESA is meant to recognize,
empower and promote the social,
economic, cultural and political way
of life of the Scheduled Tribes
(adivasis).
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programmes, certify utilization of funds by gram Panchayats, protect natural resources,
including minor forest produce and be consulted prior to land acquisition.
PESA make sure that each tier of the Local Governance is independent and Panchayats at
higher level should not assume the powers and authority of any Panchayat at the lower
level or of the Gram Sabha. Further, it also calls for creating the appropriate levels of
Panchayats similar to 6th Schedule area, where the Administrative boundaries are
Autonomous enough for self-rule.
All the states with scheduled areas within their geographical boundaries were mandated to
amend their existing Panchayati Raj acts incorporating provisions of PESA within a year,
that is, by 24 December 1997.
Provisions under PESA include the following.
1. Gram sabha at the para, majra and tola levels
2. Gram sabha to protect the traditions, beliefs and
culture of the tribal communities
3. Local disputes to be resolved by the gram sabha
4. Gram sabha to manage and protect common properties based on their traditional
systems of management and protection
5. The administration to seek permission from the gram sabha in case of land acquisition
6. Gram sabha to have the rights over minor forest produce; powers to restore land to the
tribals; and control over money-lending to tribals, tribal welfare activities by social
organizations and local plans and sub-plans for the development of tribal areas and
communities
7. Gram sabha to have the control over local markets and melas
8. Gram sabha to have rights to control the distillation, prohibition and manufacture of
liquor.
9. District panchayats to have rights and powers similar to the district panchayats falling
under Sixth Schedule.
The Fifth Schedule suggests that the Governor and the Tribes Advisory Council (TAC) should
protect/promote the welfare and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes.
It follows that the correct or harmonious interpretation of
PESA would be the recognition of the traditional tribal
political institutions of self governance. Such a conclusion
also follows since the PESA must be read in conjunction
with the Fifth Schedule, which deals with the Scheduled
Tribes of the Fifth Schedule Areas and given the fact that
PESA has as its backdrop the recommendations of the
Bhuria Committee, which was instrumental in formulating
the PESA.
PESA Act, 1996
The main rationale behind the
Act is to preserve the tribal
population from exploitation
with an active involvement of
the Gram Sabha.
PESA Act, 1996
The Panchayats Extension to
Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act, 1996,
gives special powers to the Gram
Sabhas in Scheduled Areas especially
for the management of natural
resources.
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SOME LIMITING ISSUES
PESA can be only as effective as the PRIs, and that in turn depends on the capability of the
elected representatives to deliver. Although there is a scheme of Panchayat Development
and Training (PD&T) sponsored by the Central government, it needs further augmentation
both in terms of funds and the training quality. However, for PESA Gram Sabhas are the
units at the ground level which in reality remain subordinate to Gram Panchayats, Besides,
lower level of awareness and education among the tribals also come on the way of raising
assertive voices.
A limitation of the PESA law is that it is applicable only to those areas which are legally
regarded as Scheduled Areas. A significant number of tribals living outside the scheduled
areas are not covered by this legislation.
While the political decentralization has been largely successful, with elections held regularly
and with ample participation of people, there is only superficial administrative and fiscal
empowerment that still remains with the State Governments.
Panchayats have not been given adequate
responsibilities to levy and collect taxes, fees,
duties or tolls. This severely limits their autonomy.
Besides, recommendations of State Finance
Commissions have been either accepted partially or
implemented half-heartedly. Moreover,
recommendations of State Finance Commissions
are only selectively implemented leaving the
Panchayats teethless.
The State Election Commissions (SECs) do not
have same freedom from State to State. It would
be better to empower SECs so that they can freely deal with all matter relating to Panchayat
elections: delimitation of constituencies, rotation of reserved seats in Panchayats,
finalization of electoral rolls, etc.
Gram Sabhas are the primary instrument to implement PESA effectively by giving control to
the tribals to take care of their affairs almost autonomously. However, in reality other state
legislatures and extraneous forces, such as forest department, subordinate them. It defeats
the very purpose of PESA.
PESA – The Myth and the Reality
Technically, when the Act refers to extending the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution to
the fifth schedule areas; politically, it gives radical governance powers to the tribal
community and recognizes its traditional community rights over local natural resources. It
not only accepts the validity of “customary law, social and religious practices, and traditional
management practices of community resources”, but also directs the state governments not
to make any law which is inconsistent with these. Accepting a clear-cut role for the
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community, it gives wide-ranging powers to Gram Sabhas, which had hitherto been denied
to them by the lawmakers of the country.
The ground reality, however, is still quite different and PESA has merely been reduced to a
paper tiger. The two fundamental responsible factors are the mindset of the government
functionaries who tribal people as an inferior species who need to be told what is good for
them and the other is the existing state government laws and provisions that negate the
PESA Act.
State governments have discovered a clever way to bypass
PESA provisions to exploit the natural resources of
the tribal areas:
The parliament the PESA Act for rural areas, but a similar
legislation for urban scheduled areas was never debated.
State governments are taking advantage of Parliament’s
lapse to give speedy clearances to mining and industries
in tribal areas. Their modus operandi is simple: they
upgrade rural panchayats in scheduled areas to urban
panchayats to bypass PESA which mandates village
council’s approval for such projects.
In the past few years, more than 600 village panchayats, many of them in scheduled areas,
have been converted into urban local bodies, and these areas have major industrial
investment proposals. High courts’ in different states have given contradicting verdicts and
appeals are pending in the Supreme Court.
GROUND REALITIES
Writer, Ramachandra Guha, after visiting the Dantewada
district of CG commented on the plight of the tribals: They
find themselves sandwiched between the Maoists on one
side who can’t give up their armed struggle and the
government on the other, that can not put the interests of a
vulnerable minority — the adivasis — ahead of those with
more money and political power.
This accurately sums up the ground reality of tribal areas
infected by the Maoists.
A 47-page report entitled “PESA, Left-Wing Extremism and Governance: Concerns and
Challenges in India’s Tribal Districts”, authored by Ajay Dandekar and Chitrangada
Choudhury was published few months ago. It gave an independent assessment of the
functioning of the PESA Act. The Ministry of Panchayati Raj had commissioned this study to
the Institute of Rural Management, Anand (IRMA). It categorically blamed government
apathy, more than anything else, for the improper administration of the provisions of PESA
in many tribal districts and argues that government apathy has to a large measure provided
an impetus to the activities of Naxalites.
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It also highlighted several instances where state governments have diluted the powers of
PESA in the wording of legislation and the rules governing the implementation of the law. It
points out that barring Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, most states have enacted laws
that provide the bulk of the powers to the Gram Panchayat, and not the Gram Sabha
which is in stark violation of Section 4(n) of PESA — a Gram Sabha is a body of persons
registered in the electoral rolls of a village or a group of villages within the area of the
Panchayat.
Bureaucrats and Corporates Think Paisa, Not PESA!
Anthropologist, Felix Padel, and the activist, Samarendra Das, in Out of this Earth provide a
comprehensive analysis of the social and environmental impacts of the mining boom in
Orissa. The authors show how companies split tribal communities by bribes and coercion,
such that a division emerges between ‘accepters’ and ‘refusers’. They document the
extensive collusion, between politicians/bureaucrats and the private companies, which has
displaced scores of tribals from their land they inhabited for ages.
The autonomous and non-violent resistance of tribals to
destructive mining has often been misrepresented by the State,
corporate interests, and even by the media at times to label it
as a “Maoist threat”. Then this label is used “to crush all kinds
of spontaneous opposition of tribals to be displaced” leaving
them displaced and left to the mercy of fate.
The IRMA study pointed to the apathy of governors despite the
fact that PESA Act gives them limitless power to enforce the law and protect interests of the
marginalized tribals. Tribal activists informed that “Not even in a single instance, have the
Governors responded to their petitions for interventions in threatening crises, such as
deepening clashes over land, mining or police excesses”.
The study also found widespread transfer of tribal lands
into non-tribal hands through fraud and forcible
occupation. Despite a long-standing promise to repeal or
amend the outdated Land Acquisition Act of 1894, it is still
being used, or misused, to acquire land owned by
households and communities and hand it over to the
corporate sector. “When it comes to acquiring mineral
resources for industry the stakes are loaded against the
functioning of the PESA”, notes the study.
In one village in Orissa, the researchers found that a large police station had recently been
constructed, whereas in the past five decades, the state government had not bothered to
build a hospital or public health centre. The reason for this bias was immediately obvious —
in the shape of a new aluminium factory that had come up near the village. “Do our people
need better police facilities or better health care?” asked the village headman. “What is the
administration’s priority?” he continued, before supplying this answer: “This is being done
only because the company wants police stations, which can beat us if we ever protest
against land acquisition.”
PESA Or Paisa?
“Is the government meant for the
people or the powerful?”
Mahangu Madiya, Bastar, CG
(protesting state govt. efforts to acquire
his farmland for Tata Steel)
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Invasion by Industry
Apart from the mega projects, industry is being liberally allowed to wreck havoc with the
living conditions of the tribals under the liberalization regime.
Despite various Forest Acts affirming that the forest dwellers have the first right to forest
produce, the forest departments themselves have started handing over the forest wealth to
the industry. In the vast tribal areas of Andhra, MP and Orissa, the tribals are primarily
dependent on the collection and selling of the non-timber forest produce (NTFP).
In Orissa, industry and bureaucracy have colluded to circumvent the restrictions on leasing
forest lands to the private industry illegally without obtaining central approval. Instead of
land, the forest produce is being leased out to the industry.
Earlier, the Orissa Forest Development Corporation and the Tribal Development Corporation
had exclusive rights for a number of NTFPs. But under liberalization wave since 1990,
individual companies (for example, Utkal Forest Products) have been given collection rights
for 29 NTFPs for 10 years. Various paper industries have been engaged, under the guise of
'labour contractors', for working bamboo areas. They have cornered bamboo collection
rights in several forest divisions. In Uttarakhand there have been reports of forest depots
selling bamboos to companies at highly subsidized rates.
The forest department, by contrast, comes down with
bestial fury against the tribal organizations. In
Rayagada, a women's group formed a society of 50-60
tribal women to make brooms and sell them for a better
price through this society. The Orissa forest
department, saying that the society was not licensed,
promptly confiscated their brooms and prosecuted the
women!
These attempts to rob the tribals of their resources are
criminal, especially when it occurs in places like
Kalahandi and Koraput districts where starvation deaths
among tribals are legendary. In 1993, an estimated 7000 tribal children died of malnutrition
in Amravati district of Maharashtra. Infant mortality among some tribes in Orissa and AP are
above 150 per thousand.
In Andhra Pradesh mining leases were issued (to the Orient Cements in Adilabad district)
without the consent of the Gram Sabha and proposals were made in Chintapalli for bauxite
mining.
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE
The real basis of democracy should be the entire village community, consisting of all village
units. The village for this purpose is to be defined not as a revenue village as mentioned in
the government records but as a living reality of people spontaneously thinking of
themselves as one unit, of people working and living together.
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There are two different ministries in the Union Government, namely, the Ministry of
Panchayati Raj and the Ministry of Tribal Affairs that have overlapping influence on
implementation of PESA – and they virtually function in isolation. This issue needs critical
attention at the Central government level.
The letter and spirit of the ‘Samata Judgement’ should be enforced in all acquisition of tribal
land for private companies.
Land for Land must be a fundamental requirement for acquisition of tribal lands.
For speedy disposal of tribal land related cases, the B.D Sharma Committee Report
recommended issuing notification of a date, so that all pending cases in any Court of Law in
which the land of a tribal is alleged to have been illegally transferred or occupied by any
person or body, shall stand transferred to the Gram Sabha in whose jurisdiction the land is
situated.
Along the lines of the NREGA social audit rules in Andhra Pradesh, social audit rules should
be issued for all government programs in Schedule Five areas. On the lines of the Citizen’s
Panel for NREGA constituted last year by the Ministry of Rural Development, a National
Citizen’s Panel for PESA should be constituted. Eminent citizens should be empanelled for
each of the PESA districts, and biannual meetings held for updates chronicling the status of
the law’s implementation or violations on the ground.
There is a complete absence of a functioning grievance redressal mechanism to address a
routine violation of rights of villagers from the tribal community. This furthers the
community’s sense of alienation. It is widely felt that functionaries of the state and other
powerful interests have no fear of any punitive action for their acts against the tribals.
Hence, some punitive mechanism should be constituted.
The full-fledged implementation of PESA will give Rs 50,000 crore to tribal communities to
develop themselves. Nothing would deal a bigger blow to the Maoists than participative
development by, for and of the tribal communities. Note, of the 76 districts highly infected
by Maoists, 32 are PESA districts.
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
The State Government should incorporate provisions in the Panchayat Extension to
Scheduled Areas Act (PESA) that would enable proper resettlement of tribals and prevent
future displacements.
Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs had been initiated a separate scheme for promoting
education of ST girls at primary levels in areas that had low female literacy level. It also
provided cash incentives for sending girl children to residential schools.
Special provisions were made for the empowering STs that included lending funds and
providing rights to Minor Forest Produce.
The Biodiversity Act has been enacted to protect the traditional knowledge of the tribals
with regard to herbal/biological products.
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In the "development offensive" against the Maoists, the Panchayat’s (Extension to
Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA) is the crucial weapon, but the states affected by leftwing
extremism are doing precious little to implement this law – so little that an exasperated
centre has shot off one more letter to these states asking them to comply with the PESA
rules and regulations.
Activate Gram Sabhas in a Mission Mode and enable it to exercise its powers &
functions including in relation to planning & implementation of Central/State schemes,
grant of UCs and dispute resolution.
Ensure that complete information about the land to be acquired and impact of the
proposed project, is placed before the Gram Sabha and its recommendations are
generally followed.
Mandate SEC to delimit villages.
Incorporate definition of MFP, as provided in the Forest Rights Act, 2005, in all laws
and rules. Undertake management of MFP with the consent of the Gram Sabha and in
case MFP is collected by an outside agency, the net income should go to the people.
Enable the Gram Sabha, particularly women, to take decisions regarding the opening
and continuance of liquor shops, sale of intoxicants, etc.
ROLE OF NGOs & CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS
Organizations working with PRIs are most suitably placed to take up the matter related to
PESA. They need to provide voice to the grievances of poor tribals and make them aware of
their rights given by the PESA Act. Strengthening PRIs is a pre-requisite for success of
PESA. There is an astounding lack of awareness that Gram Sabha is the governing body and
that it has jurisdiction over the natural resources. This is an ideal area for intervention.
A major hurdle in proper implementation of PESA is the vested interests of corporate houses
and their collusion with bureaucrats. Tribals are most defenseless when they descend like
predators armed with state and money power. Watchful eyes of civil society can play a
major role in this area.
Pointing flawed laws of state governments and their interference in PESA implementation is
another initiative civil society can undertake.
Finally, an awareness campaign that proper implementation of PESA is the best counter of
Naxals armed struggle will go a along way in bringing peace in the so called “Red Corridor”
of the country.
Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 16 of 16
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://rural.nic.in/anual0203/chap-1.pdf
http://rural.nic.in/annualrep0304/chapter%201.pdf
http://www.deccanchronicle.com/op-ed/think-pesa-not-paisa-602
http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100717/jsp/opinion/story_12678165.jsp
http://www.inclusion.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=132&Itemid=98
http://www.nacdip.net/implementation.html
http://www.agragamee.org/Myths%20and%20Realities.pdf
http://socialissuesindia.wordpress.com/

[Adi karyakram]

Vidrohi Adivasi

मस्त झोपलाय आदिवासी, झोप त्याची मोडू नका

मस्त झोपलाय आदिवासी, झोप त्याची मोडू नका
संस्कृती जतनाचे विचार इथे फाडफाड बोलू नका
सिमेंटच्या जंगलातील आदिवासी रानात आणू नका
मस्त झोपलाय आदिवासी, झोप त्याची मोडू नका

ठेकेदार माजलेत, माजू दे
आदिवासी बहिणींवर हात टाकत आहेत, टाकू दे
अंगावरचे पांघरून उगाचच ओढू नका
मस्त झोपलाय आदिवासी, झोप त्याची मोडू नका

खायला नसले तरी चालेल...योजना खा
समजत नसले तरी बेहतर...पैसे घेवून मतदान करू नका
योजनांसोबत प्रगतीची उगा स्वप्ने रंगवू नका
मस्त झोपलाय आदिवासी, झोप त्याची मोडू नका

आश्रमशाळेत नाव पोरगं घरीच....वाईट काय
पीत रहा दिवस आणि...नाईट काय
सारेच धुंद आहेत ग्लास त्यांचे फोडू नका
मस्त झोपलाय आदिवासी, झोप त्याची मोडू नका

पाणी-पुरवठा योजना नेत्याच्या घरीच.....पाणी पिवूच नका
आरोग्य केंद्र दारी, पण डॉक्टर शहरी....आजारी पडू नका
मरणाचीच वाट पहा उगा आदिवासी जोडू नका
मस्त झोपलाय आदिवासी, झोप त्याची मोडू नका

प्रगती आमच्या नेत्यांचीच....स्वतासाठी काही मागू नका
आदिवासी खातेच आम्हाला खातंय....दुख मानू नका
कंबराचे सोडून फक्त डोक्याला बांधू नका 
मस्त झोपलाय आदिवासी, झोप त्याची मोडू नका

विकासासाठी आक्रमक आग्रही बनू नका
नाराजीने नक्षलवादाचा मार्ग तुम्ही निवडू नका
एकी आणि नेकीचे बळ आहे उद्विग्न तुम्ही होवू नका
मस्त झोपलाय आदिवासी, झोप त्याची मोडू नका

-विद्रोही आदिवासी

(कवितेची Theme स्वताची नाही....नेटवर अशीच एक कविता वाचली आणि आदिवासी आक्रोश विचारांतून विद्रोह करू लागला. तोच विद्रोह काव्यात्मक स्वरूपात मांडण्याचा माझा हा प्रयत्न आहे. कविता करणे हा माझा छंद नाहीच....परंतु सामाजिक बदलांसाठी हरएक प्रयत्न महत्त्वाचा आहे...म्हणून लेखणीच्या माध्यमातून शक्य ते विचार मांडण्याचा माझा हा प्रयत्न आहे.)

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[vasant karbat]

Apla samaj purn pane vyasanmadhe budala ahe kontahi karyakram rahila ki amchya samajat tadi ani daru vadhali jate . Apan tyala sanskruti mhanto karan apan kahi vegale karat ahot ekatra yeun tadi daru pito . Anandachya kshani dukhachya kshani tech karato , pan kadhi ha vichar karat nahi ki apli lahan lekare he sarv baghat ahet ani pudhe te sudhha tadi daru pinar. Ha apan bilkul vichar karat nahi . Education kade bilkul laksha det nahi. Asach jar chalu rahile tar 10 year madhe apli mule etaranchya ghari kamala rahtil. Sushikshit adiwashinchya ghari garib adiwashi kamala rahtil adnyanacha fayda ghetil. Jara vichar kara tarun lokani .. ani apla samaj badla sanskruti sanskruti karat basu naka vikruti baher kadha samajatun . Kuni dusara yeil ani mag karu apan ha vichar karu naka swataha kamala laga ..

[AYUSH | Adivasi Yuva Shakti]

aaya hu majel na baba hu majel....  in Thane Indigenous language!

Please find attachment 

AYUSHonline team

www.adiyuva.in

On Mon, Apr 7, 2014 at 6:21 PM, vasant karbat <vasant...@gmail.com> wrote:

Apla samaj purn pane vyasanmadhe budala ahe kontahi karyakram rahila ki amchya samajat tadi ani daru vadhali jate . Apan tyala sanskruti mhanto karan apan kahi vegale karat ahot ekatra yeun tadi daru pito . Anandachya kshani dukhachya kshani tech karato , pan kadhi ha vichar karat nahi ki apli lahan lekare he sarv baghat ahet ani pudhe te sudhha tadi daru pinar. Ha apan bilkul vichar karat nahi . Education kade bilkul laksha det nahi. Asach jar chalu rahile tar 10 year madhe apli mule etaranchya ghari kamala rahtil. Sushikshit adiwashinchya ghari garib adiwashi kamala rahtil adnyanacha fayda ghetil. Jara vichar kara tarun lokani .. ani apla samaj badla sanskruti sanskruti karat basu naka vikruti baher kadha samajatun . Kuni dusara yeil ani mag karu apan ha vichar karu naka swataha kamala laga ..

--

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Big Achievement! : Soon Tribal Community will get Intellectual Property Rights for Warli Art, Its in final Stage now (know more at www.warli.in)
 
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[AYUSH activities]

Vasant Dada ni lihalele barobar aahe! apan swatahun pudhakar ghene garajeche aahe! .

 

Fakt navin pidhi la ek vinanti aahe ki adivasi sanskruti samajun gheun sanskruti mulye badalatya vatavaran aani jivan shaili pramane jatan karavit....

(apalya mahit sathi : Adivasi parampara madhe kuthe daaru la sthan navhate, he sagale ka aale ki anale gele yacha gambiryane vichar karane garajeche aahe) : adhik mahiti sathi VDO www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJFACOz-Nno

 

apalya adivasi sanskrutila most practical sanskruti mhanun olakhale jaate, (apale san utsav tarakhevar valambun nasatat, avani jhali ki utsav shetatale kam sampale ki apala utsav. gharat kahi dukh asel tar apla san pan apan pudhe dhakalu shakato... manasa sobat prani vrux yanna pan apan saman darja devun bhavanda sarakhi vaganuk deto.. etc etc)..

nakkich gelya kahi dashakat ghusalelya vikruti aani vayit pratha kadhalya pahijet..... shudh adivasi jivan sanskruti ya srhushtila/nisargala yogya disha denari aahe.

 

 

Aadivasi sanskrutik mulye japane mahatvache aahe. Lets do it together!

 

 

 

 

 

On Tuesday, April 8, 2014 11:53:29 PM UTC+5:30, AYUSH Adivasi Yuva Shakti wrote:

aaya hu majel na baba hu majel....  in Thane Indigenous language!

Please find attachment 

AYUSHonline team

www.adiyuva.in

On Mon, Apr 7, 2014 at 6:21 PM, vasant karbat <vasant...@gmail.com> wrote:

Apla samaj purn pane vyasanmadhe budala ahe kontahi karyakram rahila ki amchya samajat tadi ani daru vadhali jate . Apan tyala sanskruti mhanto karan apan kahi vegale karat ahot ekatra yeun tadi daru pito . Anandachya kshani dukhachya kshani tech karato , pan kadhi ha vichar karat nahi ki apli lahan lekare he sarv baghat ahet ani pudhe te sudhha tadi daru pinar. Ha apan bilkul vichar karat nahi . Education kade bilkul laksha det nahi. Asach jar chalu rahile tar 10 year madhe apli mule etaranchya ghari kamala rahtil. Sushikshit adiwashinchya ghari garib adiwashi kamala rahtil adnyanacha fayda ghetil. Jara vichar kara tarun lokani .. ani apla samaj badla sanskruti sanskruti karat basu naka vikruti baher kadha samajatun . Kuni dusara yeil ani mag karu apan ha vichar karu naka swataha kamala laga ..

--
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Big Achievement! : Soon Tribal Community will get Intellectual Property Rights for Warli Art, Its in final Stage now (know more at www.warli.in)
 
Subscribe AYUSH YouTube Channel (Viewed more than 1,20,000 minutes): http://www.youtube.com/user/adiyuva?sub_confirmation=1
 
Learn More about AYUSH online at : http://www.adiyuva.in/2013/10/ayush.html
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[vasant karbat]

Sanskruti mhanje dusrya samajala adarshache darshan denari vyavasta. Tase pahile tar jat samaj hya sarv goshti goun ahet . Ahe ti fakt manavta. Pan aaj samajat jatiadharit rajkaran chalu ahe . Uchha jati kanishta jati ase lok tharvtat ahet . Tyamadhe adivashi samaj mhanje ekdam kanishta ahe ase etar lokana watate. Ranti lok ase vrnan kartat te. Ase aikun aplya dolyat pani yet . Vikasachya mudda kadhun soshan sarkari lokankadun kele jate . Tyamadhe aplech lok asatat... Garaj ahe ti adhunik vicharanchi samantechi... jat dharma yana mahatva na deta ekatra samajala dile tarach sarvancha vikas hoil..... nahi tar adiwashi lokana nay milala nahi tar te sagharsha kartat ani gov tyana nakxalvadi mhantat... adiwashi mhanje purvi pasun rahatat te , tar mag etar lok akashatun padle ka ? ha prashnach ahe....adiwashi samajane abhimanane jagnyasathi education ghya khup shika vacha tavha barobar aplya samajache dosh ani gun yache darshan hoil ani tyavar upay kay he dekhil samjel . Ve sarvana samjle tar vikasa jast lamb rahnar nahi . Ek adhunik samaj nisargala dev mananar samaj ashi apli olakh rahil . Nahi tar etar samaj aplyala ranti samaj ase mhanel. Kahi grantha madhe tar apli olakh mhanje rakshashi lok ase keli ahe . Apan manav nahi ase sangitale ahe. Garaj ahe ti changlya vicharanchi . Wait te sodun deun yoge ahe te accept karane...  savidhanacha vyavastit study kelyawar aplya la sarv kalel...