What Is Ewis

[Cheryll Witting]

LewisComplex has a total of 8 units, Bachman, Barchey, Buckley, Eagle Point, Morey, Rast, Stiner and Sunrise. They range from maximum custody to minimum custody. We also have Juveniles at our Sunrise Unit.

Adult Basic Education (ABE) and English as a Second Language (ESL) and Literacy. Many inmates earn their General Equivalency Diploma (GED), High School diplomas while incarcerated. Certificate Training Education (CTE) programs in conjunction with Rio Salado College which include: Building Construction Technology, and Automotive. Inmates may work towards continued education while utilizing their assigned tablet and in cooperation with Ashland University.

Narcotics Anonymous (NA) (Available in English & Spanish), Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) (Available in English & Spanish), and Moderate Treatment (Substance Abuse). Encourage to Change, Reentry, and Changing Offender Behavior as well as Cognitive Restructuring. Which prepares inmates for reentry through training in a variety of life skills. Furthermore, peer to peer training to include Prison Fellowship, CDL licensing, Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (PSAT), Recovery Support Specialist (RSS), Men in Recovery and Alternative to Violence Program (AVP).

Electrical Wiring Interconnection System is the term for wiring as a collective incorporating all fittings and associated hardware as a system that transmits electrical signals between components or points on the aircraft.

The significance of the wiring to be considered as a system is an important aspect of awareness and has a history of being previously involved with aircraft incidents. Now with this increased knowledge and understanding we can address the risks and reduce the likelihood of wiring events occurring and causing such incidents.

A look at EWIS starting with the origins of what EWIS is and how the legislation requiring increased knowledge in this area came to be; we then look closely at what you need to know regarding the different aspects of awareness:

The eleven chess pieces on display in the Museum of Scotland were part of a large hoard buried on Lewis. The hoard contained 93 gaming pieces in total, including from at least four chess sets as well as from other games. The chess pieces were probably made in the late 12th or early 13th century in Norway.

Chess is a very old game. It originated in the Islamic world and by the medieval period its popularity had spread across Europe. It became an important part of elite medieval society, a way of practising and demonstrating skill and strategy in a war-like setting. Many of the medieval chess pieces are familiar to those who play the game today.

Above: Knights Templar playing chess, from the Libro de los juegos (Book of games), or Libro de axedrez, dados e tablas, (Book of chess, dice and tables) commissioned by Alfonso X of Castile, Galicia and Len, 1283. Photo from Wikimedia Commons.

Some of the chess pieces could also have been used to play the game of hnefatafl. Hnefatafl needs kings and pawns: a king, surrounded by his guards, has to reach a corner square before being captured by the opponent.

Boards for playing games have been found by archaeologists at medieval sites in Scotland, including at the monasteries of Inchmarnock (Argyll and Bute) and Whithorn (Dumfries and Galloway). A grid for playing hnefatafl has been scratched onto this piece of stone, one of 35 gaming boards from Inchmarnock.

The Lewis hoard also contained pieces for playing the game of tables, similar to backgammon as it is played today. Other medieval tables pieces have been found in Scotland, including an example decorated with interlace from the Isle of Rum.

The easiest way to distinguish between opponents pieces is through colour. Though traces of colour may have been visible when the pieces were discovered, they are not apparent today. Scientific analysis of some of the pieces has found traces of mercury, suggesting some may once have been coloured red with cinnabar (mercury sulphide).

We do not know who buried the pieces or why. They may have been the property of a merchant, sailing from Scandinavia to Scotland, Ireland or the Isle of Man to sell these highly-prized playing sets. But given that Lewis was home to powerful people with close ties to Norway at this time, the playing pieces may instead have been the treasured possession of a local leader, a prince or bishop perhaps.

Above: Chess piece made from walrus tusk representing two knights back to back, from Skye, mid-13th century. You can see this piece in the Kingdom of the Scots gallery, Level 0, National Museum of Scotland.

There are conflicting accounts of the discovery: one mentions a ruined monastery while another describes a buried structure, reminiscent of an Iron Age souterrain. None of the authors seems to have visited Lewis, leaving much uncertainty about where and how the hoard was found. Some accounts name the finder as Malcolm MacLeod from the nearby settlement of Peighinn Dhomhnuill, but information about him is scarce.

Only months after its discovery, the hoard was broken up and sold by Mr Ririe. The pieces in our collection passed through several private collections before being acquired for the museum in 1888. The British Museum had bought the rest of the hoard in 1831/1832. Six pieces are currently displayed in Museum nan Eilean on the Isle of Lewis, on loan from the British Museum.

The chess pieces have inspired many stories since their discovery. One of the earliest is the Gaelic legend An Gille Ruadh (The Red Gillie), set in the 17th century. This told that the hoard was found when a servant spotted a sailor fleeing his ship with a bundle of treasure. The sailor was killed for his treasure but the servant could not return and collect it and was later sentenced to death for his crime. This legend shows that the hoard had become part of the folklore of the people who lived at Uig.

President Dwight Eisenhower called it "the second most shameful day in Senate history," second only to Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial. Time magazine pronounced it a "stinging personal slap . . . U.S. history's bitterest battle over confirmation of a presidential nomination." Others debated whether it was a "legislative lynching or political suicide."

When Eisenhower gave Admiral Lewis Strauss a recess appointment as secretary of commerce two weeks before the 1958 midterm congressional elections, neither man expected the cataclysm that awaited the Republican Party on election day. Strauss had served for the previous four years as chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. His tenure there had been particularly stormy. On one occasion, he angrily stated that New Mexico's Democratic Senator Clinton Anderson, chairman of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, had "a limited understanding of what is involved" in cold-war atomic energy policy. Although Anderson never forgave Strauss for that remark, he told the White House he would not stand in the way of his confirmation to the lower-profile post as commerce secretary.

The 1958 elections, however, dramatically changed the Senate's composition and outlook. An economic recession, White House influence-peddling scandals, and concerns over Soviet breakthroughs in outer space produced the largest transfer of seats from one party to another in the Senate's history. Democrats gained 13 Republican seats, plus two seats from the new state of Alaska. This added up to 64 Democrats and 34 Republicans.

At 35 minutes past midnight, on June 19, 1959, in a packed Senate Chamber, the Strauss nomination died on a cliff-hanging roll-call vote of 46 in favor, 49 opposed. The Strauss rejection heralded a period of legislative stalemate for the remaining 18 months of the Eisenhower presidency.

A few years ago I was helping my friend Stephen Ambrose lead a group of people along some of the most scenic stretches of the Lewis and Clark Trail. On a warm summer evening, after a pleasant day of paddling canoes on the Missouri River, we camped amid the eerie and majestic White Cliffs of north-central Montana, close to the exact spot where, or 31 May 1805, Meriwether Lewis wrote one of his most lyrical journal passages about the wondrous landscape he and his men were encountering with such fresh eyes. "As we passed on," Lewis concluded, "it seemed as if those seens of visionary inchantment would never have an end."

Did any members of the Lewis and Clark expedition snore? If so, which ones? Was it a gentle sawing sound that encouraged the others to sleep, like the croaking of frogs on a riverbank? Or was it a series of erratically erupting snorts and rasps, perhaps even a grand anvil chorus of a dozen or more men that reverberated out of the tents, echoed over the hills, and alarmed the wild beasts of the Plains? Did their non-snoring campmates ponder (as that other great American adventurer Huckleberry Finn would have) the age-old conundrum, the "curiosest thing in the world": why is the snorer, the person closest to the sound, the only one left undisturbed by his snoring? Did they kick or shove or toss sticks at the offender? Or did they simply lie there, wide awake and murderously sleep deprived, silently calculating how hard it would be to slip a few doses of Rush's Thunderbolts (that super-powered laxative) into someone's breakfast?

We don't know the answers to these questions because the primary source of information, the expedition's journals, doesn't provide them. But it's a safe bet that every single member of the Corps of Discovery could have answered them, and probably in elaborate detail.

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