⛪Il trionfo della borghesia (1848-1875)
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(1848-1875)
Tra il 1848 e il 1875 l'economia capitalistica
estende la sua influenza su tutti i continenti, trasformando o
semplicemente subordinando le realtà più diverse. L'ideologia liberista
si afferma in Europa e negli Stati Uniti che insieme costituiscono il
centro propulsore della grande trasformazione. Grandi concentrazioni di
ricchezza, vasti movimenti di popolazioni, sviluppi straordinari e
concrete applicazioni della tecnologia su larga scala caratterizzano
questi decenni. Sul piano politico, la rivoluzione, che ha dominato la
scena nei settanta anni precedenti, scompare dall'orizzonte.
Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm CH FRSL FBA (/?h?bz.b??m/; 9 June
1917 – 1 October 2012) was a British historian of the rise of
industrial capitalism, socialism and nationalism. A life-long Marxist,
his socio-political convictions influenced the character of his work.[1]
His best-known works include his trilogy about what he called Il
trionfo della borghesia (1848-1875) the "long 19th century" (The Age of
Revolution: Europe 1789–1848, The Age of Capital: 1848–1875 and The Age
of Empire: 1875–1914), The Age of Extremes on the short 20th century,
and an edited volume that introduced the influential idea of "invented
traditions".
Hobsbawm was born in Alexandria (Egypt) and spent Il
trionfo della borghesia (1848-1875) his childhood mainly in Vienna and
Berlin. Following the death of his parents and the rise to power of
Adolf Hitler, Hobsbawm moved to London with his adoptive family. After
serving in the Second World War, he obtained his PhD in history at the
University of Cambridge. In 1998 he Il trionfo della borghesia
(1848-1875) was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour.
He was President of Birkbeck, University of London, from 2002 until he
died.[2] In 2003 he received the Balzan Prize for European History since
1900 "for his brilliant analysis of the troubled history of 20th
century Europe and for his Il trionfo della borghesia (1848-1875)
ability to combine in-depth historical research with great literary
talent."
Eric Hobsbawm was born in 1917 in Alexandria, Egypt. His
father was Leopold Percy Hobsbaum (né Obstbaum), a Jewish merchant from
the East End of London of Polish Jewish descent.[3] His mother was Nelly
Hobsbaum (née Grün), who was from Il trionfo della borghesia
(1848-1875) a middle-class Austrian Jewish family. Although both of his
parents were Jewish, neither was observant.[4] His early childhood was
spent in Vienna, Austria and Berlin, Germany. A clerical error at birth
altered his surname from Hobsbaum to Hobsbawm.[5] Although the family
lived in German-speaking countries, he grew up speaking English Il
trionfo della borghesia (1848-1875) as his first language.[6]
In 1929, when Hobsbawm was 12, his father died, and he started contributing to his family's
support by working as an au pair and English tutor. Upon the death of
their mother in 1931, he and his sister Nancy were adopted by their
maternal aunt, Gretl, Il trionfo della borghesia (1848-1875) and
paternal uncle, Sidney, who married and had a son named Peter. Hobsbawm
was a student at the Prinz Heinrich-Gymnasium Berlin (today
Friedrich-List-School) when the Nazi Party came to power in 1933. That
year the family moved to London, where Hobsbawm enrolled in
St Marylebone Grammar School.[5] His migration from Il trionfo della
borghesia (1848-1875) Germany created the false belief that Hobsbawm was
a refugee, which persisted throughout his life, while he was actually
British by birth because of his father's nationality.[6][7]
Hobsbawm attended King's College, Cambridge, from 1936,[8]
where he joined the Communist Party "in the form of the university's
Socialist Club."[6] He took Il trionfo della borghesia (1848-1875) a
double-starred first in History and was elected to the Cambridge
Apostles. He received a doctorate (PhD) in History from Cambridge
University for his dissertation on the Fabian Society. During
the
Second World War, he served in the Royal Engineers and the Army
Educational Corps. He was prevented from serving Il trionfo della
borghesia (1848-1875) overseas after he attracted the attention of the
security services by using the wall newspaper he edited during his army
training to argue for the opening up of a Second Front, which was a
demand made by the Communist Party of Great Britain at the time. He
applied to return Il trionfo della borghesia (1848-1875) to Cambridge as
a research student, and was released from the military in 1946.[4]
MI5 opened a personal file on Hobsbawm in 1942 and their
monitoring of his activities was to affect the progress of his career
for many years.[7] In 1945, he applied to the BBC for a full-time Il
trionfo della borghesia (1848-1875) post making educational broadcasts
to help servicemen adjust to civilian life after a long period in the
forces and was considered "a most suitable candidate". The appointment
was swiftly vetoed by MI5 who believed Hobsbawm was unlikely "to lose
any
opportunity he may get to disseminate propaganda and obtain
recruits Il trionfo della borghesia (1848-1875) for the Communist
party".[6] In 1947, he became a lecturer in history at Birkbeck College,
University of London which, unusually at the time, lacked any
inclination towards anti-communism among staff or students.[7] He became
reader in 1959, professor between 1970 and 1982 and an emeritus
professor of history in 1982. Il trionfo della borghesia (1848-1875) He
was a Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, from 1949 to 1955.[5]
Hobsbawm said there was a weaker version of McCarthyism that took hold
in Britain and affected Marxist academics: "you didn't get promotion for
10 years, but nobody threw you out".[9] Hobsbawm was denied a
lectureship at Cambridge by Il trionfo della borghesia (1848-1875)
political enemies, and, give
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