Thisannual lecture series is funded by an endowment from a 1998 UNC Asheville mathematics alumnus in honor of Joe Parsons, former professor of mathematics at UNC Asheville, who was dedicated to both the school and his students. The goal of the Parsons Lecture is to give the community an opportunity to attend a presentation by a nationally renowned mathematician speaking on a topic accessible to the general audience.
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Typically I like to give a more hands-on experience to the students but I think that I was able to put together a compelling and (somewhat) interactive experience for the students. For the lecture portion, I introduced my research and how it connects to game making before shifting to the workshop element where I screen-shared via Zoom and gave a brief tour of RPG Maker MV.
Given that this was a translation class, my primary focus was to show the students how dialogue and text are inserted into a game and the particular issues that they would need to be mindful of when translating a video game. For example, video game translators need to be particularly mindful of their development tools when they engage in translation. In the case of RPG Maker MV, there are strict character limitations for text. If the translator ignores these, then the software will not be able to display the text correctly. This means that translators must make sure that they accurately translate the text while also limiting themselves to the strict character limit imposed by the design software.
My combination guest lecture and workshop concluded with a question/answer period. Dr. Okabe asked her students to prepare questions for me beforehand so that I could incorporate answers into my talk as best as possible. This was a wonderful idea that helped me to structure my talk and led to more in-depth questions from the students during the question/answer time. It is a strategy that I will implement in the future (both as a guest speaker or when I invite guest speakers myself).
Overall, I had a great time talking about video game tools and the intricacies of translation. I am planning some projects around these ideas for the near future. For now, I would like to thank Dr. Okabe for the invitation and the students of her class for their insightful questions.
Geological, isotopic, and chemical evidence suggest this major environmental change happened around 2.4 billion years ago. The emergence of free oxygen shaped the consequent evolution of all life and has given us the world we know today, just as the emergence of information and communications technologies based around electronic circuits has shaped the modern world.
The first lecture will consider how we got here, looking at the history of technology, the emergence of hacker culture and open systems, the development of computers and the internet, and the ways culture, society and the economy have adapted to and influenced these developments, ending with the emergence of maker culture as a response to the plethora of electronic devices in daily life.
In his remarkable, prescient and thoroughly engaging 2009 novel Makers Cory Doctorow projects us into a future where 3-D printers have passed through the stage of breathless Daily Mail features and into and out of the nexus of consumer technologies that shape our lives here, and what might happen if the capabilities they embody were to be set loose on a failing economy.
It is one that stresses new and unique applications of technologies, and encourages invention and prototyping, focused around electronics, robotics, 3-D printing, and the use of CNC tools, as well as more traditional activities such as metalworking, woodworking, and traditional arts and crafts, and today I want to look at where Maker Culture came from and what it looks like today.
Snow made his speech while the world was on the verge of a modern revolution. Ten years earlier EDSAC, the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator, had run its first programme in the Mathematical Laboratory, just on the other side of Market Square from where Snow was speaking. During that decade it had been offering data processing services to mathematicians, economists, biologists and any else who could think of use for the radical new technology of the general-purpose stored program computer. EDSAC 2, which was to replace it, had already been running for a year, foreshadowing the Titan, CAP and many other Cambridge computers.
EDSAC was not alone, with the Mark 1 in Manchester only the most notable of the other computers that were being built around the world. These early computers were the first signs of a revolution that has proven to be just as significant as the industrial revolution that so preoccupied Snow, a revolution which we are still living through and the outcome of which is far from certain.
As I read it, his concern about the breakdown of communication between literary intellectuals and scientists was not driven by a general desire to see harmony and shared thinking in the halls of academe but came from his observations as a former practising scientist, as a writer of some note and as technical director of the Ministry of Labour from 1940 to 1944 and a civil service commissioner from 1945 onwards.
In 1959 it was difficult to see just how hard the affluent industrialised countries would fight to preserve their privileges, how the geopolitics of the Cold War required keeping many countries in poverty in order to achieve perceived advantage, and how the realisation that human impact on the biosphere was significant enough to threaten the survival of the species would make rapid and untrammelled carbon-based industrialisation no longer acceptable.
This may have seemed the case at the birth of the digital age, but it is no longer our core belief, partly because we are becoming aware of the negative consequences of the industrial age but also because we see that another way is possible. We are living through a digital revolution, and the use of computers is having an impact on all aspects of our lives and on the societal structures that are being built in all the countries of the world.
I have watched the industrial world become the networked world, a world that depends on electronics and digital processing just as that of Snow, like that of Orwell, depended on steam to power the ships, trains and machines in factories.
We live in the age of electronics, and it is bit-driven in the way that the nineteenth century was steam-driven. Those with access to digital technology are able to dominate those without, not by creating expansionist empires as in the first industrial revolution, but by creating the structures of the global economy around their perceived interests. The gunships and civil servants may have been replaced with copyright treaties and WTO sanctions, but the effect is much the same.
In order for Maker Culture to thrive there need to be things to make and things to make them with, and given the importance of computer-control to the sorts of projects most makers undertake, there need to be accessible computers.
Their success has been interpreted as a threat to companies like Microsoft or Oracle by observers like Yochai Benkler, the Berkman Professor of Entrepreneurial Legal Studies at Harvard, and faculty co-director of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society.
Benkler is one of the foremost thinkers on the economic issues raised by the growth of the Internet and the emergence of the network society and his research focuses on commons-based approaches to managing resources in networked environments.
explained why firms emerge, defining firms as clusters of resources and agents that interact through managerial command systems rather than markets. In that paper, Coase introduced the concept of transaction costs, which are costs associated with defining and enforcing property and contract rights and which are a necessary incident of organizing any activity on a market model.
Coase explained the emergence and limits of firms based on the differences in the transaction costs associated with organizing production through markets or through firms. People use markets when the gains from doing so, net of transaction costs, exceed the gains from doing the same thing in a managed firm, net of organization costs. Firms emerge when the opposite is true. Any individual firm will stop growing when its organization costs exceed the organization costs of a smaller firm.
But even back then much of the infrastructure of the internet, from web servers to the computers that decide what route data should move over the network, ran software that had been built by teams of dedicated programmers working outside large companies, like the GNU/Linux operating system.
Himanen tried to understand what made people give up their time to projects like Apache or Linux and argued that the hacker ethic is about working on things you love, not necessarily for financial reward, and sharing what you produce willingly, so that others may learn and benefit from your creativity. He also noted that for many programmers the real goal is to have respect and admiration from the other members of the community.
It could be argued that large-scale industrial manufacturing is the anomaly, since for most of human existence objects have been made by people using relatively simple machines and techniques, and all that the hacker ethic and maker culture show is that this never went away. Even when it comes to electronics, ham radios, and radio-controlled cars and planes have been with us for many many years, and there is a long connection between hobbyists and business.
Yesterday I discussed the way the maker ethic emerged from the intersection of hobbyist/DIY culture and widely available electronics, fuelled by free software, facilitated by the internet and supported by a growing network of publications, events, organisations and make spaces.
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