Hi Mark,
Welcome to the group, and thank you! I love the design, too. :-)
I would recommend using PLA for all parts. There may be folks here that disagree, but the inherent stiffness of PLA is good for making a violin. Using a carbon fiber filled plastic will add additional stiffness. Adding stiffness to the neck, tailpiece, and pegbox will make the instrument more dimensionally stable over time, so the parts will warp less over time and will last longer. Adding stiffness to the bridge and body will improve the sound of the instrument, and also will help prevent sagging over time in the plates and in the bridge.
Yes, if you jump to carbon fiber you will want to use a steel hot end. I use stainless steel hotends from my printer manufacturer (Makergear) and they hold up well. A carbon fiber filament can trash a bronze nozzle in a matter of minutes. Other improvements may be needed for your printer specifically but I can't speak to that.
Again welcome, and throw out any questions you might have!
-David