I got it to work after tweaking a bunch of things at once (as I had a couple of problems to solve), but I'd still be interested to know if anyone knows what sort of problem causes this symptom.
I found one surface of a cavity that had somehow been assigned the interior frame BC (such BC should only be used for surfaces exposed to the indoor air). So perhaps that was the problem.
I also found that I had some frame cavities set to a frame cavity material I had created (custom), so perhaps I had done something wrong there, although as far as I could see, I had set the properties the same as for the NFRC 100 cavity type.