Is there any non-religious economic axiomatic system in which the 'debt' concept does not exist?

[Nikolay Kryachkov]

We know about excuse of debt in Christianity in 13th century and that the first political economic theories came into being in 17th century (W. Petty and others) for which debt was a given religious essence. What has changed?

For example: The 'debt' concept proposes separation of any value from human being. This notion confronts impossibility to separate health and knowledge from human being and therefore to go beyond the Newtonian age in the political economy.

Nikolay

[Nikolay Kryachkov]

One of the English meanings of 'exchange' - to give each other (something similar) at the same time. Stretching obligations and payment in fiat debt based currency confronts this meaning of 'exchange'.

Nikolay