Appeal (crl.) 904 of 2004 : Y. Abraham Ajith & Ors.

[Vinayak]

CASE NO.:
Appeal (crl.) 904 of 2004

PETITIONER:
Y. Abraham Ajith & Ors.

RESPONDENT:
Inspector of Police, Chennai & Anr.

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 17/08/2004

BENCH:
ARIJIT PASAYAT & C.K. THAKKER

JUDGMENT:
J U D G M E N T
(Arising out of SLP(Crl.)No. 4573/2003)

ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.

Leave granted.

Appellants call in question legality of the judgment rendered by a
learned Single Judge of the Madras High Court whereby the appellants'
prayer for quashing proceedings in CC 3532 of 2001 on the file of the
Court of XVIII Metropolitan Magistrate Saidapet, Chennai, by exercise
of powers under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in
short the 'Code') was rejected. Background facts sans unnecessary
details are as follows :

Respondent no.2 as complainant filed complaint in the Court of the
concerned magistrate alleging commission of offences punishable under
Sections 498A and 406 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the
'IPC') and Section 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 ( in short the
'Dowry Act'). The magistrate directed the police to investigate and
after investigation charge-sheet was filed by the police. When the
matter stood thus, the appellants filed an application under Section
482 of the Code before the High Court alleging that the concerned
magistrate has no jurisdiction even to entertain the complaint even if
the allegations contained therein are accepted in toto. According to
them, no part of the cause of action arose within the jurisdiction of
the concerned Court. The complaint itself disclosed that after
15.4.1997, the respondent left Nagercoil and came to Chennai and was
staying there. All the allegations which are per se without any basis
took place according to the complainant at Nagercoil, and therefore,
the Courts at Chennai did not have the jurisdiction to deal with the
matter. It was further submitted that earlier a complaint was lodged
by the complainant before the concerned police officials having
jurisdiction; but after inquiry no action was deemed necessary.

In response, learned counsel submitted that some of the offences were
continuing offences. The appellant no.1 had initiated proceedings for
judicial separation, the notice for which was received by her at
Chennai and, therefore, the cause of action existed.

The High Court unfortunately did not consider rival stands and even did
not record any finding on the question of law raised regarding lack of
jurisdiction. It felt that legal parameters were to be considered
after a thorough trial after due opportunity to the parties and,
therefore, the factual points raised by parties were not to be
adjudicated under Section 484 of the Code.

In support of the appeal Mr. T.L. Viswanatha Iyer, learned senior
counsel, submitted that the approach of the High Court is clearly
erroneous. A bare reading of the complaint would go to show that no
part of the cause of action arose within the jurisdiction of the Court
where the complaint was filed. Therefore, the entire proceedings had no
foundation.

In response, learned counsel for respondent no.2-complainant submitted
that the offences were continuing in terms of Section 178(c) of the
Code, and therefore The Court had the jurisdiction to deal with the
matter.

Section 177 of the Code deals with the ordinary place of inquiry and
trial, and reads as follows:

"Section 177 : ORDINARY PLACE OF INQUIRY AND TRIAL:

Every offence shall ordinarily be inquired into and tried by a Court
within whose local jurisdiction it was committed."

Sections 177 to 186 deal with venue and place of trial.

Section 177 reiterates the well-established common law rule referred to
in Halsbury's Laws of England (Vol. IX para 83) that the proper and
ordinary venue for the trial of a crime is the area of jurisdiction in
which, on the evidence, the facts occur and which alleged to constitute
the crime. There are several exceptions to this general rule and some
of them are, so far as the present case is concerned, indicated in
Section 178 of the Code which read as follows:

"Section 178 PLACE OF INQUIRY OR TRIAL

(a) When it is uncertain in which of several local areas an offence was
committed, or

(b) where an offence is committed partly in one local area and partly
in another, or

(c) where an offence is continuing one, and continues to be committed
in more local areas than one, or

(d) where it consists of several acts done in different local areas, it
may be inquired into or tried by a Court having jurisdiction over any
of such local areas."

"All crime is local, the jurisdiction over the crime belongs to the
country where the crime is committed", as observed by Blackstone. A
significant word used in Section 177 of the Code is "ordinarily". Use
of the word indicates that the provision is a general one and must be
read subject to the special provisions contained in the Code. As
observed by the Court in Purushottamdas Dalmia v. State of West Bengal
(AIR 1961 SC 1589), L.N.Mukherjee V. State of Madras (AIR 1961 SC
1601), Banwarilal Jhunjhunwalla and Ors. v. Union of India and Anr.
(AIR 1963 SC 1620) and Mohan Baitha and Ors. v. State of Bihar and Anr.
(2001 (4) SCC 350), exception implied by the word "ordinarily" need not
be limited to those specially provided for by the law and exceptions
may be provided by law on consideration or may be implied from the
provisions of law permitting joint trial of offences by the same Court.
No such exception is applicable to the case at hand.

As observed by this Court in State of Bihar v. Deokaran Nenshi and Anr.
(AIR 1973 SC 908), continuing offence is one which is susceptible of
continuance and is distinguishable from the one which is committed once
and for all, that it is one of those offences which arises out of the
failure to obey or comply with a rule or its requirement and which
involves a penalty, liability continues till compliance, that on every
occasion such disobedience or non-compliance occurs or recurs, there is
the offence committed.

A similar plea relating to continuance of the offence was examined by
this Court in Sujata Mukherjee (Smt.) v. Prashant Kumar Mukherjee (1997
(5) SCC 30). There the allegations related to commission of alleged
offences punishable under Section 498A, 506 and 323 IPC. On the
factual background, it was noted that though the dowry demands were
made earlier the husband of the complainant went to the place where
complainant was residing and had assaulted her. This Court held in that
factual background that clause (c) of Section 178 was attracted. But
in the present case the factual position is different and the
complainant herself left the house of the husband on 15.4.1997 on
account of alleged dowry demands by the husband and his relations.
There is thereafter not even a whisper of allegations about any demand
of dowry or commission of any act constituting an offence much less at
Chennai. That being so, the logic of Section 178 (c) of the Code
relating to continuance of the offences cannot be applied.

The crucial question is whether any part of the cause of action arose
within the jurisdiction of the concerned Court. In terms of Section
177 of the Code it is the place where the offence was committed. In
essence it is the cause of action for initiation of the proceedings
against the accused.

While in civil cases, normally the expression "cause of action" is
used, in criminal cases as stated in Section 177 of the Code, reference
is to the local jurisdiction where the offence is committed. These
variations in etymological expression do not really make the position
different. The expression "cause of action" is therefore not a stranger
to criminal cases.

It is settled law that cause of action consists of bundle of facts,
which give cause to enforce the legal inquiry for redress in a court of
law. In other words, it is a bundle of facts, which taken with the law
applicable to them, gives the allegedly affected party a right to claim
relief against the opponent. It must include some act done by the
latter since in the absence of such an act no cause of action would
possibly accrue or would arise.

The expression "cause of action" has acquired a judicially settled
meaning. In the restricted sense cause of action means the
circumstances forming the infraction of the right or the immediate
occasion for the action. In the wider sense, it means the necessary
conditions for the maintenance of the proceeding including not only the
alleged infraction, but also the infraction coupled with the right
itself. Compendiously the expression means every fact, which it would
be necessary for the complainant to prove, if traversed, in order to
support his right or grievance to the judgment of the Court. Every
fact, which is necessary to be proved, as distinguished from every
piece of evidence, which is necessary to prove such fact, comprises in
"cause of action".

The expression "cause of action" has sometimes been employed to convey
the restricted idea of facts or circumstances which constitute either
the infringement or the basis of a right and no more. In a wider and
more comprehensive sense, it has been used to denote the whole bundle
of material facts.

The expression "cause of action" is generally understood to mean a
situation or state of facts that entitles a party to maintain an action
in a court or a tribunal; a group of operative facts giving rise to one
or more bases for sitting; a factual situation that entitles one person
to obtain a remedy in court from another person. (Black's Law
Dictionary a "cause of action" is stated to be the entire set of facts
that gives rise to an enforceable claim; the phrase comprises every
fact, which, if traversed, the plaintiff must prove in order to obtain
judgment. In "Words and Phrases" (4th Edn.) the meaning attributed to
the phrase "cause of action" in common legal parlance is existence of
those facts, which give a party a right to judicial interference on his
behalf.

In Halsbury Laws of England (Fourth Edition) it has been stated
as follows:

"Cause of action" has been defined as meaning simply
a factual situation the existence of which entitles
one person to obtain from the Court a remedy against
another person. The phrase has been held from
earliest time to include every fact which is material
to be proved to entitle the plaintiff to succeed, and
every fact which a defendant would have a right to
traverse. "Cause of action" has also been taken to
mean that particular act on the part of the defendant
which gives the plaintiff his cause of complaint, or
the subject matter of grievance founding the action,
not merely the technical cause of action".

When the aforesaid legal principles are applied, to the factual
scenario disclosed by the complainant in the complaint petition, the
inevitable conclusion is that no part of cause of action arose in
Chennai and, therefore, the concerned magistrate had no jurisdiction to
deal with the matter. The proceedings are quashed. The complaint be
returned to respondent No.2 who, if she so chooses, may file the same
in the appropriate Court to be dealt with in accordance with law. The
appeal is accordingly allowed.