According to my clinical observations, the intrapsychic structure of
the real self is directly clinically manifested through (1) experience of
insecurity,(2) pursuit of metamorphosis, (3) occasional (overwhelming)
fatigue by living, (4) hypochondriacal preoccupations, and (5)
black-and-whiteperspective of the world. I will discuss these points in
turn.
Experience of Insecurity
As many authors have shown, in the core of every narcissistic personality
there exists, more or less pronounced, experience of insecurity and inferiority.
These experiences are generically connected with the real self,
which, as Giovacchini (1978) wrote, represents "frightened, helpless, and
confused infantile orientation." Because of their numerous clinical
manifestations of inferiority and insecurity, narcissistic patients are often
described as "hypersensitive."
Pursuit of Metamorphosis
In the majority of narcissistic patients, I have often observed a hope (fantasy)
that, by acquiring sufficient gratification in the external world or
through a relationship with a sufficiently valuable object, they will overcome
their insecurity and inferiority. Consequently, narcissistic patients
are in constant pursuit of a certain grand object that will transform their
inner world and bring about satisfaction.Although quite similar to neurotic
solution described by Horney (1945,1950), the pursuit of metamorphosis is a
specifically narcissistic search for solution. One is dealing here with
narcissistic tendency to achieve grandiosity through narcissistic
identification with the grand object.
Occasional Fatigue by Living
SimuItaneously with successfu I narcissistic fu nction ing, narcissistic
persons will occasionally feel peculiar and overwhelming tiredness,
inauthenticity, or meaninglessness of their existence. Moreover, in these
short periods, such persons clearly recognize that their envy separates
them from the environment and prevents them from establishing close
relations with others. Subjective experiences of this kind reflect the temporary
emergency of the real self on the surface, in the field of perception of
(successful) narcissistic persons.
Hypochondriacal Preoccupations
An important clinical feature of narcissistic personality disorder are
"hypochondriacal preoccupations with physical and mental health, and
vegetative disturbances in various organ systems" (Kohut, 1971). Indeed,
the majority of narcissistic personalities are permanently anxious about
their bodies, body parts, and internal organs, or about their mental functioning,
i.e., they experience "hypochondriacal brooding" (Kohut, 1971).
From the structural standpoint, these hypochondriac elements are clinical
expressions of deep internal insecurity regarding one's own physical
and mental abilities and are generically connected with the impaired real
self structure.
Black-and-White Perspective of the World
The split-off structure of the real self is clinically recognized in
narcissistic patients by their typically viewing the world as the "world of
glitter" and the "world of misery"; wealth, fame, and success are sharply
contrasted with poverty, somberness, and failure. Such a division of the
external world reveals the corresponding division of the internal one
(grandiosity vs. misery).
Whether it’s cheering on the detectives, decrying a travesty of justice, or peeking into the mind of a psychopathic killer, we all love a good true crime story. Witness the popularity of the cable channel CourtTV and the success of such “ripped from the headlines” television series as Law and Order, CSI, and their spin-offs—as well as The Sopranos. Surely the public’s fascination with gruesome serial killings (Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer), celebrity scandals (O.J. Simpson, Phil Spector), mob hits (John Gotti’s assassination of Paul Castellano), historic murders (Lizzie Borden, Jack the Ripper), political assassinations (JFK), and other bizarre crimes (Amy Fisher and Joey Buttafuoco) won’t subside soon.
“Thoughts on Narcissism and Narcissistic Rage”
Heinz Kohut, M.D.
Kohut’s psychoanalytic theories on narcissism provide explanation for and expansion of the fundamental Freudian concept of a disparity between reality and pleasure principles. I assert that intentions of self-fulfillment often turn violent and perverse when the Freudian concept of possessing others (“object-choice”) that was meant to unify reality and sexuality transforms into the exploitation of family and lovers. The internal/external, pleasure/reality, man against the world conflict is brought into the household, ostensibly because an individual struggle holds no import in the world at large. Kohut [directly] addresses this conflict in his [explanation] of the fragmented self, seeking cohesion, which often [vents] frustration and suppression of the grandiose self by means of narcissistic rage.
Freudian beliefs maintain that in order to resolve the reality and pleasure principle disparity the self turns to “narcissistic object-choice” (or “identification”) and “anaclitic object-choice”. These dual desires, to be like another and to possess another, respectively, emerge when a child realizes that the indistinguishable unification between pleasure and reality has been demolished (Brown 41). Freud claims that an infant’s self-preservation (the essence of one’s reality) is directly connected to its sexual gratification, therefore once this conjunction has been [ruptured/severed] by further development, the child and subsequent adult forever seeks to regain this association. As one matures I believe that this association between reality and pleasure principles parallels the association between an individual’s external (reality) and internal (pleasure) self. Kohut argues that this conflict [emerges] from the impeded development of the ego and misguided narcissism. Kohut cites parent-child relationships as instrumental in a child’s cohesion of self, parents as necessary “mirroring” figures for a child who requires consistent approval and validation as integral to development. Without sufficient “mirroring”, a child’s “narcissistic cathexis…remains thus unaltered and its archaic grandiosity and exhibitionism cannot be integrated with the remainder of the psychic organization” but instead “become split off from the reality ego or separated from it through repression” (Kohut 373). That is to say the child develops a fragmented self through discountednarcissism.
Kohut attests that once the separation of self-grandiosity from the reality ego prevents future modification by external influences (Kohut 373). However this seems to refute an earlier claim that transitional periods and emotional situations serve as catalysts for a “reshuffling of the self” throughout one’s life, not merely in the early stages of childhood development (Kohut 367). Also Kohut’s aforementioned pessimisstic claim seems to undermine the whole purpose of psychotherapy. This leads me to a contrary belief, in the ability of an individual to unify a formerly fragmented self through appropriately directed narcissism and by [integrating oneself with ideal object-choice]. Moreover, I feel that society at large, more specifically, the members of society whom one chooses for intimate relationships (lovers, friends, family) replace the parental, or more exactly, the maternal role of “mirroring” necessary in childhood. While I feel that childhood development may be the most significant upon an individual’s life, I dually believe that since the self [endures/sustains] continual reshuffling, one still requires a consistent reaffirmation of self. Kohut states that self-affirmation adopts several forms, approving-mirroring, merging with a idealized self-object, and [tangentially/ transitively], possessing another (arguably a form of merging) (Kohut 386). Thus, this external dependence derived from an insufficiency of self forges the individual’s conflict between external/internal and reality/pleasure.
Threats directed toward the self and associated feelings of shame often elicit narcissistic rage as a type of premeditated retaliation against a perceived injurious force, as in another person. The subconscious mentality is as follows: defeat the enemy before it defeats you, before it destroys your delusion of the perfection and “limitlessness of the power and knowledge of a grandiose self” (Kohut 385). This vengeful expression results from the neglect of the ego and inadequate recognition of the necessity and acceptability of a healthily directed narcissism. By a healthily directednarcissism I mean an ego secure in its self-esteem, whose ambitions are directed toward a meaningful reality. Once again reality surfaces as a byproduct in the resolution of narcissism, effectually, in the resolution of the internal/external binary that appears at the heart of self-conflict.
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"The Wizard of Oz and Other Narcissists: Coping with the One-Way Relationship in Work, Love and the Family." Eleanor Payson.
"Enough About You, Let’s Talk About Me: How to Recognize and Manage the Narcissists In Your Life." Les Carter.
"Why Is it Always About You? Saving Yourself from the Narcissists in Your Life." Sandy Hotchkiss.
"The Narcissistic Family: Diagnosis and Treatment." Stephanie Donaldson-Pressman and Robert Pressman.
"The Drama of the Gifted Child: The Search for the True Self." Alice Miller.
"In Sheep’s Clothing: Understanding and Dealing with Manipulative People." George Simon.
"Narcissism and Intimacy: Love and Marriage in an Age of Confusion." Marion Solomon.
"The Emotionally Abusive Relationship: How To Stop Being Abused and How to Stop Abusing." Beverly Engel.
"The Illusion of Love: Why the Battered Woman Returns to Her Abuser." David Celani.
"Emotional Vampires: Dealing with People Who Drain You Dry." Albert Bernstein.
"Safe People." Henry Cloud and John Townsend.
"Nasty People: How to Stop Being Hurt by Them Without Becoming One of Them." Jay Carter.
"Why Does He Do That? Inside the Minds of Angry and Controlling Men." Lundy Bancroft.
"People of the Lie: The Hope for Healing Human Evil." M. Scott Peck.
"Getting the Love You Want: A Guide for Couples." Harville Hendrix.
Books by Nina Brown:
"The Destructive Narcissistic Pattern."
"Children of the Self-Absorbed: A Grownup's Guide to Getting Over Narcissistic Parents."
"Loving the Self-Absorbed: How to Create a More Satisfying Relationship with a Narcissistic Partner."
"Working with the Self-Absorbed: How to Handle Narcissistic Personalities on the Job."
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