“ The only permanent solution to Earth's energy imbalance is removing over 1.5 trillion tonnes of excess CO2 from the atmosphere. In less than a decade, an industry has emerged from nothing: 700+ companies, billions invested, and real technology proving out. And yet for all that progress, we remain orders of magnitude behind the pace required to lower global temperatures before crossing catastrophic tipping points. If carbon removal can't arrive in time—and the math suggests it can't—what fills the gap? In this talk Paul makes the case that cooling interventions aren't Plan B—they're what makes Plan A possible.”