Evaluating CO2 Removal Technologies: A Life Cycle Assessment for Effective Climate Change Mitigation

[Geoengineering News]

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-95-0409-1_21

Authors: Divya Meril, Piliyan Raju, Felix Sugantham & Santhanam Perumal 

01 October 2025

Abstract

Climate change is an urgent global crisis, driven by rising atmospheric CO2 levels that threaten both ecosystems and human societies. While reducing emissions remains essential, carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies are increasingly vital for achieving net-zero and net-negative targets, especially in hard-to-abate sectors. This review critically assesses the environmental sustainability of key CDR approaches—Direct Air Capture (DAC), bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), afforestation/reforestation, ocean alkalinity enhancement, and soil carbon sequestration—using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework. Findings reveal wide-ranging environmental trade-offs. BECCS has high carbon removal potential, but poses risks related to land-use change, water consumption, and biodiversity. DAC is effective but energy-intensive, with its sustainability hinging on the energy source. Nature-based solutions offer ecological co-benefits but are constrained by land availability and risks of carbon reversal. Ocean-based methods are still experimental and could disrupt marine systems. To ensure CDR supports climate goals without creating new environmental problems, policies must prioritize renewable energy use, mitigate land-use impacts, and improve monitoring of carbon permanence. Immediate, informed action is crucial to deploy sustainable CDR solutions at scale and help stabilize atmospheric CO2 levels in time to avoid the worst effects of climate change.

Source: Springer Nature Link