Electrolytic Seawater Mineralization and the Mass Balances That Demonstrate Carbon Dioxide Removal

[Geoengineering News]

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsestengg.3c00004

Authors

Erika Callagon La Plante*, Xin Chen, Steven Bustillos, Arnaud Bouissonnie, Thomas Traynor, David Jassby, Lorenzo Corsini, Dante A. Simonetti, and Gaurav N. Sant

Publication Date: April 27, 2023

https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.3c00004

Abstract

We present the mass balances associated with carbon dioxide (CO2) removal (CDR) using seawater as both the source of reactants and as the reaction medium via electrolysis following the “Equatic” (formerly known as “SeaChange”) process. This process, extensively detailed in La Plante, E.C.; ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, (3), 1073–1089, involves the application of an electric overpotential that splits water to form H+ and OH– ions, producing acidity and alkalinity, i.e., in addition to gaseous coproducts, at the anode and cathode, respectively. The alkalinity that results, i.e., via the “continuous electrolytic pH pump” results in the instantaneous precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), hydrated magnesium carbonates (e.g., nesquehonite: MgCO3·3H2O, hydromagnesite:Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O, etc.), and/or magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) depending on the CO32– ion-activity in solution. This results in the trapping and, hence, durable and permanent (at least ∼10 000–100 000 years) immobilization of CO2 that was originally dissolved in water, and that is additionally drawn down from the atmosphere within: (a) mineral carbonates, and/or (b) as solvated bicarbonate (HCO3–) and carbonate (CO32–) ions (i.e., due to the absorption of atmospheric CO2 into seawater having enhanced alkalinity). Taken together, these actions result in the net removal of ∼4.6 kg of CO2 per m3 of seawater catholyte processed. Geochemical simulations quantify the extents of net CO2 removal including the dependencies on the process configuration. It is furthermore indicated that the efficiency of realkalinization of the acidic anolyte using alkaline solids depends on their acid neutralization capacity and dissolution reactivity. We also assess changes in seawater chemistry resulting from Mg(OH)2 dissolution with emphasis on the change in seawater alkalinity and saturation state. Overall, this analysis provides direct quantifications of the ability of the Equatic process to serve as a means for technological CDR to mitigate the worst effects of accelerating climate change. 

Source: ACS Publications

[Tom Goreau]

This is of course the well-known Biorock process with a newly made up name, but as typical, does not cite any of the many publications on it since 1979!

 

Thomas J. F. Goreau, PhD
President, Global Coral Reef Alliance

Chief Scientist, Blue Regeneration SL
President, Biorock Technology Inc.

Technical Advisor, Blue Guardians Programme, SIDS DOCK

37 Pleasant Street, Cambridge, MA 02139

gor...@globalcoral.org
www.globalcoral.org
Skype: tomgoreau
Tel: (1) 617-864-4226 (leave message)

 

Books:

Geotherapy: Innovative Methods of Soil Fertility Restoration, Carbon Sequestration, and Reversing CO2 Increase

http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466595392

 

Innovative Methods of Marine Ecosystem Restoration

http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466557734

 

No one can change the past, everybody can change the future

 

It’s much later than we think, especially if we don’t think

 

Those with their heads in the sand will see the light when global warming and sea level rise wash the beach away

 

Geotherapy: Regenerating ecosystem services to reverse climate change

 

--
You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Carbon Dioxide Removal" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to CarbonDioxideRem...@googlegroups.com.
To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/CarbonDioxideRemoval/CAHJsh99gOzxNFrFGt8vp5WUJwxEtoUq4%2BNDxu%3Db4v1iC%3DaK9xQ%40mail.gmail.com.

[Chris Van Arsdale]

Maybe I'm not reading this right, but it looks like they made an odd mistake.

 They take seawater, split to acid+base. They take the acid, neutralize it with mined rock. So far OK.

Then they take the base, and use it to crash out CaCO3. Why?

The paper talks about "permanent" storage, but crashing out CaCO3 just causes CO2 to outgas elsewhere in the ocean due to the bicarbonate balance. Far better to just mix the base back into the ocean without all that mucking about with precipitates. They have basically outlined House et al, but with an extra step in the wrong direction.

- Chris

To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/CarbonDioxideRemoval/A7082462-C19E-4744-9616-29E45CD4B384%40globalcoral.org.

[Michael Hayes]

[...] Toward this end, i.e., to remove CO2 from the oceans and to expand the capacity of seawater to absorb additional CO2, several electrochemical processes have been proposed, which focus on increasing ocean alkalinity via the: (a) production of OH– from seawater (and the utilization of the HCl coproduct to accelerate silicate weathering), (13) (b) using hard water and ion-exchange membranes, (14,15) or (c) utilizing pH swing processes to extract and capture CO2. [...]

MH] Option (a) is not a complete list. Using the HCL coproduct to disrupt microalgae, which harvests the bio oil from the plant, is also a legitimate option. 

https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12870-018-1614-9

[Michael Hayes]

Using the HCL coproduct to extract bio oil can replace a popular yet energy intensive heat/pressure dependent extraction method. 

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.9b04468#:~:text=Hydrothermal%20liquefaction%20(HTL)%20is%20another,%2Dphase%20products%2C%20and%20char.

Any residual HCL that gets past the oil extraction tanks can then be used to weather minerals held within the final discharge water system. This keeps minerals in the system, yet significantly reduces the amount of minerals needed in such a system. The sale of the extracted bio oil can likely help pay for the minerals used in the system. 

[Michael Hayes]

Tom, et al.,

Can this precipitation be used to expedite Biorock formation. I've thought of ways to speed up Biorock formation and I might use such precipitates for Biorock, just not in the same tank. 

Bagging a Biorock metal frame, creating a container around the frame, and using a fluid inside the bag that has a high precipitate concentration would likely allow the electro accretion easy and abundant access to the mineral while also capturing any outgassing and limiting water throughput needs to a large degree. 

A two tank system, one for each form of electrolysis, is what I'm currently building along with biotic tanks. I view the Biorock accelerator as important as Biorock production needs to keep up with the HDPE infrastructure build out.

Best regards 

To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/CarbonDioxideRemoval/A7082462-C19E-4744-9616-29E45CD4B384%40globalcoral.org.

[Stefano Caserini]

Tomorrow Monday 8th and Tuesday 9th afternoon in Milan (Politecnico di Milano e Università Milano Bicocca) there will be the conference “CO2 sequestration in seawaters: motivation, opportunities and methods”

The language of the conference will be Italian.

Here is the detailed program https://indico.chem.polimi.it/event/65/attachments/147/347/Oceano%20Amico_Locandina.pdf

The link to register for the web streaming of the conference is here https://indico.chem.polimi.it/event/65/registrations/107/

The main topics of the conference will be OAE (ocean alkalinity enhancement), BAWL (buffered accelerated weathering of limestone), and Limenet (an evolution of BAWL, https://limenet.tech/en/).

Best regards,

Stefano

 

 

 

Ing. Stefano Caserini, PhD

Adjunct professor of Mitigation of climate change

Project Manager Desarc-Maresanus Project

Politecnico di Milano, DICA - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Ambientale, Sez. Ambientale.  

Via Golgi 39, 20133 Milano (Italia)

tel. +39 02 23996414;  +39 3289651530

email: stefano....@polimi.it

www.desarc-maresanus.net

 

 

[Ken Caldeira]

Isn't the main challenge with this approach the main challenge with all such approaches --  finding a source of alkalinity that can be processed affordably at scale without excessive adverse environmental impact?

Isn't the main challenge finding an appropriate mineral source for cations such as Ca2+ or Mg2+?

To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/CarbonDioxideRemoval/CABjtO1e2VS%2B97KBw3uX3_94dQmeqy6x75jxrD%3DLAA7hD5QtG6Q%40mail.gmail.com.

[Michael Hayes]

Ken, et all.,

Paying for any offshore operation is obviously an important factor. Routing the CDR technical options through different yet profitable processing paths may not be as technically simplistic as a non profitable combination yet it should largely pay for itself and the much needed rapid expansion.  

Regenerative agricultural has no place for waste, and offshore operations of any kind needs that same systems view. Coupling of different mCDR techs in ways that addresses the need for profit with an equal need to do right by the Ocean can likely start as there are now ample mCDR techs to pick and choose from. 

I'm combining biotic and abiotic CDR paths that can keep a young family working in a mCDR form of agriculture. They need profits and a number of mCDR technical paths to assure that their work is not just profitable but also C negative and rapidity expandable.

[Tom Goreau]

We work directly in open seawater.

 

Many more complicated versions can be done by separating reactions and adding exotic materials, but they will impose costs and lower efficiency.

[Ken Caldeira]

If you don't add alkalinity, isn't the net reaction mostly:

Ca2+  + 2 HCO3-  ==> CaCO3 + H2O + CO2  ?

In the absence of alkalinity addition, isn't carbonate formation a source of CO2?

To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/CarbonDioxideRemoval/A93F3B40-EE8B-4A47-A4B3-3E7DA0026A1C%40globalcoral.org.

[Tom Goreau]

Yes, that’s true at pH 8, but the pH on the electrode where brucite precipitation happens is so high above the carbonic acid second dissociation constant pK2 that bicarbonate ion is converted to carbonate ion, and the precipitation reactions become:

 

Mg++  +  2OH-      Mg(OH)2

 

Ca++  +  CO3=     CaCO3    (without generating CO2, unlike the reaction with bicarbonate)

 

Brucite dissolves below pH 11-12, releasing two hydroxyl ions which raise the pH and react with Ca++ and either HCO3- or CO3= depending on local pH precipitating aragonite that replaces brucite. The same happens at the black smoker deep sea vents where brucite becomes replaced by aragonite as pH falls.

 

In addition the net Biorock reaction is alkalinizing because any electrons that react with chloride do not generate hydrogen ions like those that react with water, so seawater electrolysis acts on a local scale to reverse ocean acidification, and the carbonate produced is CO2 negative!

[Michael Tyka]

On Sun, May 7, 2023 at 5:15 PM Tom Goreau <gor...@globalcoral.org> wrote:

Yes, that’s true at pH 8, but the pH on the electrode where brucite precipitation happens is so high above the carbonic acid second dissociation constant pK2 that bicarbonate ion is converted to carbonate ion, and the precipitation reactions become:

Mg++  +  2OH-      Mg(OH)2

Without an external source of alkalinity where do the 2OH- come from ?

They have to come from water dissociation: H2O --> H+  + OH-

Those H+ then react with HCO3- to make CO2 and H2O:

2H+ + 2HCO3- --> 2CO2(g) + 2H2O, making the net reaction:

Mg2+ + 2HCO3- -->  2CO2(g) + Mg(OH)2

Now perhaps the OH- was formed on a cathode, turning those H+ into H2 gas:

2H2O + 2e- --> H2 + 2OH-  Great, no H+ !

But if there's a cathode, there's gonna be an anode somewhere (those 2e- need to come from somewhere): There we can either oxidise chloride ions (making chlorine gas (yuck!)) or we can oxidize H2O, which unfortunately once again makes H+: H2O --> 2H+ + 2e- + 0.5O2

Ca++  +  CO3=     CaCO3    (without generating CO2, unlike the reaction with bicarbonate)

Likewise, where does the CO3 come from ? It'd come from the bulk HCO3- in the bulk water, e.g.

2HCO3-  --> CO2(g) + CO3(2-)

So we have the same issue, CO2 is released.

 

Brucite dissolves below pH 11-12, releasing two hydroxyl ions

Unless the brucite comes from land, those two hydroxyl ions earlier released two H+ ions somewhere else.

In addition the net Biorock reaction is alkalinizing because any electrons that react with chloride do not generate hydrogen ions like those that react with water,

If we're willing to make chlorine gas, then yes electrolysis is net alkalinizing (2H2O + 2Cl- --> Cl2 + H2 + 2OH-), but what to do now with all that toxic chlorine, surely a bad idea to add gigatonnes of chlorine gas to the earth cycles ?

And what becomes of the chlorine anyways: ?

IIRC, chlorine in the atmosphere will catalyze the destruction of ozone, not great. Or it could react with water to HCl and HClO, i.e. then the acidity returns to the oceans presumably ?

If chlorine reacts with organic molecules, unless it adds across a double bond, it will usually kick out a hydrogen, something like R-H + Cl2 --> R-Cl + HCl, so also acidic HCl, but ok we've safely stashed at least one of the Chlorine atoms!

But when that organic molecule eventually gets reminerailzed (i.e oxidized ) it will also become HCl at that point (consider for example the burning of chloromethane: CH3Cl + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + HCl).

So my assumption is that, no matter what, that chlorine, after doing a bunch of damage everywhere, will eventually all return as acidicity/chloride ions to the oceans anyway, so there's still no net alkalinity at the end of the day :-(

M

[Michael Hayes]

Michael, et al.,

With confinement, all outgassing can be controlled for, and likely turned into an asset. This is the nature of tight professional process engineering.

Open water electrochemistry has far more environmental and profitably questions than confined electrochemistry.

The question I seek to answer is if we can largely confine the high throughput electrochemical/biological processes, and make use of all byproducts. I tend to belive that vast scale, affordable, yet confined mCDR electrochemistry processing can be delivered.

[Tom Goreau]

Thanks for these comments. You can’t consider electrode half reactions separately and we don’t!

 

The primary reaction is water hydrolysis, which produces equal amount of hydroxyl and hydrogen ions at opposite electrodes. The hydroxyl does not increase alkalinity in the water, even though many are apparently assuming that, it is very rapidly neutralized on the electrode surface to form brucite and aragonite. There is no measurable increase in ocean water pH even right next to the minerals on the cathode. The anode hydrogen ion production is neutralized by reaction with limestone sediments, but more slowly. If water hydrolysis alone takes place, the limestone deposition is CO2 neutral, in effect transferring limestone from sediment into massive reef structures that regenerate marine ecosystems, biomass, sediment carbon, and far more biological limestone production than is produced by electrolysis.

 

The key reaction at the cathode (which you don’t list) is OH-  +  HCO3-      CO3=    +   H2O, which does not generate CO2

 

Some electrons react with chloride at the anode to form chlorine, but that reaction produces no acidity, so to the extent that it occurs, the mineral production is carbon negative. The Nernst Equation shows oxygen is the main pathway due to the lower redox potential of the half reaction that produces it versus that for chlorine production, and the vastly higher concentration of water than chloride.  

 

Our direct observations underwater on around 600-700 such reefs around the world is that whatever chlorine is produced at the anode reacts rapidly as an oxidant in sea water and is very quickly neutralized. I can’t see any effect on coral tissue further than a millimeter from the anode, and fish swim happily over it, they seem to benefit from the oxygen and don’t avoid what chlorine is produced because it is apparently too dilute to bother them! We are NOT pumping toxic clouds of chlorine into the stratosphere, as you say!

 

We get huge biological and structural benefits creating wave resistant growing reefs full of corals, oysters, and fishes that keep up with sea level rise with negligible negative biological effects, and generate large amounts of limestone sand from accelerated growth of coralline algae. We greatly increase biological organic carbon production by seagrasses and saltmarshes and their sediment storage, a major carbon sink. We are also producing large amounts of hydrogen, which fuels hydrogen-oxidizing autotrophs and nitrogen fixing microbes, and which produces green hydrogen if solar or wind power is used, plus oxygen that the ecosystems need.

 

It is clear that accurate measurements of ALL of the products at BOTH electrodes under field operating conditions is needed to understand the net balances.

 

This one and a half minute video of seagrass, coral, and fish regeneration in the Bahamas, shows that the zone affected by the anode (which is inside the structure) is negligible, there is NO huge dead zone poisoned by chlorine as you suggest must take place:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s47xVEkO35o&t=1s

 

 

Thomas J. F. Goreau, PhD
President, Global Coral Reef Alliance

Chief Scientist, Blue Regeneration SL
President, Biorock Technology Inc.

Technical Advisor, Blue Guardians Programme, SIDS DOCK

37 Pleasant Street, Cambridge, MA 02139

gor...@globalcoral.org
www.globalcoral.org
Skype: tomgoreau
Tel: (1) 617-864-4226 (leave message)

 

Books:

Geotherapy: Innovative Methods of Soil Fertility Restoration, Carbon Sequestration, and Reversing CO2 Increase

http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466595392

 

Innovative Methods of Marine Ecosystem Restoration

http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466557734

 

No one can change the past, everybody can change the future

 

It’s much later than we think, especially if we don’t think

 

Those with their heads in the sand will see the light when global warming and sea level rise wash the beach away

 

Geotherapy: Regenerating ecosystem services to reverse climate change

 

 

 

From: Michael Tyka <mike...@gmail.com>
Date: Sunday, May 7, 2023 at 11:36 PM
To: Tom Goreau <gor...@globalcoral.org>
Cc: "kcal...@gmail.com" <kcal...@gmail.com>, Michael Hayes <electro...@gmail.com>, Andrew Lockley <andrew....@gmail.com>, Carbon Dioxide Removal <carbondiox...@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: [CDR] Electrolytic Seawater Mineralization and the Mass Balances That Demonstrate Carbon Dioxide Removal

 

 

 

On Sun, May 7, 2023 at 5:15 PM Tom Goreau <gor...@globalcoral.org> wrote:

Yes, that’s true at pH 8, but the pH on the electrode where brucite precipitation happens is so high above the carbonic acid second dissociation constant pK2 that bicarbonate ion is converted to carbonate ion, and the precipitation reactions become:

Mg++  +  2OH-   è   Mg(OH)2

Without an external source of alkalinity where do the 2OH- come from ?

They have to come from water dissociation: H2O --> H+  + OH-

Those H+ then react with HCO3- to make CO2 and H2O:

2H+ + 2HCO3- --> 2CO2(g) + 2H2O, making the net reaction:

Mg2+ + 2HCO3- -->  2CO2(g) + Mg(OH)2

 

Now perhaps the OH- was formed on a cathode, turning those H+ into H2 gas:

2H2O + 2e- --> H2 + 2OH-  Great, no H+ !

But if there's a cathode, there's gonna be an anode somewhere (those 2e- need to come from somewhere): There we can either oxidise chloride ions (making chlorine gas (yuck!)) or we can oxidize H2O, which unfortunately once again makes H+: H2O --> 2H+ + 2e- + 0.5O2

 

Ca++  +  CO3=   è  CaCO3    (without generating CO2, unlike the reaction with bicarbonate)

 

Likewise, where does the CO3 come from ? It'd come from the bulk HCO3- in the bulk water, e.g.

2HCO3-  --> CO2(g) + CO3(2-)

So we have the same issue, CO2 is released.

 

Brucite dissolves below pH 11-12, releasing two hydroxyl ions

 

Unless the brucite comes from land, those two hydroxyl ions earlier released two H+ ions somewhere else.

 

In addition the net Biorock reaction is alkalinizing because any electrons that react with chloride do not generate hydrogen ions like those that react with water,

[Michael Tyka]

Hi Tom,

Some electrons react with chloride at the anode to form chlorine, but that reaction produces no acidity, so to the extent that it occurs, the mineral production is carbon negative.

Yes, I agree completely, that's exactly what I was trying to say: It could only be carbon negative to the extent that chlorine is generated at the anode. Or put another way, only a net production of OH- leads to a negative emission, which is only the case if chloride is oxidised (instead of water).

2H₂O + 2Cl- --> H₂ + Cl₂ + 2OH-     (eq1)

The OH- can then turn HCO3- to CO3(2-) or turn CO2(g) into HCO3 - those are all equivalent, they're just shifts of the carbonate equilibrium.

However, the fate of this chlorine matters:

whatever chlorine is produced at the anode reacts rapidly as an oxidant in sea water and is very quickly neutralized.

I think it bears considering what is being oxided here to see that the resultant total net reaction is. What could be oxidized ?

- Water could be oxidized: H₂O + Cl₂ --> 2H+ + Cl- + ClO-, if we add that to eq1, we get an overall net reaction with the 2H+ cancelling out the 2OH- produced earlier:

H₂O + Cl- --> H2 + ClO-

If there's no net OH-, it's also not net carbon negative. We're just making some hypochlorite.

- An organic molecule could be oxidized (there are myriads of options here, R being a generic organic group:)

R-H + Cl₂ --> R-Cl + Cl- + H+  (substitution)

R=R + Cl₂ --> RCl-RCl             (addition)

This looks good so far, as we're only making one H+ in the first case, and zero H+ in the second case.

But if we consider the whole lifecycle of the organic molecule all the way to it's inevitable oxidation, we find that there's no free lunch. Consider a generic carbohydrate

Chlorination: Cl₂ + C_m(H₂O)_n  --> C_m(H₂O)_nCl₂

Oxidation: C_m(H₂O)_nCl₂ --> xCO₂ + 2Cl- + 2H+

Once again our originally produced 2OH- gets neutralized by the inevitable 2H+, even if that happens later or in a different place, the net reaction doesn't generate net OH- and therefore it isn't ultimately carbon negative. It can only be carbon negative if the chlorine vanishes somewhere outside of the system.

I have no doubt that the process on a small scale could be benefitial to reefs etc, that all makes sense.

And I totally believe that on a small scale the chlorine is too dilute to be damaging.

I just don't see how it's net carbon negative.

Best, M

[Tom Goreau]

Thanks for your comments Mike!

 

We can certainly imagine many potential chemical reactions, some of which may be thermodynamically feasible but kinetically inhibited (like calcite precipitation or CO2 hydrolysis to carbonic acid, which organisms bypass with carbonic anhydrase, one of the most abundant enzymes in both plants and animals because it accelerates this reaction and plays a key role in regulating tissue pH and photosynthesis), and there are far more heterogeneous reactions on organic and mineral surfaces!

 

A more serious unknown is the kinetics of electrolysis overpotential reactions, about which I understand almost nothing (but others certainly do, there are many great electrochemists out there!). What we need is to measure what really happens under natural conditions to understand the net balances and impacts. Variations on the reaction, such as using salt bridges or membranes to separate electrodes into compartments and adding exotic chemicals to each, are readily done (and proposed by many with interesting possibilities). Most of these folks are motivated by monetary reward$, we’re just trying to regenerate dying ecosystems and their essential services while storing their carbon. There is no funding for that at all!

 

As far as truly carbon-negative Biorock building material grown in the sea goes, we grow brucite powder in the sea, grind it in mortar and pestle, and use that as a wet paste cement that sets solid by absorbing CO2 directly from the atmosphere to make magnesite (MgCO3), which is harder than calcite or aragonite, and 52.4% CO2 by weight:

 

T. J. Goreau, 2012, Marine electrolysis for building materials and environmental restoration, p. 273-290 in Electrolysis, J. Kleperis & V. Linkov (Eds.), InTech Publishing, Rijeka, Croatia

 

We made bricks out of this in Jamaica more than 30 years ago. Biorock cement material is harder than Portland Cement and much cheaper to produce with current solar electric generation prices. Coastal countries, especially Small Island Developing States (SIDS) like mine where this was first done, could use it to grow harder genuinely carbon-negative building material in the sea, save a fortune on Portland Cement imports, remove CO2 directly from the air itself (the opposite of Portland Cement), making green hydrogen, and protect their coasts from sea level rise that won’t go away for thousands of years. Nobody is helping SIDS develop their own technology to save themselves, they are more interested in copying it, rebottling it under new names, and selling it back to them for inve$tor$!

 

It’s important to note that although there is a lot of bicarbonate in the water, it is highly pH buffered, and very slow to turn over: 100,000 years! Changing ocean alkalinity will take a long time to change CO2 in the atmosphere by equilibrium reactions. You can do that faster with land biomass, more permanently with blue carbon (sea grass, salt marsh, and mangroves), and most permanently by turning into Biorock building material that takes CO2 from the air and can last hundreds of millions of years until it goes down a subduction zone.

 

Thomas J. F. Goreau, PhD
President, Global Coral Reef Alliance

Chief Scientist, Blue Regeneration SL
President, Biorock Technology Inc.

Technical Advisor, Blue Guardians Programme, SIDS DOCK

37 Pleasant Street, Cambridge, MA 02139

gor...@globalcoral.org
www.globalcoral.org
Skype: tomgoreau
Tel: (1) 617-864-4226 (leave message)

 

Books:

Geotherapy: Innovative Methods of Soil Fertility Restoration, Carbon Sequestration, and Reversing CO2 Increase

http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466595392

 

Innovative Methods of Marine Ecosystem Restoration

http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781466557734

 

No one can change the past, everybody can change the future

 

It’s much later than we think, especially if we don’t think

 

Those with their heads in the sand will see the light when global warming and sea level rise wash the beach away

 

Geotherapy: Regenerating ecosystem services to reverse climate change

 

 

 

From: Michael Tyka <mike...@gmail.com>
Date: Monday, May 8, 2023 at 1:19 PM
To: Tom Goreau <gor...@globalcoral.org>
Cc: "kcal...@gmail.com" <kcal...@gmail.com>, Michael Hayes <electro...@gmail.com>, Andrew Lockley <andrew....@gmail.com>, Carbon Dioxide Removal <carbondiox...@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: [CDR] Electrolytic Seawater Mineralization and the Mass Balances That Demonstrate Carbon Dioxide Removal

 

Hi Tom,

 

[John Macdonald]

Hi Tom

The Biorock process is amazing!

In my architectural practice, a few years ago I put forward a proposal for a coastal biomimicry exploration centre that was to be substantially built ‘from the sea’. It included roof tiles from biorock ‘grown’ on thin sheets of steel. 

I would have needed your expertise if the project had got the go ahead.

Regards

John Macdonald

On 9 May 2023, at 4:04 am, Tom Goreau <gor...@globalcoral.org> wrote:



--

You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Carbon Dioxide Removal" group.
To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to CarbonDioxideRem...@googlegroups.com.

To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/CarbonDioxideRemoval/6DC75C37-AB4C-4F73-B876-20A336045234%40globalcoral.org.

[Toby Bryce]

Equatic update presentation on #ThisIsCDR Ep 78 12p ET next Tues 8 Aug. Pls join and bring your questions! 

(Dec 2021 Ep16 with SeaChange here.)