Dead and Dying salt marshes puzzle scientists
Pastor Dale Morgan
Dead and Dying salt marshes puzzle scientists *
By RAY HENRY Associated Press Writer
August 12, 2006 9:16 p.m. ET
WELLFLEET, Mass. (AP) -- Pockmarked muck blots this formerly lush marsh
on Cape Cod, and a creek carves off eroded chunks along its edges. Dead
plant roots jut from barren mud once covered with wavy mats of marsh hay.
New England scientists began noticing dead patches like this one near
Lieutenant Island four years ago and call it sudden wetland dieback.
Ecologists warn that saltwater marshes from Maine to Connecticut are
suddenly and inexplicably dying, leaving behind land resembling
honeycombs, Swiss cheese or an eroded desert landscape.
Few scientists can explain it or recommend what to do. Even skeptics
concede something unusual is happening.
"It's something that people who have spent their entire careers working
in salt marshes have never seen before," said Stephen Smith, a plant
ecologist who works in Cape Cod for the National Park Service. "There's
no precedent for it."
Salt marshes are wetlands dominated by plant life sheltered from surf
and capable of living where coastal waters fluctuate. Losing a marsh
means eliminating a habitat for hundreds of fish, birds, shellfish and
mammals and destroying a buffer capable of weakening a hurricane's
destructive surge.
Southern New England has lost between 50 to 70 percent of its saltwater
marshes since white settlers arrived in the 17th century, according to
one study. Marshes can migrate to keep up with changing sea levels, but
modern development has caged them in.
"There's nowhere for it go to go," Smith said. "So, if it's dying, we're
kind of worried we may lose that habitat forever."
Life on even a healthy marsh is a bit tenuous. Plants serve as the glue
holding everything together. Their roots prevent erosion by anchoring
the thin soil. When plants die, they decompose and add nutrients to the
peat.
"Salt marshes (are) structured by the plants," said Scott Warren, a
botanist who studies tidal wetlands at Connecticut College. "Take away
the plants, you don't have it."
Exactly what is killing those plants remains unknown. Plants on healthy
marshes can die when tides push wrack, or floating tangles of dead
plants, on top of live plants. If the debris remains in one spot too
long, it keeps sunlight from plants on the bottom.
Mobile chunks of ice can shear off plants. Giant flocks of geese have
grazed bare entire Canadian marshes. Rising seas can be equally lethal.
None of these explanations seems to fit in Wellfleet, Smith said. The
dead spots he's discovered along the upper reaches of Cape Cod don't
seem caused by wrack and he rarely sees large numbers of geese.
Ice wouldn't produce such extensive damage, he said. Rising sea levels
would kill plants along the marsh's lowest edge, but the damage appears
spread around. Chemical pollution would likely cause damage nearest
homes and runoff sources, but that doesn't appear to be the case.
"You formulate this conceptual model in your head about what may be
happening," Smith said. "Then you go up the road two miles and there's a
completely different scenario. You end up banging your head against your
desk."
That leads scientists to consider more exotic _ and controversial _
explanations. One is death by acid. After marshes in Louisiana died,
researchers there pinned some of the blame on a drought and chemical
changes, Warren said.
Seawater contains sulfate, which washes into marshes where bacteria
convert it into rotten-egg scented sulfide. A drought, however, allows
oxygen to penetrate deeper into the soil. That oxygen allows different
bacteria to turn sulfide into sulfuric acid, which weakens the plants.
Weak plants may become susceptible to fusarium, a family of related fungi.
One research team even found a fusarium strain in Louisiana that
originated in the Sudan, said Wade Elmer, a plant pathologist at
Connecticut's Agricultural Experiment Station.
He isolated fusarium on cord grass samples from a dieback zone in
Madison, Conn., but the significance remains unclear. Fusarium is so
common that Elmer said he could probably find five strains in a single
gram of backyard dirt.
Not all researchers are getting into the dieback bandwagon. Mark
Bertness, a marsh ecologist from Brown University in Providence, R.I.,
has documented dieback from South America to Canada.
He criticizes some dieback supporters as overzealous, undertrained and
too eager to sound the alarm. In past research, he's faulted fellow
scientists for overlooking the role of predators in marsh deaths.
Bertness has visited Wellfleet and said the marshes are teeming with
purple marsh crabs, or sesarma, that munch on plants. He suspects that
natural wrack started the dieoffs and that crabs are eating new plants
before they can grow. He's planning an experiment to test the idea.
"I'm definitely skeptical about a lot of the reports, but I'm not
skeptical about the whole thing," he said. "We don't need to run around
and get people all frantic about some massive die-off."