The Analysis of Comparative History--英国论文代写范文精选

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51due英国论文代写网精选essay代写范文:”The Analysis of Comparative History“，这篇论文主要说明了随着经济全球化的发展，国际联系和依赖性增加，作者不由自主产生相互了解和理解的欲望。理解历史上两个不同事物或对象的历史是有意义的事。

Part 1.The reason of choosing to be comparative historian

With the development of economic globalization, international links and dependence have increased, mutual understanding and the desire of understanding produce involuntarily. It is interesting and meaningful to compare things and understanding the histories of two different matters or objects in the history. Thecomparison of the two provinces, which areHubei and Guangzhou Province, can assist in the developing of the two provinces in China. A comparative historian is very useful in studying on the differences and similarities between provinces. As is known to all, Hubei and Guangzhou differ from each other in many aspects, which can lead to the dissimilar developing process to a great degree. The population, the culture, the locations and the policies can add to the differences between them. It is necessary to be a qualified comparative historian to do a research on the two provinces, which may help the two provinces in China to develop more smoothly and quickly in the near future.

Part 2. The brief introduction comparative history

Specifically, comparative history can be defined as this: in accordance with the norms and categories of history, society, economy, culture and psychology, rather than in accordance with the division of the country and staging of human history, to summarize the history of past, and then conduct research.

The analysis of comparative history, which takes the comparison between Hubei and Guangdong for an example, can be interpreted more deeply to some degree. The study of the comparative history plays an important role in the development of society and the whole country in the long run. There is an old saying that says the history is the best teacher for the future. The comparison between the two provinces in location, economy and scale can offer assistance in the developing procedure to some extent. The land area of the two provinces has little difference, and the total population is also similar to each other. In the location, Guangdong is next to the sea, whose transportation is not as convenient as that of Hubei Province. The dissimilarities can instruct the two provinces to choose the most suitable path to promote the progress in economy and the living standards of people.The comparative history has been employed as a kind of tool to understand the nature of various things and to improve the present conditions in the long run gradually.

Part 3. Values of comparative history

Firstly, comparative history can help people to know more clearly on the similarities and dissimilarities between Hubei and Guangdong province, which will benefit the improvement of the society and economy of the two. The history of the two provinces can be meaningful to the future development of them. Secondly, comparative history approach can assist people to break the limitation of understanding the two provinces in the appearance, which can contribute to the insight into the two provinces in more detailed aspects. Thirdly, comparative historical method helps people to understand the two provinces with more impartial views, which can broaden the horizons of human beings all around the world. The histories of the two provinces are interesting and have great reference significance.

Part 4. Comparative case study - Hubei and Guangdong province for example

Over the past five years of reform and opening up, China's economy has undergone throughout society historic changes, meanwhile, urban development has changed dramatically. In order to study the relationship between economic development and urban development, to make urban development to adapt and promote economic development, this paper selects two inland cities: Hubei and Guangdong provinces in the southeast coast as a comparative study of the object, since the two cities have so many similarities at beginning, but now the economic level and urban conditions vary greatly, there are typical in many sides. By comparison studies, lessons can be learned, and laws can be found out, might has reference to China's urban development, especially the development of the mainland city to develop strategies at the macro planning and strategy.

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4.1 Similarities

The land area, total population, topography trend, the original economic level, urban conditions and other aspects of Hubei and Guangdong provinces are similar. Land area is almost equal. Hubei province covers 186,000km²", while Guangdong Province covers near 178,000km²", occupies, these two provinces respectively rank the fourteenth and fifteenth in 27 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in mainland China, and bothare medium-sized provinces. In 1980, the total population of Hubei is close to 46,340 thousand people, Guangdong million for 57,800 thousand, after deducting part of the population of Hainan, it is more than about 1/6 population of Hubei province.

Topography trend is similar, Hubei is surrounded by mountains with Jianghan Plain in the middle, it is a basin open to south, Guangdong is also roughly three sides mountainous, south is slightly lower, the Pearl River Deltalies in the middle of the basin, before the reform and opening up, their economic level is almost same. The industrial and agricultural output in 1980 was respectively 30.8 billion RMB and 31.1 billion RMB, ranks the sixth and seventh of the whole country, deduct part of the output value of Hainan, the industrial and agricultural output of Hubei is slightly higher Guangdong's , according to an average count, Hubei is even higher.

The two provinces have similar urban condition, both provinces are typical high first-degree with incomplete urban system. In 1978, there were six cities in Hubei Province, and 10 cities Guangdong Province, each province has a large city, Wuhan and Guangzhou ranks the nation's fourth and fifth place, and there was no city population between 500thousand to 1 million, there were 6.12 million non-agricultural population in Hubei, which occupied 12.8 % of the total population, while Guangdong had 7.33 million, accounting for 12.3 %, if the level of urbanization as a measureurbanization, the two provinces were at the same level.

4.2 Differences

Due to the different natural geographical environment of the two provinces, the natural environment, social environment, economic environment, there are many different aspects, such as the natural environmental differences, Guangdong is located in low latitude and has abundant hydrothermal resources than Hubei, which further affects the agricultural production, the cooked, breed differences, and internal structure of industry. Guangdong has rich non-ferrous metal resources; Hubei dominant in nonmetallic mineral resources, some metals also plays an important role in energy resources, both provinces have limited coal resources, but Hubei has prominent water resources, however, Guangdong, has very good prospects for the offshore oil and gas mineral resources, occurrence conditions has influential role for regional economic structure and economic development direction.

Differences in social environment

National coastal development strategy makes Guangdong Province early beneficiary, adjoining to Hong Kong and Macao, Southeast Asia , as well as many overseas Chinese and the formation of a long tradition of doing business, a good move and extraversion psychological characteristics, make Guangdong easier to accept and implement the policy of reform and opening up. In contrast, Hubei Province, China has a relatively strong sense of inland city, it has been long-term investment in construction area as a national focus, which has a large dependence on waiting the policy of country, and ideas conversion shifts slow.

Differences in economic environment

Traffic situation of Guangdong Province is worse than Hubei on land transportation, it has less rail lines, but air traffic dominated, in 1990 Guangzhou is the country's largest airport in passenger traffic, Shantou ranks thirteenth (Wuhan only ranked fourteenth ), the maritime traffic facilitate is especially convenient, coastline is dramatically long, there are many excellent deep-water ports in Guangzhou, Zhanjiang has always been an important export base in our country, the economic hinterland reaches central and southwest regions, adjoining to Hong Kong and Macao also conducive to the introduction of capital and technology to accelerate economic development. As to economic structure, the Hubei-owned more medium-sized enterprises, the proportion of light output is closer to small and medium enterprises in Guangdong has more foreign-funded enterprises, more township enterprises and more, the output value of village light industrial is 65.9% of total industrial output value, "funded" enterprise values 19.3%.

In recent years, the level of economic is widening. Since the reform and opening up, Guangdong Province made full use of the preferential policies granted by the State, establishing three Special Economic Zones: Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Shantou, Guangzhou, and Zhanjiang were treated as coastal open cities. Pearl River Delta become open region, Guangzhou economic and technological development zone has opened up further dozens of counties outside world, the implementation of opening up policy appealed great development and construction, to absorb a lot of money at home and abroad, the introduction of a large number of advanced production lines, the recruitment of a large number of high-tech talent, production technology level continues to improve, the tertiary industry was very prosperous, the whole economy has gained rapid growth in the province's GDP , Guangdong has put forward strategic objectives to catch up with Georgia "tigers" in the beginning of 21th century.

On the contrary, although Hubei Province has made considerable progress, but growth rate is lower than the national average, it was called" the ship was stranded economy" in economic circles, the economic strength continues to decline, the gap with Guangdong Province is becoming larger.

The city is within a certain geographical area of political, economic and cultural center, which is set by the combined effects of the formation and the social, economic, natural and other conditions. Hubei and Guangdong province are China's central and southern provinces, in modern Chinese history; they have a special place in both political terms and economic aspects. The review and comparison of these two provinces will help us to deepen the understanding of city, and learn some things worth thinking about.

4.3 Three theoretical study of Hubei and Guangdong

Comparison of city system

As described before, the two provinces have experienced development from less to more, from small to large changes in the process. Due to differences in their society, economy and geography, the provinces also have great differences in urban system. Now we briefly compare the main level of the scale, spatial distribution, the division of functions.

Since the reform and opening up, China relax the standard of setting city, the urban population (according to the non-urban areas Agricultural population count) .2002 average size decreased compared with 2004, decrease 11.05%, the average size of the city of Hubei Province in 1984 was 380,200, higher than the national average; in 2002 dropped to 286,700, lower than the national level, a lower rate up to 24.6%. Guangdong Province situation is different, because a city master more stringent, but increased the average size of the city, in 1984the number was 337, 900, lower than the national average, while in 1992 reached 35.73 million, higher than the national average, the amount is 1.25 times of Hubei province, ranks third (www.liuxuelunwen.org/dxessay/behind Liaoning, Heilongjiang Provinces). Therefore, the number of cities in Hubei province is huge but scale is much smaller, while Guangdong Province has small number of cities of the big scale of scale. This city number and description of the economic level of contrast represents that as city is set to be compatible with the economic level, it makes sense; otherwise even we increase it unnaturally, it does not play any realistic role.

At last, one thing to be noted is that the comparison is based on the size of the city population statistics-based rating system, if the floating population factors were taken into account, the above situation was even more, especially the average population size of Guangdong is much higher.

Comparison of urban spatial distribution system

Urban spatial distribution was restricted by natural environment, especially the greatest influence of landforms pattern. But the economic and social environment also has important influence on urban distribution. The industrial distribution and transportation conditions and the administration often determine the rise and fall of one of the city. The urban space distribution system generally study from the city density, urban distribution types and distribution of spatial form of urban areas.

The spatial distribution of the two provinces of urban system can be briefly summarized as follows: Hubei is a high density, random type, distributed along the land and water transportation routes, points combined with lines, the spatial distribution showing a huge triangular system; the distribution system of Guangdong Province, is high-density, centralized, distribution near the coast, entire areas, space plus two wings of the main coastal city.

Comparison of urban function distribution system

Hubei has 31 cities, dividing by administrative level; there are eight prefecture-level cities, among which the provincial capital is Wuhan, there are 23 county-level cities. There are five types in eight prefecture-level cities, namely, the city merged type, such as Xiangfan, Yichang; the second is the city with county type, such as Wuhan, Huangshi; the third is a type of small suburb, such as Shashi; the fourthis county city type, such as Ezhou, Jingmen, the fifthis large corporate-led, as Shiyan.

Because the eight prefecture-level city hasdifferent types, the jurisdiction of the geographical scope of difference is very big. The land scope of Xiangfan area is , amounting 26,700k㎡, Shashi City is the smallest, less than 200k㎡, there is a great difference of 130 times. In addition, Shiyan was City Administrative Office of the resident or Yunyang. In county-level city, there are four cities (Xiaogan, Xianning, Huangzhou, Enshi) are the administrative office (state government) area (state) of the station, as well as five cities by the prefecture-level city escrow. Therefore, the administrative hierarchy of Hubei is more complex. In comparison, the implementation of Guangdong Province is City Managing County, the administrative hierarchy is far simpler .In 1991, 20 cities are all prefecture-level cities, including the capital Guangzhou, only six cities set up in 1992 were county-level city. in addition, Wuhan, Hubei, Xiangfan, Guangdong, Guangzhou, Chaozhou is published historical and cultural city of Guangzhou, Guangzhou forces Command is located in Guangzhou, Zhanjiang, the South China Sea fleet station, Wuhan and Guangzhou are higher educational as well as scientific and cultural center.

In 1992, there were 31cities of Hubei Province, five more than Guangdong Province. Hubei cities still missing, the quantities is big, but the urban system is incomplete, but because of Shantou City, Guangdong Province fills the original blank of big cities, it is a complete city system, which is an important change in the history of the development of urban system in Guangdong Province.

About Guangdong city scale rating system, there is a special problem needs to be mentioned. At the end of last century, The reversion of Hong Kong and Macao the motherland, although it was treated alone as an administrative unit, but geopolitically that can be Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao was a geographical unit, just like we often look Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, or Shanghai and Jiangsu like as a geographical unit. In this region the total population of two units of Hong Kong and Guangzhou are equal, constitute a double first urban system with other cities.

4.4. Innovation capacity of Hubei and Guangdong

Currently, the regional innovation capability ranking of Guangdong has 4 consecutive years ranked second nationwide, and other indicators of innovation performance was among the first in the country, the overall strength of science and technology continues to dominate the country's first echelon. In 2011, the technical self-sufficiency rate of Guangdong Province was 66.8 percent, accelerating shifting from depending on foreign technology to self-sufficiency technology. The number of R & D reached 380 thousand, and innovation talents continue to grow, the amount of invention patent applications and grants were respectively 52,012 and 18,242, ranked second and first in the whole country. In 2011, Guangdong provincial high-tech product output value reached 3.4 trillion Yuan, an increase of 17% over the previous year, accounting for about 30% of the country's industrial output. The province's high-tech zone industrial output exceeded 1.5 trillion Yuan, increase about 20%, accelerate the development of strategic emerging industries, and product value of 1.5 trillion Yuan, increase 24%, the size of the province's professional town more than 1.5 trillion Yuan, increase 16%, which has become an important regional economic growth pole.

In 2010, Hubei won 1,433 National Natural Science Foundation, ranking fifth in the country, fought for 15 projects in 973 and 973 pre-project, ranking third in the country, in Awards representing the innovation capacity of the National Science and Technology, winning projects amounted to 43, ranking third in the country. In 2010, as a national invention patents published by the Intellectual Property Office of China, Hubei was the only central province among the top ten provinces.

So we may conclude that both Hubei and Guangdong has made great achievements in innovation capability, but the achievements were shown in different fields. Hubei has won more awards of innovation, but the ability hasn’t been put into production, while Guangdong has made contribution to national economy with its creative capability. Compared with Guangdong province, Hubei still has a long way to go.

With the establishment of the socialist market economy, China's urban development will get huge new impetus. So do Hubei and Guangdong provinces, by summarizing the laws, combined with economic development and social and natural factors, scientifically planning and strengthen infrastructure construction, the number of cities will increase, the city will expand the scale of inter-urban, distribution will be more reasonable, urban division of functions will be more coordinated, the city's economic strength will be more enhanced to play a more important role in the progress of socio-economic.

Part 5. Conclusion.

Actively carry out comparative study among history and other disciplines, will create a new branch of history, creating a new history trend. We would rather to be a historian trend creator, than historian trend pursuers, to occupy the high ground of historical development, which is the duty Chinese historians should bear for the development of Chinese history and the development of world history.

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