The journal Science has an article on part of what went into the
evolution of echo location in whales and how there was convergence in
the evolution of one gene (prestin) when echo location was evolving in
both bats and whales. The paper is free to view at this time.
http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/10/eaat8821?utm_campaign=toc_advances_2018-10-05&et_rid=338065219&et_cid=2411637
The creationists in denial will often admit that micro evolution is a
fact, but for no real reason they claim that macro evolution is somehow
different. They never have an example of what is different about macro
evolution. Whales were a favorite example of denialist creationists
claiming that this type of macro evolution could not have happened.
Then in the 1990's we discovered a region of the earth that had
preserved the evolution of whales. When whales were first evolving
India was out around where Madegascar is now. The continents drifted
and over millions of years India crashed into Asia and formed mountain
ranges of what was once coastal sediments. It turned out that this
allowed the sedimentary layers that contained the ancestral whale
fossils to be where we could eventually get to them instead of being
burried under miles of more sediment or eroded away. These ancient
coastal sediments produced the transitional whale fossils that shut up
the creationists for a while. For some reason known only to the ID
perps they tried to resurrect the whale denial argument a couple of
years ago, but it flopped and no one hears about it anymore. The AIG
even has pakicetus on their Ark so they may believe that whales evolved
by micro evolution after the flood. It would save them from having
whale tanks on the ark to preserve all the animals with the "breath of
life" from the raging flood.
The bottom line is that if India had not crashed into Asia millions of
years ago we would not have the transitional fossils that we have of
whales, and the creationists would still be using the bogus whale
argument in spite of the DNA evidence.
The science paper has evidence that micro evolution was obviously
happening when whales evolved. Macro evolution is a strange thing to
deny at this time. The latest generation of ID perps have creationists
among them that accept biological evolution as fact. Guys like Behe and
Denton know enough about the molecular biology to know that descent with
modification is fact, and that life has been evolving on this planet for
billions of years. You can read about why that is their understanding
in the paper above. In the science of biological evolution speciation
is considered to be a macro evolutionary event. Once speciation occurs
a lineage is free to go its own separate way and will usually become
more and more different from what it once was and its nearest relatives.
The anti evolution creationists have their own definition of macro
evolution (any evolution that they want to deny happened) and it hasn't
amounted to anything in decades.
It is sort of strange that IDiots will lap up the useless nonsense about
irreducible complexity, and not take Behe seriously when he admits that
it has all been biological evolution for the past 400 million years or
so. Behe can't see anything that his designer has done for a very long
time in the evolution of life on earth and he even admitted that his
designer might be dead, and would obviously not be available to
demonstrate any current designing. We are talking about micro evolution
accounting for every thing since bony fish evolved. Amphibians,
reptiles, mammals, and humans evolving all without any noticeable
designer intervention.
We have a thread going on genetic variation within a species. An
amazing amount of variation can accumulate in a species by micro
evolutionary events. Any two relatively unrelated humans will vary from
each other by around 1 base-pair in a thousand. This is variation
within our species and is a slightly different set of differences for
each pair compared. Once speciation occurs differences between species
begin to be fixed so that all the individuals except recent mutations
are different in between species comparisons. We can see this process
starting with Neanderthals. Neanderthals separated from the modern
human lineage around a half a million years ago. Modern humans whose
ancestors never left Africa differ from Neanderthals at around 1 in
every 3,000 base-pairs. These can be considered fixed differences
because (except for new mutation since fixation) these variants do not
occur in the African modern human population. Chimps separated from the
human lineage 4.5 to 8 million years ago and the difference between
chimps and humans/Neanderthals are around 1 to 2 base-pairs out of 100
for the same bits of non coding DNA. So you can see that this type of
micro evolution just keeps happening and the changes accumulate over time.
This type of change can be observed in the whale data. In the paper
above they compare bats and whales. They can track the accumulated
differences between the lineages and produce phylogenies, and these
phylogenies tell them something else besides how different the lineages
are. When they look at how the prestin gene has evolved over time, what
they find is that there was no convergence (above chance) of the
sequence between bats and whales until after whales had evolved. The
more recent mutations affecting the gene have accumulated after toothed
whales diverged from the other extant whale lineage. So the gene
sequence was just getting more and more different as the two lineages
(bats and whales) diverged from their common ancestor until for a
relatively short period of time when echo location was evolving in
whales the prestin gene accumulated mutations that were the same that
occurred in the bat prestin gene. Functional analysis tells the
researchers that these mutations do function to improve the hearing of
higher frequency sounds that allow more accurate echo location.
The point is that these hearing mutations were occurring during the
normal micro evolutionary events that have separated whales from bats
for millions of years. There is no meaningful difference between micro
and macro evolution in the creationist sense.
Ron Okimoto