Switzerland: An Initiative to Establish Basic Income for All of 3'000 $ per month
François de Siebenthal
Switzerland: An Initiative to Establish Basic Income for All
| Countries | France, Switzerland |
| Topics | Ideas, Law, Economics & Business, Citizen Media |
| Languages | French |
This post also available in:
| Français | · Suisse: initiative populaire pour un revenu de base inconditionnel |
An initiative to establish a new federal law known as “For an unconditional basic income” [fr] was formally introduced in Switzerland in April. The idea, which consists quite simply of giving a monthly income to all citizens that is neither means-tested nor work-related, has generated commentary throughout the Swiss blogosphere.
The Swiss referendum process is a system of direct democracy that enables citizens to call for legislative change at the federal or constitutional level.
If the initiative to introduce a basic income gathers more than 100,000 signatures before October 11, 2013, the Federal Assembly is required to look into it and can call a referendum if the initiative is judged to be credible.
- Swiss Francs by Flickr user Jim (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0).
On his blog, Pascal Holenweg explains what it's all about [fr]:
L'initiative populaire pour un revenu de base inconditionnel propose d'inscrire dans la constitution fédérale l'instauration d'une allocation universelle versée sans conditions devant permettre à l'ensemble de la population de mener une existence digne et de participer à la vie publique.
La loi règlerait le financement et fixerait le montant de cette allocation (les initiants la situent à 2000-2500 francs par mois, soit, grosso modo, le montant maximum de l'aide sociale actuelle, mais n'inscrivent pas ce montant dans le texte de l'initiative). Le revenu de base est inconditionnel : il n'est subordonné à aucune contre-prestation. Il est universel (tout le monde le touche) et égalitaire (tout le monde touche le même montant). Il est individuel (il est versé aux individus, pas aux ménages).
Il n'est pas un revenu de substitution à un revenu ou un salaire perdu. En revanche, il remplace tous les revenus de substitution (assurance chômage, retraite, allocations familiales, allocations d'étude, rentes invalidité) qui lui sont inférieurs. Comment le financer? Par l'impôt direct sur le revenu et la fortune, par l'impôt indirect sur la consommation (la TVA), par un impôt sur les transactions financières, et surtout par le transfert des ressources consacrées au financement de l'AVS, de l'AI, de l'aide sociale et des autres revenus de substitution inférieurs au montant du revenu de base.
The grassroots initiative “for an unconditional basic income” proposes that “the establishment of an unconditional universal benefit” be written into the federal constitution which would “allow the entire population to lead a dignified existence and participate in public life”.The law will address financing and set the amount of the benefit (the proposers suggest around 2,000-2,500 Swiss francs per month (or 2,200-2,700 US dollars per month), which is about the same as the maximum current social security payment, but they have not written this into the text of the initiative[fr]). The basic income does not come with any conditions attached: it is not subject to any means testing. It is universal (everyone will receive it) and egalitarian (everyone will receive the same amount). It is also personal (it is paid out to individuals, not households).It is not income to replace a lost salary. Rather, it replaces all inferior income support (unemployment benefit, pensions, family allowance, student grants, disability payments). How will it be financed? Through direct taxation of income and wealth, indirect taxation on consumption (VAT), taxing financial transactions, and most especially through the reallocation of resources currently allotted to financing state pensions and unemployment payouts, social security and other welfare payments lower than the amount of the basic income.
On his blog [fr], Fred Hubleur makes the point:
Le truc important, c’est que ce revenu est fixé pour toutes et tous sans qu’il n’y ait de contrepartie de travail ; oui, un revenu sans emploi. Cela peut choquer. Mais dans le fond c’est une idée parfaitement défendable. D’une part, on lutte ainsi contre la pauvreté et la précarité, plus besoins d’aides sociales en complément de revenus autres et des dizaines d’aides différentes et complexes à mettre en œuvre. Ce revenu inconditionnel est également un bon point pour l’innovation et la création. (…) On est aussi dans un nouveau paradigme qui peut effrayer les capitalistes acharnés : libérer l’Homme du travail et lui rendre son statut d’homo sapiens prévalant à celui d’homo travaillus qui a tellement cours dans notre société.
Martouf sets out a number of arguments in favour of a basic income [fr], as illustrated here:
- Human reason to work by freeworldcharter.org via active rain and adapted by Martouf in French with permission to repost
This new world vision has most notably been explored in the Helvetico-German film Basic Income: A Cultural Impetus, by Ennon Schmidt and Daniel Hani, two of the eight Swiss citizens founders of the initiative:
“And what would you do with a basic income?”
On the website of BIEN_Switzerland, the Swiss branch of the global network calling for a basic income, Internet users were asked the following question [fr]:
Voilà, ça y est, vous l'avez. Chaque mois vous recevez 2500 francs sans condition. Dites-nous en quoi votre vie a changé. Dites-nous ce que vous faites de votre temps. A quoi vous consacrez votre vie ?
So here it is. You receive 2,500 Swiss francs every month no strings attached. Tell us how your life would change. Tell us how you would spend your time. What would you devote your life to?
The responses were varied. Antoine would set up a restaurant. Gaetane a farm. Renaud would devote himself to music:
Mon premier projet serait de finir et de tenter de produire un instrument de musique que je suis en train de créer. Parallèlement à ça je proposerais des cours d'utilisation de mon instrument de musique préféré et peu connu dans la région
User herfou70 would prioritise his family [fr]:
Je suis Père de famille (3 enfants - 6-11-14 ans) et suis le seul salairé de la famille. Disposer d'une revenu de base me permettrait de consacrer plus temps à mes enfants. Mon épouse pourrait également avoir une activité autre que celle qu'elle occupe dans le foyer, ce qui lui permettrait de plus s'épanouir
[a poster from the “revenu de base inconditionnel” initiative]
On Facebook, supporters of the basic income initiative have launched a competition [fr] called “star for life”. Visitors to the site are invited to take a photo of themselves as if they were sentenced to life.
A basic income will “do more harm than good”
But not everyone is convinced by the idea. According to Jean Christophe Schwaab, a member of Switzerland's lower house of representatives, socialists must not support the proposition, which he judges will “do more harm than good and be a disaster for employees”. He gave the following explanation on his blog [fr]:
Les partisans du revenu de base prétendent que ce revenu doit «libérer de l’obligation de gagner sa vie» et entraînerait la disparition des emplois précaires ou mal payés, car, puisque le revenu de base garantit le minimum vital, plus personnes ne voudra de ces emplois. Or, c’est probablement le contraire qui se produirait. Comme ces faibles montants ne suffiront pas à atteindre le premier objectif de l’initiative, à savoir garantir des conditions de vie décentes, leurs bénéficiaires seront obligés de travailler quand même, malgré le revenu de base. La pression d’accepter n’importe quel emploi ne disparaîtra donc pas.
He added:
Enfin, le revenu de base inconditionnel aurait pour grave défaut d’exclure définitivement bon nombre de travailleurs du marché du travail (dont on nierait alors le droit au travail): ceux dont on ne jugerait pas la capacité de gain suffisante (p. ex. en raison d’un handicap, de maladie ou de faibles qualifications) n’auraient qu’à se contenter du revenu de base.
His analysis is controversial, as can be seen from the comments thread under his post. From a French perspective, Jeff Renault explained why the left are “dead set against” [fr] an unconditional basic income:
La gauche de la fin du 19è et du 20è siècle s’est forgée autour de la valeur travail et la défense des travailleurs. Ce combat se retrouve dans la défense persistante du salariat et de son St. Graal, le CDI, alors même que ce “statut” ne concerne plus qu’une minorité de personnes.
With the launch of the initiative, Hubleur hopes [fr] that a great societal debate will open up in Switzerland:
Ce sera au moins la porte ouverte à un grand débat de société et l’occasion de réfléchir à ce que l’on veut et à quelle vie on aspire. Ce système d’allocation universelle (ou autres noms), ça fait un moment que je le suis, je me souviens qu’on en avait parlé dans des cours sur la précarité et le lien social il y a une dizaine d’années à l’université. Le principe est franchement séduisant et mérite qu’on s’y arrête.
Quand on voit le monde que nous donne le système capitaliste et productiviste actuel, on peut bien se prendre à rêver d’autre chose, d’un monde laissant plus de chances à chacune et chacun.
Translation posted 7 May 2012 20:42 GMT ·
Print versionhttp://globalvoicesonline.org/2012/05/07/switzerland-an-initiative-to-establish-basic-income-for-all/
La prochaine semaine d'étude 2012 aura lieu à Rougemont au Canada en 4 langues du 23 au 31 août suivie du congrès les 1-2-3 septembre, avec un pèlerinage le 4 septembre. Donc il faut prévoir un voyage au moins du 22 août au 5 septembre. Repas et couchers gratuits pour tous nos invités des pays hors du Canada.
http://desiebenthal.blogspot.com/2011/05/pour-un-capital-social-local-le.html
http://pavie.ch/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=711
http://www.union-ch.com/file/Speeches_and_workshops_of_the_03_04_.pdf
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MRXDMGi4zbTYwFiKI8qpqFeAg3ayEkLaufWq4OrlQ0o/edit?hl=fr&authkey=CLrT-IwK
Comment créer et partager les surplus:
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=1Kxlo32UKwGx0fVhNYmkul1mr0oKs6RyIIdzKOUAlcWVv6n83Z-Cnr8lc-EHs&hl=fr
Avec mes meilleurs voeux notamment pour une bonne santé
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François de Siebenthal
Economiste MBA HEC Lausanne et lic. és sc. iur.
14, ch. des Roches
CH 1010 Lausanne
Suisse, Switzerland
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Wallace Klinck
The "Basic Income" concept, either conditional or non-conditional, has been around for quite some time. It is not a Social Credit concept, nor is it compatible with Social Credit. The Social Credit Dividend is equal and non-conditional, being an inalienable right conferred by universal inheritance in the communal capital. Its precise amount is not set either by statute or public policy--but rather by an impartial periodic statistical determination of the actual existing disparity between earned incomes (i.e., effective consumer demand) and the aggregate national financial price of final consumer product. This would be variable in amount but the amount of the Dividend would normally be increasing as production efficiency is increased and the need for human labour is progressively reduced through the proportionately greater use of physical capital ("tools") in the production process. Any scheme that suggests that a "basic income" would be financed by any redistributive mechanisms (taxes, essentially) is unsound and inevitably headed for failure because this merely shifts the growing negative consequences of the inherent deficiency revealed by Social Credit from one sector of the economy to another and does nothing to eliminate rising prices. We cannot make a sufficiency of an insufficiency and any attempt to do so is entirely based upon fantasy divorced from the real world.
As Gorham Munson says in his major Social Credit work, "Aladdin's Lamp: The Wealth of the American People" the student of financial matters must clearly and firstly resolve one question in the mind. Is the existing price-system self-liquidating or is it not? Until this question is resolved as a first priority all other quests for financial reality will be made in vain. Any payments that are made from money that has passed, or will pass, through the financial costing or price-making process of industry will do nothing to solve the essential financial-economic problem of a current deficiency of income increasingly financed by inflationary claims upon future production, i.e., by escalating consumer debt incurred through bank loans. Basic Income plans do not deal with Douglas's analysis of real cost in physical terms relative to financial cost as expressed in money values, the former being increasingly less than their representation by the latter. This means that such schemes do not consider placing in the hands of citizen-consumers a beneficial (not direct) ownership in the communal capital not only by a Dividend but also by Compensated (i.e., falling) prices. Being revenue dependent along entirely orthodox lines they do nothing to make the price-system self-liquidating and they are based upon arbitrary policy rather than impartial financial accountancy determination at arms length from Government or political influence. They are not truly revolutionary in a socially beneficial sense but merely expressive of orthodox policy---psuedo-revolutionary as were the policies that evolved from the writings of Marx.
As C. B. DaCosta asserts in his book, "Need We Repudiate?", Social Credit "has nothing in common with the thousand-and-one schemes for currency reform which are being placed before a bewildered community today, as panaceas for all the ills of the body politic."
I believe that I forwarded to you by e-mail attachment three recent books by the late veteran Social Crediter, Mr. Victor Bridger, formerly of Brisbane, Australia. I recommend them and hope that you have received them.
Sincerely
Wally Klinck
On 2012-05-08, at 11:12 PM, BFWR wrote:
> This was my response to this initiative over on the Public Banking
> forum:
>
> Regardless I hope this gets voted in by the Swiss. Truly changing the
> consumer financial paradigm from loan to dividend and loan has so many
> upside advantages. I expect a full court press against this by
> financial authorities. I note several ways that it can be attacked
> even if it IS passed.
>
> 1) Its still financed via a re-distributive means leaving it open to
> regressive forces to defeat it by calling it theft. A Distributive
> means would not only eliminate this, but would also enable the
> elimination of many taxes.
>
> 2) There is no mention of a catch all inflation mechanism like a
> compensated retail discount and hence inflation may be used to make it
> look as if it is a flawed system.
>
> 4) Apparently also lacks a solid economic basis for justification of
> its monetized value. Its appeal is moral and social, which satisfies
> me, but won't satisfy those whose capitalist hard headed economic
> "there is no free lunch" mentality is very ingrained. The social
> credit concept of our cultural heritage of productive potential is not
> only economically justifiable it actually IS overwhelmingly the most
> significant factor in production and so is of inestimable value. The
> fact that it is also the hidden reason why the financial industry is
> even able to saturate an economy with credit (debt) means they will
> fight it until the bitter end. The thorough crafting of such a freedom
> enhancing system will not only eliminate the greater part of their
> largest market (consumer credit) but end their monopoly on credit
> also. This referendum is something we should all get behind and if
> necessary improve upon. The stakes for all of us, our fellow travelers
> of flora and fauna as well as perhaps the planet may depend on this
> idea becoming a fixed reality.
>
>
> On May 8, 6:32 am, François de Siebenthal <siebent...@gmail.com>
>> Switzerland: An Initiative to Establish Basic Income for All
>> original post [fr] <http://fr.globalvoicesonline.org/2012/05/05/107126/>
>> Written
>> byStanislas Jourdan<http://fr.globalvoicesonline.org/author/stanislas-jourdan/>
>> <http://globalvoicesonline.org/author/vivienne-griffiths/>Translated
>> by Vivienne
>> Griffiths <http://globalvoicesonline.org/author/vivienne-griffiths/>
>> Countries France<http://globalvoicesonline.org/-/world/western-europe/france/>,
>> Switzerland<http://globalvoicesonline.org/-/world/western-europe/switzerland/>
>> Topics Ideas <http://globalvoicesonline.org/-/topics/ideas/>,
>> Law<http://globalvoicesonline.org/-/topics/law/>,
>> Economics & Business<http://globalvoicesonline.org/-/topics/economics-business/>,
>> Citizen Media <http://globalvoicesonline.org/-/topics/citizen-media/>
>> Languages French <http://globalvoicesonline.org/-/languages/french/>
>> initiative populaire pour un revenu de base
>> [image: submit to reddit]
>> <http://reddit.com/submit?url=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalvoicesonline.org%2F20...>
>>
>> - [image: Email this to a
>> friend]<http://globalvoicesonline.org/2012/05/07/switzerland-an-initiative-to...>
>> - [image: StumbleUpon]<http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalvoicesonline...>
>> - [image: delicious]<http://del.icio.us/post?url=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalvoicesonline.org%2F201...>
>> - [image: Instapaper]<http://www.instapaper.com/edit?url=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalvoicesonline.or...>
>>
>> [image: Print version]<http://globalvoicesonline.org/2012/05/07/switzerland-an-initiative-to...>
>> Print version<http://globalvoicesonline.org/2012/05/07/switzerland-an-initiative-to...>
>> An initiative to establish a new federal law known as “For an unconditional
>> simply of giving a monthly income to all citizens that is neither
>> means-tested nor work-related, has generated commentary throughout the
>> Swiss blogosphere.
>>
>> The Swiss referendum
>> legislative change at the federal or constitutional level.
>>
>> If the initiative to introduce a basic income gathers more than 100,000
>> signatures before October 11, 2013, the Federal Assembly is required to
>> look into it and can call a referendum if the initiative is judged to be
>> credible.
>> [image: Swiss Francs by Flickr user Jim (CC BY-NC-SA
>>
>> On his blog, Pascal Holenweg explains what it's all
>> L'initiative populaire pour un revenu de base inconditionnel propose
>> d'inscrire dans la constitution fédérale l'instauration d'une allocation
>> universelle versée sans conditions devant permettre à l'ensemble de la
>> population de mener une existence digne et de participer à la vie publique.
>>
>> La loi règlerait le financement et fixerait le montant de cette allocation
>> (les initiants la situent à 2000-2500 francs par mois, soit, grosso modo,
>> le montant maximum de l'aide sociale actuelle, mais n'inscrivent pas ce
>> montant dans le texte de
>> contre-prestation. Il est universel (tout le monde le touche) et égalitaire
>> (tout le monde touche le même montant). Il est individuel (il est versé aux
>> individus, pas aux ménages).
>>
>> Il n'est pas un revenu de substitution à un revenu ou un salaire perdu. En
>> revanche, il remplace tous les revenus de substitution (assurance chômage,
>> retraite, allocations familiales, allocations d'étude, rentes invalidité)
>> qui lui sont inférieurs. Comment le financer? Par l'impôt direct sur le
>> revenu et la fortune, par l'impôt indirect sur la consommation (la TVA),
>> par un impôt sur les transactions financières, et surtout par le transfert
>> des ressources consacrées au financement de l'AVS, de l'AI, de l'aide
>> sociale et des autres revenus de substitution inférieurs au montant du
>> revenu de base.
>>
>> The grassroots initiative “for an unconditional basic income” proposes
>> that “the establishment of an unconditional universal benefit” be written
>> into the federal constitution which would “allow the entire population to
>> lead a dignified existence and participate in public life”.The law will
>> address financing and set the amount of the benefit (the proposers suggest
>> around 2,000-2,500 Swiss francs per month (or 2,200-2,700 US dollars per
>> month), which is about the same as the maximum current social security
>> payment, but they have not written this into the text of the
>> subject to any means testing. It is universal (everyone will receive it)
>> and egalitarian (everyone will receive the same amount). It is also
>> personal (it is paid out to individuals, not households).It is not income
>> to replace a lost salary. Rather, it replaces all inferior income support
>> (unemployment benefit, pensions, family allowance, student grants,
>> disability payments). How will it be financed? Through direct taxation of
>> income and wealth, indirect taxation on consumption (VAT), taxing financial
>> transactions, and most especially through the reallocation of resources
>> currently allotted to financing state pensions and unemployment payouts,
>> social security and other welfare payments lower than the amount of the
>> basic income.
>>
>> as illustrated here:
>>
>> <http://activerain.com/blogsview/2633391/motivational-monday-human-rea...>
>> reason to work by freeworldcharter.org via active rain and adapted by
>> Martouf in French with permission to repost
>>
>> This new world vision has most notably been explored in the
>>
>> On the website of BIEN_Switzerland, the Swiss branch of the global network
>> asked the following question
>> <http://bien-ch.ch/fr/forum/et-vous-que-ferez-vous-avec-revenu-de-base>[fr]:
>> Voilà, ça y est, vous l'avez. Chaque mois vous recevez 2500 francs sans
>> condition. Dites-nous en quoi votre vie a changé. Dites-nous ce que vous
>> faites de votre temps. A quoi vous consacrez votre vie ?
>>
>> So here it is. You receive 2,500 Swiss francs every month no strings
>> attached. Tell us how your life would change. Tell us how you would spend
>> your time. What would you devote your life to?
>>
>> The responses were varied. Antoine would set up a restaurant. Gaetane a
>> farm. Renaud would devote himself to music:
>>
>> Mon premier projet serait de finir et de tenter de produire un instrument
>> de musique que je suis en train de créer. Parallèlement à ça je proposerais
>> des cours d'utilisation de mon instrument de musique préféré et peu connu
>> dans la région
>>
>> My first project would be to finish a musical instrument that I am in the
>> process of creating and attempting to put it into production. At the same
>> time I would offer lessons on how to play my favourite musical instrument,
>> one which is not well known in this region.
>>
>> User herfou70 would prioritise his
>> Je suis Père de famille (3 enfants - 6-11-14 ans) et suis le seul salairé
>> de la famille. Disposer d'une revenu de base me permettrait de consacrer
>> plus temps à mes enfants. Mon épouse pourrait également avoir une activité
>> autre que celle qu'elle occupe dans le foyer, ce qui lui permettrait de
>> plus s'épanouir
>>
>> I am a father (3 children - 6, 11 and 14 years old) and I am the family's
>> only earner. To have a basic income would allow me to devote more time to
>> my children. My wife would also be able to do something outside of looking
>> after our home, allowing her to grow and develop.
>> [image: A poster by the
>>
>> On Facebook, supporters of the basic income initiative have launched a
>> photo of themselves as if they were sentenced to life.
>>
>> But not everyone is convinced by the idea. According to Jean Christophe
>> Schwaab, a member of Switzerland's lower house of representatives,
>> socialists must not support the proposition, which he judges will “do more
>> harm than good and be a disaster for employees”. He gave the following
>> explanation on his blog
>>
>> La gauche de la fin du 19è et du 20è siècle s’est forgée autour de la
>> valeur travail et la défense des travailleurs. Ce combat se retrouve dans
>> la défense persistante du salariat et de son St. Graal, le CDI, alors même
>> que ce “statut” ne concerne plus qu’une minorité de personnes.
>>
>> The left of the end of the 19th and the 20th centuries was forged on the
>> values of work and defending workers. This fight centres around the never
>> ending defence of the salaried worker and the Holy Grail of permanent,
>> salaried contracts, even through this “status” only applies to the minority.
>>
>> With the launch of the initiative, Hubleur
>>
>> Ce sera au moins la porte ouverte à un grand débat de société et l’occasion
>> de réfléchir à ce que l’on veut et à quelle vie on aspire. Ce système
>> d’allocation universelle (ou autres noms), ça fait un moment que je le
>> suis, je me souviens qu’on en avait parlé dans des cours sur la précarité
>> et le lien social il y a une dizaine d’années à l’université. Le principe
>> est franchement séduisant et mérite qu’on s’y arrête.
>>
>> Quand on voit le monde que nous donne le système capitaliste et
>> productiviste actuel, on peut bien se prendre à rêver d’autre chose, d’un
>> monde laissant plus de chances à chacune et chacun.
>>
>> This will at least open the door to a great societal debate and the chance
>> to reflect on what we want and to what kind of life we aspire. I've been
>> following the idea of a universal benefit system (amongst other names) for
>> a while. I remember talking about it in a class on instability and social
>> ties a decade ago at university. The idea is frankly very seductive and
>> deserves a closer look.When you look at the world created through the
>> current capitalist, productivist model, you could easily end up longing for
>> something else, for a world that gives everyone a better chance.
>> [image: Creative Commons License]
>> Written by Stanislas
>> Jourdan<http://fr.globalvoicesonline.org/author/stanislas-jourdan/>·
>> Translated
>> by Vivienne Griffiths<http://globalvoicesonline.org/author/vivienne-griffiths/>
>> [image: Print version]<http://globalvoicesonline.org/2012/05/07/switzerland-an-initiative-to...>
>> Print version<http://globalvoicesonline.org/2012/05/07/switzerland-an-initiative-to...>
>>
>> http://globalvoicesonline.org/2012/05/07/switzerland-an-initiative-to...
>> La prochaine semaine d'étude 2012 aura lieu à Rougemont au Canada en 4
>> langues du 23 au 31 août suivie du congrès les 1-2-3 septembre, avec un
>> pèlerinage le 4 septembre. Donc il faut prévoir un voyage au moins du 22
>> août au 5 septembre. Repas et couchers gratuits pour tous nos invités des
>> pays hors du Canada.
>>
>>
>> http://pavie.ch/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=711
>>
>> http://www.union-ch.com/file/Speeches_and_workshops_of_the_03_04_.pdf
>>
>> https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MRXDMGi4zbTYwFiKI8qpqFeAg3ayEkLau...
>>
>> Comment créer et partager les surplus:https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=1Kx...
>> Avec mes meilleurs voeux notamment pour une bonne santé
>>
>> Une bonne idée reçue. A l’origine de tout message, il y a un homme ou une
>> femme, qui a pris le temps et la peine de nous écrire. Il nous est très
>> agréable de lui confirmer l’avoir bien reçu. Autrefois, cela se faisait par
>> une poignée de main ou un sourire de remerciement.
>>
>> François de Siebenthal
>> Economiste MBA HEC Lausanne et lic. és sc. iur.
>> 14, ch. des Roches
>> CH 1010 Lausanne
>> Suisse, Switzerlandhttp://apps.facebook.com/causes/292012/64515042?m=200ef49e
>>
>> Krach ? Solutions...
>>
>> Local Exchange Systems in 6 languageswww.easyswap.orghttp://pavie.ch/?lng=enhttp://michaeljournal.orghttp://desiebenthal.blogspot.com/
