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• Android overtakes Windows as the internet’s most used operating system
• Apple is developing its own graphics chips for iPhones
• Samsung removes the physical home button: The Galaxy S8 is better as a result
• Types of Printers

Android overtakes Windows as the internet’s most used operating system Posted: 07 Apr 2017 05:30 PM PDT Mobile is today as important, if not more important, than desktops when it comes to the internet and apps. A clear reminder of that comes with news of a report claiming that Google’s Android has overtaken Windows as the internet’s most used operating system. Research from web analytics company Statcounter found Android now accounts for a larger share of internet usage than Windows for the first time. During March 2017, Android users represented 37.93 percent of activity on Statcounter’s network versus 37.91 percent for the Microsoft operating system. It’s a small gap for sure — and it refers to usage not necessary users — but it marks a notable tipping point that has been inevitable for the past couple of years. Statcounter — which bases its findings on 2.5 million websites that it claims generate over 15 billion monthly page views — tracked the gradual converge of usage for the two operating systems over time. The chart highlights Microsoft’s failure to challenge with its ill-fated Windows Phone platform. Statcounter: Internet usage based on operating systems Match 2012-March 2017 Interestingly, for Apple, the switch happened some time ago. During March 2017, Apple’s mobile users (iOS) were close to three times more active on the internet than users of its desktop machines (OSX). Statcounter: Internet usage based on operating systems during March 2017 The wider Android-Windows trend has been evident for some time. Windows dominated, and continues to dominate, the desktop landscape, but worldwide PC sales have declined for the past five years to reach the same levels as 2008. In contrast, sales of smartphones continue to grow, and Android is the operating system for the lion’s share of internet users worldwide. Growth is highest in emerging markets like India. There, Apple has increased its sales but remains a niche player with Android accounting for upwards of 90 percent of smartphones. While the balance between iOS and Android is more level in Western markets like the U.S., the influx of new internet users from regions like Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America has tipped the scales in favor of Android. Indeed, a Statcounter report issued last week showed that mobile accounts for the vast majority of internet usage in countries like India (79 percent), Indonesia (72 percent) and China (57 percent) while desktop remains king in markets such as the U.S. (37 percent), UK (35 percent) and Germany (30 percent). Those numbers have seen some shift in global revenue for developers, with China overtaking the U.S. as the most lucrative market for iOS apps worldwide, but Android continues to lag despite a larger base of users. A recent App Annie report found that iOS accounted for just over 25 billion of the 90 billion app downloads made in 2016, with Android taking the remainder. Yet iOS apps pulled in the majority of the $35 billion paid out to publishers across the iOS and Android app stores. That might change soon, though. Thanks again to its vast dominance in the emerging world, App Annie is predicting that 2017 could be the year that Android app earnings overtake iOS for the first time. That would be another important milestone. Sources:- Techcrunch The original post is on SL TECHNO ZONE © copyright, 2017 DIlhan Padeniya Best Regards!

Apple is developing its own graphics chips for iPhones Posted: 07 Apr 2017 11:30 AM PDT Apple is one of only a handful of phone makers to develop its own mobile processors, but now it appears that the U.S. firm will go one step further and design the graphics component itself, too. Apple is tight-lipped about the technology that powers its products, but long-time partner Imagination Technologies has revealed that Apple has told it that it will cease to use its intellectual property for GPU chips within 15-24 months. That’s apparently because it wants to use its own home-spun alternative. “Apple has asserted that it has been working on a separate, independent graphics design in order to control its products and will be reducing its future reliance on Imagination’s technology,” Imagination said in a statement. While the prospect of a custom GPU will excite iPhone aficionados for potential performance gains, it is a massive blow for the British tech firm. Like many of Apple’s partners, it has come to rely on the iPhone-maker for the majority of its revenue. Indeed, Reuters reports that its share price has plunged by 69 percent on the back of this disclosure. Almost a year ago, in a rare disclosure, Apple confirmed rumors that it considered buying Imagination. (The firm currently holds an eight percent share.) No deal was reached, however, and six months later, MacRumors reported that Apple had poached a handful of engineers, presumably to get this graphics project off the ground. It’s rare for Apple suppliers to go public with intimate details in this way, and it looks as though Imagination is steeling itself for a potential patent battle. The firm said in its statement that it believes “it would be extremely challenging” for Apple to develop its own GPU without infringing on its IP. “Apple’s notification has led Imagination to discuss with Apple potential alternative commercial arrangements for the current license and royalty agreement,'” the firm added, hinting that the two could reach an arrangement in the future. Sources:- Techcrunch The original post is on SL TECHNO ZONE © copyright, 2017 DIlhan Padeniya Best Regards!

Samsung removes the physical home button: The Galaxy S8 is better as a result Posted: 07 Apr 2017 05:30 AM PDT One major feature of the Samsung Galaxy S line that we have seen in place since 2010 is the physical home button. On the Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus, that button has been removed and this trend may continue with the next Apple iPhone. The Samsung Galaxy Unpacked event in New York City last week was very exciting and I enjoyed the opportunity to try out the new Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus, check out ZDNet's Jason Cipriani's detailed first impressions. As a guy who appreciates the efficiency and security provided by the physical home button, this was one area I focused on while interacting with the demo devices on the display stands. ZDNet's Ross Rubin made the point that the Galaxy S8 escapes the sea of sameness. I often hear people mentioning that all phones are "black slabs" that are hard to differentiate. Samsung worked hard to set the S8 and S8 Plus apart with its Infinity Display, which resulted in the loss of the home button. EFFICIENCY The latest Samsung smartphones have amazing cameras and the ability to simply double press the physical home button to launch the camera and start shooting was important to me. While the home button is gone, simply perform the same action with the power button, centered on the right side, to launch the camera. Pressing and holding the physical home button also launched Google Now while the display was on. Google Assistant is now available for all newer Android devices and you can launch it simply by stating OK Google. In addition to Google Assistant, the Samsung Galaxy S8 launches with a left side dedicated physical button that launches Bixby. Bixby is a bit different than Google Assistant with a focus on helping you perform actions that would require screen taps and touches. It remains to be seen how useful Bixby will be, but it will be one of the first things I test when my S8 Plus arrives. SECURITY The near instantaneous response and convenience of having the physical home button meant that many of us enabled security settings on our Samsung Galaxy phones. To be honest, I rarely locked my phone with a PIN or password before the latest fingerprint scanners so even if fingerprint security isn't foolproof, having some security is better than none. There is a fingerprint scanner on the Galaxy S8, but it is located to the right of the rear camera and its usability and placement appear to be questionable at this time. Instead of using the fingerprint scanner, Samsung provides an iris scanner as an option for security. The iris is similar to a fingerprint in that it is unique so you get the same level of security with an iris scan. It may be more secure because a fingerprint can be lifted while your iris is integrated further into your body. There is also a face recognition option, but this is not designed as a secure means to unlock your phone and more for convenience. Some initial testing has shown that a photo may work to unlock a phone with facial recognition. BENEFITS OF REMOVING THE PHYSICAL HOME BUTTON As you can see, efficiency and security concerns have been addressed by Samsung and are not areas to be concerned about when you see the physical home button missing on the Galaxy S8. There are some benefits to removing this button, including: Moving parts are gone: A physical home button is a moving part so that means it is a possible failure point on a device. We have seen manufacturers in the past, BlackBerry for example, remove physical elements because they were the obvious failure points on a phone. More usable display: The Galaxy S8 is focused on the Infinity Display and by removing the physical button we are able to get more usable display in the same area where we had a display and a button. We see miniscule top and bottom bezels, paired with screen sides that extend down over the edge. Configurable navigation buttons: Samsung may have been able to make this change with a physical home button present, but I'm going to list it here since this is a major change for Samsung. Samsung has always placed the back button on the lower right and the recent apps button on the lower left. This is opposite the majority of Android phones and something that I know bugs many people. With the Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus, users can now choose to switch these around. Samsung was able to integrate advanced technology, similar to Apple's Force Touch, to provide a pressure sensitive area where a home button is expected. Some apps may not even show any buttons along the bottom row, but pressing in on this area will continue to act as a home action and bring you back to the launch screen. Apple switched to a capacitive home button on the iPhone 7 and it took me about a week or so to get used to this approach. I'm sure it will take me some time to adapt to the new method on the Galaxy S8 Plus, but we have seen other Android manufacturers remove a physical home button and most have adapted to the change. Sources:- ZDNET The original post is on SL TECHNO ZONE © copyright, 2017 DIlhan Padeniya Best Regards!

Types of Printers Posted: 06 Apr 2017 11:30 PM PDT "A printer is an external output device that takes data from a computer and generates output in the form of graphics / text on a paper". There are two types of printers. Impact printers An impact printer makes contact with the paper. It usually forms the print image by pressing an inked ribbon against the paper using a hammer or pins. Following are some examples of impact printers. Dot-Matrix Printers The dot-matrix printer uses print heads containing from 9 to 24 pins. These pins producepatterns of dots on the paper to form the individual characters. The 24 pin dot-matrix printer produces more dots that a 9 pin dot-matrix printer, which results in much better quality and clearer characters. The general rule is: the more pins, the clearer the letters on the paper. The pins strike the ribbon individually as the print mechanism moves across the entire print line in both directions, i-e, from left to right, then right to left, and so on. The user can produce a color output with a dot-matrix printer (the user will change the black ribbon with a ribbon that has color stripes). Dot-matrix printers are inexpensive and typically print at speeds of 100-600 characters per second. Daisy-wheel printers In order to get the quality of type found on typewriters, a daisy-wheel impact printer can be used. It is called daisy-wheel printer because the print mechanism looks like a daisy; at the end of each “Petal” is a fully formed character which produces solid-line print. A hammer strikes a “petal” containing a character against the ribbon, and the character prints on the paper. Its speed is slow typically 25-55 characters per second. Line printers In business where enormous amount of material are printed, the character-at-a-time printers are too slow; therefore, these users need line-at-a-time printers. Line printers, or line-at-a-time printers, use special mechanism that can print a whole line at once; they can typically print the range of 1,200 to 6,000 lines per minute. Drum, chain, and band printers are line-at-a-time printers. Drum printer A drum printer consists of a solid, cylindrical drum that has raised characters in bands on its surface. The number of print positions across the drum equals the number available on the page. This number typically ranges from 80-132 print positions. The drum rotates at a rapid speed. For each possible print position there is a print hammer located behind the paper. These hammers strike the paper, along the ink ribbon, against the proper character on the drum as it passes. One revolution of the drum is required to print each line. This means that all characters on the line are not printed at exactly the same time, but the time required to print the entire line is fast enough to call them line printers. Typical speeds of drum printers are in the range of 300 to 2000 lines per minute. Chain printers A chain printer uses a chain of print characters wrapped around two pulleys. Like the drum printer, there is one hammer for each print position. Circuitry inside the printer detects when the correct character appears at the desired print location on the page. The hammer then strikes the page, pressing the paper against a ribbon and the character located at the desired print position. An impression of the character is left on the page. The chain keeps rotating until all the requiredprint positions on the line have filled. Then the page moves up to print the next line. Speeds of chain printers range from 400 to 2500 characters per minute. Band printers A band printer operates similar to chain printer except it uses a band instead of a chain and has fewer hammers. Band printer has a steel band divided into five sections of 48 characters each. The hammers on a band printer are mounted on a cartridge that moves across the paper to the appropriate positions. Characters are rotated into place and struck by the hammers. Font styles can easily be changed by replacing a band or chain. Non-impact printers Non-impact printers do not use a striking device to produce characters on the paper; and because these printers do not hammer against the paper they are much quieter. Following are some non-impacted printers. Ink-jet printers Ink-jet printers work in the same fashion as dot-matrix printers in the form images or characters with little dots. However, the dots are formed by tiny droplets of ink. Ink-jet printers form characters on paper by spraying ink from tiny nozzles through an electrical field that arranges the charged ink particles into characters at the rate of approximately 250 characters per second. The ink is absorbed into the paper and dries instantly. Various colors of ink can also be used. One or more nozzles in the print head emit a steady stream of ink drops. Droplets of ink are electrically charged after leaving the nozzle. The droplets are then guided to the paper by electrically charged deflecting plates [one plate has positive charge (upper plate) and the other has negative charge (lover plate)]. A nozzle for black ink may be all that’s needed to print text, but full-color printing is also possible with the addition of needed to print text, but full-color printing is also possible with the addition three extra nozzles for the cyan, magenta, and yellow primary colors. If a droplet isn’t needed for the character or image being formed, it is recycled back to its input nozzle. Several manufacturers produce color ink-jet printer. Some of these printers come with all their color inks in a cartridge; if you want to replace on color, you must replace all the colors. Other color ink-jet printers allow you to replace ink individually. These printers are a better choice if user uses one color more than other colors. These printers produce less noise and print in better quality with greater speed. Laser printers A laser printer works like a photocopy machine. Laser printers produce images on paper by directing a laser beam at a mirror which bounces the beam onto a drum. The drum has a special coating on it to which toner (an ink powder) sticks. Using patterns of small dots, a laser beam conveys information from the computer to a positively charged drum to become neutralized. From all those areas of drum which become neutralized, the toner detaches. As the paper rolls by the drum, the toner is transferred to the paper printing the letters or other graphics on the paper. A hot roller bonds the toner to the paper. Laser printers use buffers that store an entire page at a time. When a whole page is loaded, it will be printed. The speed of laser printers is high and they print quietly without producing much noise. Many home-use laser printers can print eight pages per minute, but faster and printapproximately 21,000 lines per minute, or 437 pages per minute if each page contains 48 lines. When high speed laser printers were introduced they were expensive. Developments in the last few years have provided relatively low-cost laser printers for use in small businesses. Sources:- Bytenotes The original post is on SL TECHNO ZONE © copyright, 2017 DIlhan Padeniya Best Regards!

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[Dilhan Padeniya]

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• Allow or Deny Access to Your Physical Location Settings
• How to install Windows on an external drive
• Difference Between Different Types Of Open Sources Licenses

Allow or Deny Access to Your Physical Location Settings Posted: 16 Apr 2017 05:30 PM PDT This article is only intended for desktop/laptop users running the Chrome OS, Linux, Mac OS X or Windows operating systems. Geolocation involves utilizing a combination of digital information to determine a device's physical location. Web sites and Web applications can access the Geolocation API, implemented in most popular browsers, to better learn your actual whereabouts. This information can then be used for a variety of reasons such as providing targeted content specific to your neighborhood or general area. While it may be nice to be served news, ads and other items relevant to your particular locale, some Web surfers are not that comfortable with apps and pages employing this data to customize their online experience. Keeping this in mind, browsers give you the opportunity to control these location-based settings accordingly. The tutorials below detail how to utilize and modify this functionality in several different browsers. Google Chrome Click on Chrome's main menu button, marked with three horizontal lines and located in the upper right-hand corner of the browser. When the drop-down menu appears, click on Settings. Chrome's Settings interface should now be displayed in a new tab or window. Scroll to the bottom of the page and click on the Show advanced settings... link. Scroll down again until you locate the section labeled Privacy. Click on the Content settings button, found within this section. Chrome's Content settings should now be displayed in a new window, overlaying the existing interface. Scroll down until you can see the section labeled Location, which contains the following three options; each accompanied by a radio button. Allow all sites to track your physical location: Let's all website access your location-related data without requiring your explicit permission each time. Ask when a site tries to track your physical location: The default and recommended setting, instructs Chrome to prompt you for a response each time a website attempts to utilize your physical location information. Do not allow any site to track your physical location: Prevents all websites from using your location data. Also found in the Privacy section is the Manage Exceptions button, which permits you to allow or deny physical location tracking for individual websites. Any exceptions defined here override the above settings. Mozilla Firefox Location-Aware Browsing in Firefox will ask for your permission when a website attempts to access your location data. Take the following steps to disable this feature completely. Type the following text into Firefox's address bar and hit the Enter key: about:config A warning message will appear, stating that this action may void your warranty. Click on the button labeled I'll be careful, I promise! A list of Firefox's Preferences should now be displayed. Enter the following text in the Search bar, located directly below the address bar: geo.enabled The geo.enabled preference should now be displayed with a Value of true. To disable Location-Aware Browsing completely, double-click on the preference so that its accompanying value is changed to false. To re-enable this preference at a later time, double-click on it once again. Microsoft Edge Click on the Windows Start icon, located in the lower left-hand corner of your screen. When the pop-up menu appears, select the Settings option. The Windows Settings dialog should now be visible, overlaying your desktop or browser window. Click on Location, located in the left menu pane. Scroll down to the section labeled Choose apps that can use your location and locate Microsoft Edge. By default, location-based functionality is disabled in the Edge browser. To enable it, select its accompanying button so that it turns blue and white and reads "On". Even after enabling this feature, sites will always need to explicitly ask your permission prior to utilizing location data. Opera Enter the following text into Opera's address bar and hit the Enter key: opera://settings. Opera's Settings or Preferences (varies based on operating system) interface should now be displayed in a new tab or window. Click on Websites, located in the left menu pane. Scroll down until you see the section labeled Location, which contains the following three options; each accompanied by a radio button. Allow all sites to track my physical location: Permits all websites to access your location-related data without prompting you first for permission. Ask me when a site tries to track my physical location: Enabled by default and the recommended selection, this setting instructs Opera to prompt you for action each time a site tries to utilize your physical location data. Do not allow any site to track my physical location: Automatically denies physical location requests from all websites. Also found in the Location section is the Manage Exceptions button, which lets you blacklist or whitelist individual websites when it comes to accessing your physical location. These exceptions override the above radio button settings for each respective site that is defined. Internet Explorer 11 Click on the Gear icon, also known as the Action Menu, located in the upper right-hand corner of the browser window. When the drop-down menu appears, select Internet Options. IE11's Internet Options interface should now be displayed, overlaying your browser window. Click on the Privacy tab. Located within IE11's Privacy Options is a section labeled Location which contains the following option, disabled by default and accompanied by a check box: Never allow websites to request your physical location. When activated, this option instructs the browser to deny all requests to access your physical location data. Also found within the Location section is the Clear Sites button. Anytime a website attempts to access your location data, IE11 prompts you to take action. In addition to having the ability to allow or deny that individual request, you are also given the option to blacklist or whitelist the respective website. These preferences are then stored by the browser and used on subsequent visits to those sites. To delete all of those saved preferences and start anew, click on the Clear Sites button. Safari (OS X Only) Click on Safari in your browser menu, located at the top of the screen. When the drop-down menu appears, select the Preferences option. You can also use the following keyboard shortcut in place of clicking on this menu item: COMMAND+COMMA(,). Safari's Preferences dialog should now be displayed, overlaying your browser window. Click on the Privacy icon. Located within the Privacy Preferences is a section labeled Website use of location services, containing the following three options; each accompanied by a radio button. Prompt for each website once each day: If a website attempts to access your location data for the first time that day, Safari will prompt you to allow or deny the request. Prompt for each website one time only: If a website attempts to access your location data for the first time ever, Safari will prompt you for the desired action. Deny without prompting: Enabled by default, this setting instructs Safari to deny all location-related data requests without asking for your permission. Vivaldi The Vivaldi Browser does not include settings that allow you to control its location-based behavior in relation to website requests. However, any time a site attempts to access this data a pop-out message will appear directly below the address bar. This message notifies you that the active website would like to access your location, and provides the ability to either allow or deny this action. Sources: Lifewire

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How to install Windows on an external drive Posted: 16 Apr 2017 11:30 AM PDT Thanks to the speed of USB 3.1 and Thunderbolt 3 connections, it’s now possible for an external hard drive to match the read and write speeds of an internal drive. Combine that with a proliferation of external SSDs, and for the first time, running Windows off an external drive is viable. There are a few reasons you might want to do that: You have a work laptop that you’re not allowed to make many changes to, but you want to take games or other non-work sanctioned software with you when you travel. You want to run multiple operating system installations on the same machine, but don’t have enough space to split your internal drive into multiple partitions. You’re running an enterprise version of Windows that comes with the Windows To Go feature, and have a certified installation drive, so you can create a portable installation that will work on any computer. Before we start, let’s get the bad news out of the way: Windows will refuse to install on an external drive if it knows that’s what you’re doing. But there are a few ways around this, including emulation via tools like VMWare. The easiest workaround is an application called WinToUSB. Follow these steps to get Windows running on your external drive. Download WinToUSB WinToUSB serves the same function as Windows To Go, an enterprise-only tool from Microsoft that doesn’t work with most consumer versions of Windows. It’s intended for use with USB sticks, but it will work for other external drives too.  Prepare your Windows installation image If you already have a DVD, an image file, or an installation USB stick for Windows, you’re set on this one. If not, it’s easy to download a Windows 10 installer ISO image file directly from Microsoft. Just make sure you pick the image for the edition and language of Windows for which you own a license. If you’re just cloning your current Windows installation, you don’t actually need this, so skip this step. Tell WinToUSB where Windows is Add caption Samuel Axon The icons along the left of WinToUSB let you choose the media from which to install Windows: an image file, DVD, or clone of the current system installation. Pick the one that applies. Samuel Axon Once you’ve done that, you may see some options under the Operating system column in the main window. Pick the one that matches the license you have. For example, if you’re installing from the official image file, you’ll be able to choose between Home and Pro. Click Next. Select the installation disk, partition, and mode On the next screen, use the drop-down labeled Please select the destination disk: at the top to pick the external drive you want to install Windows to. Make sure it’s plugged into your computer, of course! This will open up a bunch of options below that. You’ll be asked to pick the system and boot partitions, and this will usually be straightforward. If the external drive isn’t split into multiple partitions, you can easily just pick the available partition for both system and boot. Samuel Axon Finally, you’ll be presented with Installation mode. If you can, pick Legacy mode; that’s the simplest way to go. Only try installing Windows in VHD mode if you have issues installing Legacy. You’ll also be given the option to configure the size of the Windows installation on the drive; just go with the max available unless you’re doing something special. Click Next to get the installation started. You’ll see a progress percentage. The time it takes to install will depend on a number of factors, such as the speed of the destination drive. It could be 15 minutes, or it could be a couple of hours. You’ll be prompted when it’s done. Boot into Windows After the WinToGo process is complete, all you have to do is boot into Windows! To do this, restart your computer and boot from the external drive. Unfortunately, the method for selecting which disk to boot from after restart varies among computers. Often, you just have to press F12 while the PC is booting to access the BIOS, where you will make this change. Barring that, pay attention to the motherboard-maker screen that appears when your PC boots (prior to loading the OS)—it will flash instructions for accessing the BIOS.  Installing Windows 10. You should be presented with a selection of drives to boot from. Pick the external drive (it’s usually labeled “EFI Boot” by WinToGo, if that helps). Windows installation should complete with a simple wizard from there. Of course, you may have to download drivers and the like—the usual extras that come with a new Windows installation. But after a little legwork, you will have a fully functional installation of Windows on your external hard drive.  This story, "How to install Windows on an external drive" was originally published by PC World & Network World

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Difference Between Different Types Of Open Sources Licenses Posted: 15 Apr 2017 11:30 PM PDT While open sourcing a project, one needs a license so that the terms distribution, linking, modification, private use, etc., can be automatically taken care of. There are many open source licenses to choose from, some of them being MIT, GNU GPL, Apache 2.0, Creative Commons, BSD licenses. Each has its own terms of the above characteristics that even decide the ownership and credibility of the project. When I started using GitHub to store my projects’ source code, I would choose a license randomly, mostly because that project wouldn’t really be a tool for others to use and build things upon or tinker with. But when one builds such a tool or product, that can be forked by others to build their own versions by tweaking and changing its source code, one needs to decide an open source license for it. There are so many options to choose from: Apache License 2.0 BSD 3-Clause “New” or “Revised” license BSD 2-Clause “Simplified” or “FreeBSD” license GNU General Public License (GPL) v3.0 GNU Library or “Lesser” General Public License (LGPL) MIT license Mozilla Public License 2.0 Common Development and Distribution License Eclipse Public License Creative Commons License But first let’s see, what is licensing. What is licensing? There has always been a lot of confusion in what licensing really means. When one licenses something, one is not giving its rights away, as the copyrights (or the patent, if one has one) are your own to have. Licenses provide rules and guidelines for others to use your work. Open source licenses help others to contribute to your work or project without seeking special individual permission to do so. Here are some of the licenses and what they mean by their terms and conditions of linking, distribution, modification, private use, etc. Different types of open source licenses: GNU General Public License Copy the Software: There’s no limit to where you can copy that code. Copy it on your own server, on your client’s server, on your local workstations, wherever and howsoever many times. Distribution: You can distribute it in your thumb or hard drives, you can distribute the code under this license with a download link on your website, you can print out the code on paper, whatever form of distribution you want. Charge a Fee: You can charge someone for the software, but remember to give them a copy of GNU GPL which would tell them that they could get the software free from elsewhere. This also gives a chance for you to tell them why you are charging for it. Change the Codebase Howsoever: If you want to fork the project and make changes to it, you can. Remove or add features howsoever you want. The only condition is that your project should also be released under GNU GPL. It is important to know the distinction between source and binary distributions. There are some constraints regarding releasing applications under each other. Also, if a project uses GNU GPL license, it has to comply with some standard rules of commenting parts of license requirements inside the code itself. GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE It grants fewer right to work than GNU GPL. It’s generally appropriate for libraries and projects that want to allow linking from non-GPL and non-open-source software. GPL requires any other project or source that is using the project under GPL to also be licensed as GPL; GPL licensed code can’t be used for paid and proprietary software. LGPL cancels it out by not requiring other projects with parts of the code to be similarly licensed. BSD License BSD license is a part of a family of free software licenses that have much fewer restrictions in distribution as compared to other free software licenses. Two important versions are: The New BSD License / The New Modified BSD License The Simplified BSD License / FreeBSD License Both have been accepted as open source licenses by the Open Source Initiative. The New BSD License (known as the “3-clause license”) allows unlimited redistribution for any purpose, so as long as the copyrights and disclaimers of warranty of the license are maintained. This license has an interesting requirement. It contains a phrase restricting the use of contributors’ names for endorsements of a derived work without specific permissions. It basically means that if someone has forked some famous person’s code and made changes to make a new project, s/he can’t use that person’s name to endorse it. The primary difference between the New and the Simplified BSD License is that simplified BSD license omits this clause. MIT LICENSE It’s the shortest and perhaps most used of all the popular open source licenses. Its terms are loose and more open than most others. The main giving of this license is: Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. This basically means that you can use, copy, and modify the software however you want. No one can prevent you from using it in any other project. You can give the software under it for free, or sell it. No restrictions on distribution howsoever. Anyone can do whatever one fancies with the code licensed under MIT license, as long as it’s accompanied by the license. CREATIVE COMMONS Creative Commons (CC) [under which MIT Open Courseware Material is released] licenses aren’t quite open source. They are common for design projects. A wide variety of them are available each granting particular and certain rights. A CC License has four basic parts. Accreditation: Author must be attributed as the creator of the work. Then, work can be modified, distributed, copied, used otherwise. Shared with CC: The work can be modified, distributed but only under CC License. Non-Commercial: Work can be modified, distributed but not for commercial purposes. The word “commercial” is a bit vague in its meaning since no solid lined definition is provided. No Derivative Works: You can copy and distribute the licensed work, but you can’t modify it in any way or create work based on the origin [as MIT Open Courseware Material is] Remember, these are not necessarily all the rules in all the licenses based on CC. Some CC Licenses may or may not have the above rules. They are mutually exclusive and can be combined as per the needs. APACHE LICENSE Apache License version 2.0 rights can be applied to both copyrights and patents. Some of the licenses can be applied only to copyrights and not patents. Some details of Apache License: Rights are Never Ending: Once the rights under Apache License have been granted, you can continue to use them forever, there’s no need of renewing it. Worldwide Authority of Rights: Even if rights are granted to one country, automatically, they’re granted in all countries. Rights for No Fee or Royalty: No charge, neither up front nor per usage or on any other basis applicable. Rights are Irrevocable: No can ever say to you that your derivative of the code that was licensed under this license can’t be in use anymore (A clause in the license states that if you sue someone over patent infringement on anything under this license, then your license is terminated, but that only applies to patented work, and as long as you don’t sue anyone over the work, you won’t have to worry about it). Redistribution of the code has requirements, mainly related to proper credit to those who’ve worked on the code and maintaining the license. Stay tuned for the tribute post for Aarzon Swartz, Internet’s Very Own Boy, where we remember what he stood for, projects he was involved in, what kind of books he read, things he wrote on his blog, which is still alive after his death, and more. Don’t forget to share your valuable feedback and opinions. Keep reading. Sources: FOSSBYTES

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Dilhan Padeniya.

ICT Teacher of RDCC.

Dambulla.

http://allsrilankans.blogspot.com

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[Chamila De Alwis]

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සිංහල යුනිකෝඩ් සමූහය - Sinhala Unicode Group.
මෙම සමූහයට විද්‍යුත් තැපැල් පණිවුඩයක් එවීමට: Sinhala-Unicode@googlegroups.com
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If you have trouble reading Sinhala Fonts, please visit http://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sinhala_font for instructions.
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Regards

Chamila De Alwis
http://chamiladealwis.com