Unified Field: Relative Momentum
bkh99
following index page
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/page2/index.html
There is also a zip file that traces the evolution of an idea over the
course of a couple of years
http://www.awitness.org/unified.zip
The Photoelectric Effect and the Momentum of a Photon
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/page2/graphics/pe1.gif
In the image above we see two moving objects, one with less momentum
(and thus a lower velocity), both of which are heading towards a
collision with two stationary objects. After the collision the two
moving objects become the two stationary objects, while the once
stationary objects are now found to be moving with the same velocity
after impact as the impacting body (a transfer of momentum energy has
occurred).
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/page2/graphics/pe2.gif
Albert Einstein won the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his explanation of the
Photoelectric Effect, which then became the foundation stone of the
field of Quantum Physics in the 20th Century. When a low frequency,
red shifted wave length of light struck a metal plate, there would be
no result. When a higher frequency blue shifted wave length of light
struck a metal plate, the result would be the ejection of an electron
with a certain momentum, and if the frequency of light was increased,
the momentum of the ejected electrons from the metal plate would also
be increased. Increasing the brightness of the light did not increase
the momentum of the ejected electrons. All that would happen when the
brightness increased is that more electrons would be ejected from the
metal plate, while the momentum of the ejected electrons remained
dependant only upon the frequency of the light striking the plate.
Low frequency light did not eject low momentum electrons, but rather
the result was no electrons ejected from the metal plate.
These results were inconsistent with the ‘wave theory' of
electromagnetism developed in the 19thcentury. If a ‘smaller, less
powerful wave' struck the plate, it was expected that electrons would
possess lower momentum (in the same way that if a small wave of water
struck an object it would impart a lower momentum) and therefore, if
the frequency of the waves was kept constant but the amplitude was
increased, it was expected that electrons would gain momentum (in the
same way that a larger more powerful wave would impart more momentum
to an object upon impact). However this is not what happened, and
instead it was found that increasing the power of the wave only
ejected more electrons with exactly the same momentum, with the change
in momentum dependant only upon the change in frequency..
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/page2/graphics/pe3.gif
Einstein laid the foundations for Quantum Theory with his theory that
electromagnetic radiation came in the form of little packets (quanta)
of energy (photons). A red shifted photon had ‘less energy' and when
it impacted the metal plate it did not result in the ejection of an
electron. A blue shifted photon possessed a ‘higher energy' and
therefore it transferred momentum to an electron which was ejected
from the plate, with the momentum of the ejected electron equivalent
to the energy level of the impacting photon (a higher energy photon
resulted in the ejection of an electron with greater momentum). If
the frequency of the light was increased the result was the ejection
of an electron possessing this increased momentum, while if the
amplitude (the brightness) was increased, the result was the ejection
of more electrons with the same momentum, for all that had happened
was the number of these discrete photons possessing this fixed energy
level had increased.
The result was that the kinetic energy of the ejected photons (KE)
varied with the frequency of the light according to the following
linear equation (the graph of the relationship would be in the form of
a straight line), where ‘h' is Planck's constant and ‘f' is the
frequency of the electromagnetic radiation from which is subtracted a
constant which represents the type of metal involved in the reaction.
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/page2/graphics/keeq.gif
It has been typical practice in twentieth century physics to assume
that the ‘mass energy' equivalence principle does not apply to the
photon. The photon possesses energy but the equation E=MC2 cannot be
applied to the energy represented by a photon, for a photon must
possess ‘zero rest mass'. The reason why this is true seems only to
keep certain mathematical equations from breaking down, for no ‘mass
of matter' can travel at the speed of light, and since a photon does
travel at the speed of light it cannot be assigned a ‘rest mass'. At
the same time it is possible to speak of the ‘mass equivalent' of all
other ‘bosons' and the only boson for which the mass-energy
equivalence cannot apply is the photon, for that would ruin certain
mathematical calculations. At the same time it is required that
certain mathematical stunts be employed such as ‘renormalization' for
such mathematical equations are in the habit of producing nonsensical
results and thus require some tinkering.
The inconsistencies present here lead me to suspect that something is
wrong with the mathematical equations, and that such stunts as
assigning a zero rest mass to a photon, and assuming that the momentum
of a photon is meaningless (it does not produce the same results for a
photon which travels at the speed of light no matter its change in
momentum) or the practice of ‘renormalization' should all be
interpreted as indications that something is wrong with the
mathematics and therefore something is wrong in the field of physics.
One more sign that this must be true is the fact that Quantum Physics
has spent the latter half of the 20thcentury choking on Einstein and
everyone agrees that gravity is the one troublesome field, since it
behaves like no other energy field, being after all, a gravity field
and thus a matter based field and not an energy field like all other
fields.
With these thoughts in mind I do not hesitate to commit acts of
heresy, and suggest that the so called ‘zero rest mass' of a photon is
some manufactured fiction of 20th century physics. I also suggest
that the momentum of a photon is not a meaningless concept, but that
once again the idea that a photon travels at ‘the speed of light' is
just one more fiction invented by 20th century physics, and I also
suggest that it is the malingering presence of such fictions that is
the root cause of all this choking and is also the root cause of all
this mathematical ‘renormalization' that is required if such
mathematical systems are not to implode and crumble into a pile of
wreckage.
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/page2/graphics/gm1.gif
We make the following assumption. Objects coast through space with
engines off (moving only because they possess ‘conserved momentum')
and there must be a very profound reason why this happens. We assume
that space is an energy field. It is typical of an energy field to
move towards a state of rest (entropy) and it is typical for the
magnetic component of the field to work to create a perfectly smooth
and even field with no discontinuities present. We assume that ‘a
mass of matter' represents a discontinuity in space, and therefore
objects are in motion because they are being ‘pushed' from one
location in space to another (entropy is maintained while the problem
is simply transferred from one location in the space field to another
where the pushing process continues). The speed at which an object
moves is dependant upon the momentum energy in its momentum field
(‘conserved momentum') and the resulting polarization of the
surrounding field energy of space (the greater the involvement of this
space field the more energy is involved in the pushing process and the
result is a greater velocity in the object being ‘pushed around').
It is common to assume that electromagnetic radiation possesses
certain intrinsic properties. It possesses the property of motion.
It moves of its own accord because motion is a property of
electromagnetic radiation. It possesses the property of being a
particle (the photon) because quantization is one of the strange
properties of electromagnetic radiation. It also possesses the
property of being a wave, for such weirdness is a property of
electromagnetic radiation (the so called ‘particle wave duality).
However for the purposes of the Unified Field Theory we will dispose
of this practice of assigning such properties to the electromagnetic
wave and we will make the assumption that such observations are
actually observations of field effects, and are therefore not
intrinsic properties of electromagnetic radiation.
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/page2/graphics/gphoton.gif
All fields seek to maintain a state of entropy, and resist
discontinuities in the field. Therefore if energy is to be
transferred from field to field a force is always involved, and the
result of this forced transfer is the quantization of energy (energy
is transferred in small packets, all at once, because the use of force
is required to transfer energy between fields). An attempt is made
to illustrate this concept in the image above. An atom must release a
green photon. It cannot simply radiate continuous energy because it
must fight against the impedance generated by the surrounding energy
field in which an atom must exist. Therefore force is required, and
the atom emits a green photon. The problem has now been transferred
to the energy field, for this green photon represents a disruption in
the field (the idea here is similar to that proposed by the theory of
‘the Higgs field' where it is said that ‘mass' represents a kind of
disruption in the Higgs field, and in this way the ‘Higgs field'
causes matter to hold together).
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/page2/graphics/lsimp.gif
We therefore make the assumption that electromagnetic particles
(photons) are in motion through the space field for the same reason
that any other ‘mass' of energy is in motion through the field. The
photons represent a disruption in the field, and therefore they are
pushed from one location to another. Entropy is restored to the field
by pushing the photon out of the way, and the problem is transferred
to the next location in the space field, where the process continues.
For some fundamental reason, photons do not travel in a straight line,
but rather a strange oscillating movement is the result, and as the
momentum of a photon increases, the frequency of these strange
oscillations increases. Therefore, the motion of a photon is field
effect. In the same way, the so called ‘particle wave duality' are
not properties of electromagnetic radiation, but are also field
effects. The electromagnetic energy is ejected into the field in the
form of quanta (particles of energy) because force is required to
disturb the entropy of the field, and the resulting wave like pattern
is also a field effect, as for some reason photons move through the
field in an oscillating pattern.
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/page2/graphics/pe4.gif
We therefore make the assumption that no photon actually travels at
‘the speed of light' for the momentum of a photon is a meaningful
concept, for as the momentum of a photon changes, so does its velocity
through the field. We assume that the wave function is simply a field
effect and is the course followed by a photon as it travels through
the field. A red photon has lower momentum, and travels slower, and
it also generates a lower frequency of these ‘waves'. Blue photons
have a higher momentum and if a blue photon is to travel through the
field and follow an increasingly oscillating path and then arrive at
the same destination at the same time as a red photon with lower
momentum, it logically follows from this that a blue photon must be
moving with increased velocity (it must cover more distance due to its
oscillating trajectory, and since it always arrives at the same time
as the red photon, it must travel faster through the field).
Therefore we conclude that the ‘speed of light' is not equivalent to
the speed of a photon, but rather the term ‘the speed of light' refers
to apparent propagation of this wave like phenomenon.
In recent years the field of quantum physics has been producing
strange anomalies, in that electrons have been accelerated faster than
the speed of light, which is not supposed to be possible. We conclude
from this that the idea that electromagnetic waves possess ‘motion' as
an intrinsic property is a falsehood generated by 20th century
physics, and is one of the negative consequences of Einstein's
rejection of the so called ‘aether hypothesis' generated in the 19th
century. The result was the generation of an enigmatic matter based
tautology (matter simply coasts through ‘spacetime' following the
curved paths of that ‘spacetime', which then leaves us asking the
question ‘why do objects coast through space because they have
conserved momentum?') Upon consideration of the anomalous results
produced in recent times, we conclude that the idea that ‘the speed of
light' is some kind of arbitrary ‘speed limit' in the universe is
fictional, for even photons regularly travel ‘faster than light'. We
also conclude that the so called ‘particle wave duality' is another
fiction generated by 20th century physics, for the wave function is
simply a bizarre field effect. Therefore ‘faster than light'
communication would never be possible using light, for a photon will
always arrive at a destination ‘at the speed of light' due to this
strange wave like oscillation generated by the interaction between the
photon and the field. Faster than light communication would only be
possible by employing accelerated electrons, for it would seem that
matter is able to move through space following ‘a straight line' while
avoiding wasting momentum by moving through space following the
oscillating trajectory of an energy packet such as a photon.
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/page2/graphics/pe3.gif
We can therefore take another look at the photoelectric effect and
reinterpret the effect by assigning a lower momentum (and thus a lower
velocity) to a red shifted photon. The increased momentum of
electrons ejected by blue shifted photons is a direct consequence of
the increased momentum (and therefore the increased velocity) of blue
shifted photons. The conservation of momentum therefore produces
higher velocity electrons when the metal plate is struck by higher
velocity photons, and the result is no different than what you would
expect if a higher velocity billiard ball was to strike a stationary
billiard ball, with the transfer of momentum resulting in the ejection
of a higher velocity billiard ball.
Super Stable Temperature
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/page2/graphics/break2.gif
In the image above we conduct a thought experiment designed to convert
‘momentum energy' of this ‘warped space field' into the form of heat.
We use mechanical force to squeeze together two similar poles of a bar
magnet. The result is the generation of a force field, and since all
force fields are involved in the transfer of energy, the result is the
transfer of momentum energy into this crude device (the purpose of
this momentum energy being to generate motion and force apart the two
similar poles of the bar magnet). However the poles are unable to
move and therefore the momentum energy will be expressed in the form
of mechanical stress in the device which will generate constant heat.
We imagine the device immersed in water to carry away this generated
heat so that ‘melting' followed by bending will not occur, thus
keeping the two poles of the bar magnet squeezed together and
resulting in a constant force field and the constant generation of
this energy.
We conclude that a relationship exists between ‘heat' and ‘momentum'
in that when momentum is not allowed to be expressed in the form of
motion the energy is expressed in the form of heating.
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/page2/graphics/hspin.gif
A relationship seems to exist between ‘spin' and ‘charge'. In the
image above we represent ‘a mass of matter' (green) surrounded by a
‘warped space field' (purple). We know that whenever energy is
transferred by means of this ‘warped space field' the result is always
expressed in the form of a change in momentum. As one example, the
moon is gaining about 3 centimeters worth of momentum each year
through a gravitational tidal interaction with the earth. We may
wonder where the ‘conserved momentum' of an object is ‘stored' and it
would seem that a ‘gravitational field' is also a ‘momentum field' in
that the energy ‘conserved' in this field is momentum energy (a change
in the energy of this field results in a change of momentum). Another
example of the same thing is the ‘flyby effect' whereby spacecraft are
given additional momentum by swinging through the gravitational field
of some planet (and since you never get something for nothing we can
assume that the effect of such flybys is to reduce the momentum and
thus slightly reduce the orbital radius of the planetary body making
this donation of energy to the spacecraft).
We conclude that ‘heat' (the ‘temperature' of an object) is related to
momentum in that ‘heat' is stored in the form of ‘internal angular
momentum' in the momentum field. This internal ‘spin' is then
expressed in the form of a ‘charge'. We represent this increased
‘charge' by enlarging the image at the bottom to represent the
increased spin in the momentum field (a higher temperature) with the
result being that ‘hot gas expands' (a greater repellant charge is
generated, forcing apart the hot gas atoms).
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/page2/graphics/gphoton.gif
A glow in the dark toy emits ‘green photons'. The phosphorescent
medium absorbs light energy and then stores it much like a solar
battery (it is both a collector and a battery). When a photon is
absorbed the atoms enter into a ‘meta-stable state'. The device
should become a permanent solar battery, for a ‘forbidden transition'
is involved in releasing a green photon. That such a transition is
forbidden is related to ‘electron spin' and the ‘magnetic moment' and
the ‘Paula exclusion principle', and one simplified way to imagine why
such a transition out of a meta-stable state is forbidden is to
imagine squeezing together the two similar poles of a bar magnet (it
is a forbidden state). Nevertheless the atoms manage to navigate
through this barrier and release a green photon. What causes the glow
in the dark toy to move past this ‘forbidden transition' and release
the green photon is outside environmental influences, in particular
the simple exchange of heat energy between atoms. This environmental
influences create the instability required to dislodge the green
photon.
One way around this problem would be to super cool the glow in the
dark toy by lowering the temperature somewhere close to absolute
zero. This is impractical and therefore you never see phosphorescent
medium employed in solar cells, even though this is nature's solar
battery (rather we see silicon employed along with a lithium cell
battery, which is less efficient, in particular when you consider that
phosphorescent medium already contains a built in solar battery).
We will think of ‘friction' as being the perceived ‘physical
manifestation' of the force required to exchange heat energy (internal
angular momentum of the momentum field) between fields. This force
(friction) is also the primary cause of the loss of solar energy by
phosphorescent material. This makes me wonder if it would not be
possible to eliminate the force field by creating a super stable
temperature environment. It would seem to me that just about any
temperature would so, even room temperature, provided that the
temperature was super stable thus eliminating transfer of heat energy
(and the frictional force). This would be a simpler solution than
considering super cooling such a device.
Quantum Time Revisited
We make the assumption that a human brain is a quantum subsystem.
When the human brain perceives energy arranged in a certain form it
interprets this energy as being ‘a baked potato' (E=MC2). When energy
is arranged in another form the human brain perceives ‘a warped three
dimensional space field' (AKA ‘the empty vacuum of space' or ‘the
blank void of space' and so on).
We assume that ‘three dimensional space' is just one more
manifestation of that chameleon known as energy (also referred to in
particle physics as ‘the Higgs field'). I assumed that as field
density increases (as described by the Inverse Square Law) it must be
true that quantum processes ‘blue shift' (the field density increases
(blue shifts) and therefore quantum processes ‘blue shift' at the same
time). This idea is wrong headed and it finally occurred to me that
the opposite must hold true.
The two Pioneer spacecraft are decelerating at a constant rate as they
move through less energetically dense portions of the space field (the
rate of deceleration being equivalent to the product of the speed of
light and Hubble's constant). As the space field dilates (becomes
‘red shifted') the two Pioneer spacecraft must ‘blue shift' their
momentum field if they are to maintain a constant velocity. The
opposite must also hold true. If the two Pioneer spacecraft were to
maintain a consistent velocity then if the space field was becoming
more dense (‘blue shifting') then the two space craft must ‘red shift'
their momentum fields in order to maintain a consistent velocity. We
can see from observing the behavior of these two space craft that
older Newtonian ideas of ‘absolute momentum' being expressed in
‘absolute space' are false. Einstein also made an incorrect
assumption in his Special Theory of Relativity where he states that we
assume that ‘space is homogenous' (which is another way of saying that
momentum is constant and that momentum is not relative). The behavior
of the two Pioneer space craft refute this erroneous assumption, for
they reveal that momentum is relative and that space is not
‘homogenous'.
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/graphics/orbit.gif
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/graphics/orbitsm.gif
You may have heard about the hypothesis that there exist some sort of
mysterious and exotic ‘dark matter' in the universe. I am convinced
that this hypothesis is totally erroneous is one of the consequences
of the mistakes made by Albert Einstein (the idea that space is
‘homogenous' and that momentum is some sort of fixed constant in the
universe).
The ‘Dark Matter' hypothesis was first formulated to explain the
anomalous apparent rotation of galaxies. On the left we see the
expected rotation of objects in a gravitational field. Those objects
close to the center of the field rotate at a greater speed than
objects further out. On the right we see the apparent rotation of
galaxies. The galaxy seems to rotate as though it was a solid body,
with objects near the center of the galaxy appearing to rotate with
the same speed as objects further out. Therefore, it was suggested
that galaxies must be like solid bodies and must be full of this so
called ‘dark matter', which would then explain why it is that galaxies
seem to rotate like one single solid body.
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/graphics/rotateshift.gif
In the image above we illustrate an interpretation of the apparent
anomalous rotation curve of galaxies which takes into consideration
the relativity of momentum and the consequent relativity of quantum
processes. A galaxy exhibits behavior very similar to that of the two
Pioneer spacecraft. Momentum in quantum processes is conserved in the
center of galaxies by the emission of ‘red shifted' spectra (as the
field density ‘blue shifts', or becomes denser, momentum is conserved
by means of ‘red shifting' of momentum fields, and as the field
density ‘red shifts', becoming less dense, momentum is conserved by
means of the ‘blue shifting' of momentum fields, as the momentum
fields become less energetically dense. The result is the production
of the characteristic ‘flat line' of the velocity curve observed in
galaxies. The difference between the expected velocity gradient (the
dashed line) and the actual observed velocity gradient (the solid
line) is caused by the quantum red-shift (for there are three causes
of red shifting in the universe, the Doppler effect, the Gravitational
Red Shift, and this red shifting of quantum processes as quantum
processes ‘conserve momentum' in an inverse relationship to increasing
or decreasing field density).
This ‘red shifting' of quantum processes as field density ‘blue
shifts' also explains the anomalous presence of ‘high red shift
quasars' within ‘low red shift galaxies'. The extra red shift being
produced by such quasars would be the equivalent of billions of light
years (as measured by the Doppler effect). The relativity of momentum
and the relativity of quantum processes suggests that so called ‘Black
Holes' are not ‘crushed singularities' where we are told that ‘all of
the laws of physics break down', but rather ‘Black Holes' are just
very humongous, huge huge masses. This leads us to conclude that part
of this billions of light years of perceived ‘distance' is caused by
the quantum red-shift while the remainder is caused by the fact that
quasars originate deep down inside some black hole (gravitational red
shift). According to the matter based interpretation of gravity
‘nothing can escape from a black hole' but we assume here that the
motion of electromagnetic radiation is a field effect and therefore
there does not seem to be any legitimate reason why the field of some
black hole would not emit electromagnetic radiation (at a very, very
slow speed). One way to prove beyond doubt that black holes emit the
radiation from quasars from deep within the black hole (and not from
the accretion disk outside the black hole) would be to determine how
much of the billions of light years of red shift was the result of
‘quantum red shift' for the remainder would have to be gravitational
red shift caused by the black hole itself. (<a href="http://
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/01/050111115201.htm">Discovery
Poses Cosmic Puzzle: Can A 'Distant' Quasar Lie Within A Nearby Galaxy?
</A>. "How could a galaxy 300 million light years away contain a
stellar object several billion light years away?")
http://www.awitness.org/unified/pages/page2/graphics/qtime.gif
I have suggested that ‘time' is not some ‘fourth dimension of the
universe' but rather time is just a consequence of the relativity of
momentum, in that quantum processes must exchange information through
motion through the energy field and that the rate at which this energy
exchange takes place is entirely dependant upon the field strength.
When the field strength increases the rate of information exchange
slows down, and since reality as we know it is entirely defined by the
underlying quantum processes which are the true building blocks of all
perceived reality, therefore it would appear that ‘clocks slow down'.
Time is relative because momentum is relative and therefore quantum
processes are also relative. What we wind up with is illustrated in
the graphic above. When quantum processes conserve momentum by
emitting highly energetic blue shifted information (when the energy
field is less dense, and therefore ‘red shifted') the result is a
faster clock speed. When the field is blue shifted (more dense) the
quantum processes ‘conserve momentum' by emitting less energetic ‘red
shifted' information, and the result is a relative decrease in the
perceived clock speed. I would appear that one of the reason why the
‘clock slows down' as the field strength increases is that quantum
processes are required to ‘exchange momentum' in a certain fixed
manner, and when the product is red shifted by interaction with a
strong field the transfer of information ‘takes longer' (the motion
through the field is extended) and this results in ‘the slowing of the
time like phenomenon'.