Hi Jeroen,
sage: R.<a,b>=QQ[]
sage: R.from_base_ring?
Not sure if this answers your question, as this isn't a map but a
conversion method.
Other than that, if you really want the result as a map, just exploit
the coercion/conversion framework:
sage: R.convert_map_from(R.base())
Polynomial base injection morphism:
From: Rational Field
To: Multivariate Polynomial Ring in a, b over Rational Field
I suppose you know the difference between a coercion and a conversion
map, and you know that in a non-unital algebra (which I think aren't
implemented in Sage) a conversion from the base ring doesn't really
make sense.
Best regards,
Simon