On May 8, 12:51 pm, Andre Jute <
fiult...@yahoo.com> wrote:
>
> I'd demonstrate one of Krygowski's lies, say the one at the top of page 3, to make the point, but Krygowski, knowing he would be called on the lies, has protected the document so that the only way to copy it is tediously to retype a bunch of lying numbers.
Wrong.
Page 1
Bicycling is safe!
Laws, policies, roadway designs and facility designs should be
informed by this important principle:
Despite claims to the contrary, ordinary bicycling is already a safe
and beneficial activity. Unusual
measures are not required to make cycling safe. Therefore, bicycling
for transportation and
recreation should be promoted, not discouraged or restricted.
Research studies and data clearly show that, in the current
environment, bicycling’s benefits greatly
outweigh its tiny risks. We know of no studies that contradict this
fact. To cite a selection of such data:
20:1 benefit: Mayer Hillman, “Cycling and the Promotion of Health,”
Policy Studies, Summer 1993, Vol.
14 (2) states that the years of life gained through cycling exceeds
the years of life lost through cycling by
“around 20 to one.” This includes benefits to non-cyclists from
reduced road and pollution hazards.
7:1 benefit: Jeroen J. de Hartog, “Do the Health Benefits of Cycling
Outweigh the Risks?”,
Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(8), Aug. 2010 found a benefit
to risk ratio of seven to one for just
the cyclists themselves in Britain, and nine to one for cyclists in
Holland.
77:1 benefit: David Rojas-Rueda, “The health risks and benefits of
cycling in urban environments
compared with car use”, British Medical Journal 2011: 343: d4512 found
77 years of life gained to each
one lost, for those who used Barcelona’s bike share system instead of
a car.
18:1 benefit: Ari Rabl, “Benefits of shift from car to active
transport”, Transport Policy 19 (2012)
121-131. Cycling was found to confer an average of 1310 Euros per year
due to health gains, versus only
72 Euros detriments due to pollution exposure and crash risk. Benefits
exceeded risks by 18 to one.
Note that those studies evaluated bicycling in ordinary urban
environments. Only the Holland figure
involved an unusual number of special bike facilities.
Contrary to common belief, cycling is safer than many other
activities.
Relative safety or danger can be computed in various ways. Tables
below compare bicycling with
common hazards or other common activities, and demonstrate that
cycling is quite safe.
Estimated U.S. fatalities per year: [Numbers are approximate;
bicyclist data from NHTSA]
Heart disease 700,000 deaths per year
Cancer 550,000
Stroke 160,000
Chronic respiratory diseases 123,000
Accidents 100,000
Diabetes 70,000
Page 2
Influenza & pneumonia 60,000
Riding in motor vehicles 40,000
Alzheimer’s 40,000
Falls 16,000
Poisoning 14,000
Suffocation 5,500
Pedestrians 4,800
Motorcycling 3,500
Drowning 3,000
Fires 2,600
Bicycling only 730! (the average from 1997 to 2007)
Falling out of bed 600
In other words, there are roughly 1000 heart disease deaths for every
bicycling death. Sedentary
lifestyles and increasing obesity are poised to put more pressure on
the American health care
system, through the top four causes of death. But bicycling can be
promoted as a very effective
method of reducing heart disease and other major ills.
Risk of fatality per hour participation: Failure Analysis Associates
(now Exponent Corp.)
evaluated fatalities per million hours exposure for a wide variety of
activities and situations.
(Exponent is the U.S.’s largest risk consultation firm, serving the
insurance industry.) In Design
News magazine, October 4, 1993, their proprietary analysis procedures
gave the following results:
Activity Fatalities per million hrs participation
Skydiving 128.71
General Aviation 15.58
On-road Motorcycling 8.80
Scuba Diving 1.98
Living (all causes of death) 1.53
Swimming 1.07
Snowmobiling 0.88
Passenger cars 0.47
Water skiing 0.28
Bicycling 0.26
Flying (domestic airlines) 0.15
Hunting 0.08
According to this data, bicycling is roughly four times as safe as
swimming, per hour exposure.
Yet bicycling is frequently saddled with warnings of danger, while
swimming enjoys an image of
safe family fun!
Page 3
Injuries per year:
In most cases, “injuries” quoted in statistics refer to presentations
to hospital emergency rooms.
Some selected sources of ER visits, and typical counts [source:
Statistical Abstract of the U.S.,
2003 and National Safety Council Accident Facts, 1997]
Stairs or steps 1,050,000
Floors 1,030,000
Basketball 690,000
Bicycles 590,000
Beds 466,000
Doors 350,000
Often, the number of injuries due to bicycling is presented as being
very large, and evidence of
great danger. But in a country the size of the U.S., all numbers are
large. If bicycling causes fewer
injuries than beds plus doors, should it be treated as excessively
dangerous? Furthermore, data
show that the great majority of bicyclist injuries receiving ER
treatment are minor, with the most
common injury being abrasions or “road rash.”
Injuries per month:
Powell et. al., “Injury Rates from Walking, Gardening, Weightlifting,
Outdoor Bicycling and
Aerobics”, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 1998, Vol. 30 pp.
1246-9 polled over 5000
people who had chosen at least one of those activities for exercise.
One question was whether the
participant had incurred an injury during the previous month. The
results:
Weightlifting: 2.4% of participants injured
Gardening or yard work: 1.6%
Aerobic Dance: 1.4%
Walking for exercise: 1.4%
Outdoor bicycling: 0.9%
Yes, bicycling caused fewer injuries per participant than walking or
gardening!
Page 4
Sports Injuries per Participant:
By their nature, sports involve strenuous use of the body, pushing
oneself to excel. But bicycling
is much more than a sport; it is useful for gentle recreation plus
transportation, and only a tiny
percentage of bicyclists ever compete in races; yet bicycling
sometimes appears in tables of sports
causing injuries. Due to bicycling’s huge recreation popularity, its
injury numbers appear large.
But comparison on a per-participant basis tells another tale.
The 1997 edition of National Safety Council’s Accident Facts counts
sports injuries, plus number
of participants for 1995. From that, we can compute the injuries per
million participants:
Sport Participants Injuries Injuries per million participants
Basketball 30,100,000 692,396 23,000
Football 20,400,000 389,463 19,091
Soccer 12,000,000 156,960 13,080
Bicycling 72,500,000* 586,808 8,094*
Ice skating 7,100,000 37,532 5,786
Roller skating 37,500,000 175,295 4,674
Volleyball 18,000,000 86,551 4,808
*In assembling the above data, “participants” were defined as those
who had engaged in the
activity more than once per year, except for bicycling, which for
unspecified reasons required
participating at least six times per year! Clearly, if counted
equally, bicycling’s participant count
would be much higher and injuries per participant correspondingly
lower.
Lifetime odds of death:
How likely is it that an American will die while riding a bicycle?
Extremely unlikely! The
National Safety Council (
http://nsc.org) has tabulated lifetime odds
of death from over 125 specific
activities or causes of death. Odds are expressed as “one chance out
of xxx” with higher numbers
representing greater safety. Here are some selected results:
Poisoning 139
Falls 184
Car occupant 272
Pedestrian 623
Motorcyclist 802
Drowning 1073
Fires in buildings 1529
Pedalcyclist 4147
Note that bicycling, with only 1 in 4147 chance of causing death, has
the best odds listed. And the
National Safety Council also shows that an American has a 1 in 7
chance of dying from heart
disease, which regular bicycling can help prevent!
Page 5
Brain injuries:
Since the marketing of bike helmets began in the 1970s, bicycling has
been portrayed as a great risk
for serious brain injury. However, dispassionate examination of data
shows this portrayal is false.
For example, as shown below, bicycling causes fewer than 1% of U.S.
brain injury fatalities.
The Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, in Victor G. Coronado
et. al., “Surveillance for
Traumatic Brain Injury Related Deaths, United States, 1997-2007”
Surveillance Summaries May
6, 2011 / 60(SS05); 1-32
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6005a1.htm?s_cid=ss6005a1_w
shows, in table 10, that for 1997-2007 there were an average of just
325 bicyclist traumatic brain
injury (TBI) fatalities per year. The total annual TBI fatalities from
all causes averaged 53014.
Activity Avg. TBI Fatalities/yr Percent of total
Motorists 7955 15%
Pedestrians 1825 3.4%
Motorcyclists 1361 2.6%
Bicyclists 325 only 0.6%
Also note from the above data that only 44.5% of cyclist fatalities
(325/730) were due to head
injuries. The occasional claim that 75% of fatally injured cyclists
die of head injuries is false.
Riding in traffic:
Is riding in traffic, as opposed to bike trails, dangerous? Moritz,
“Adult Bicyclists in the United
States... 1996”, Transportation Research Record 1636, found 15,150
miles ridden between
crashes on major roads without bike facilities.
Hoffman, “Bicycle Commuter Injury Prevention”, Journal of Trauma, Vol.
69, no.5, Nov. 2010
studied commuters in Portland, OR and found 6667 miles ridden between
even the smallest
injuries, and 25,600 miles ridden between any injury receiving any
medical attention at all,
even the briefest examination.
Aultman-Hall, “Toronto bicycle commuter safety rates”, Accident
Analysis & Prevention, 1999
Nov;31(6):675-86, found 77,600 miles ridden between injuries requiring
any medical
attention.
Kaplan, Jerrold, “Characteristics of the Regular Adult Bicycle User,”
1973, surveyed over 4000
adult members of a national cycling organization, the largest study of
its type. These cyclists
averaged 2,400 miles of riding per year; yet injuries of any kind were
rare, and serious injuries
much more rare. Riders sought medical treatment for injury only once
in 13,800 miles, or
approximately once in 14 years of riding. Very serious injuries (those
requiring extended
medical treatment) averaged once every 132,000 miles, or once in 57
years.
Page 6
Pedestrians vs. Bicyclists:
Data from several sources has shown that on average, bicycling is at
least as safe as walking! For
example, John Pucher of Rutgers University has shown that American
cyclists suffer only 109
fatalities per billion kilometers of riding, compared to 362
fatalities per billion kilometers for
pedestrian travel. Thus, cycling is over three times safer, per mile,
than walking. A later paper
by Pucher puts cycling’s estimate even better, at just 58 fatalities
per billion kilometers. That
means 10.7 million miles are ridden for each bike fatality. See
Pucher, J. “Making Walking&
Cycling Safer: Lessons from Europe” Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 54,
No. 3, summer 2000, and
Pucher, J. “Making Cycling Irresistible” Transport Reviews, Vol. 28,
2008
As shown above, there is copious data showing that Bicycling Is Safe.
There is no need for
extreme measures, segregated facilities, garish protective equipment
or super-human riding skills
to make it sufficiently safe. It is already safe when compared with
other common activities, even
as it is done today.
Could bicycling be made even safer? Yes - but again, the path to
increased safety is not
“innovative” facilities that violate logical traffic patterns. Studies
of bike crashes have shown that
approximately 50% are simple falls, almost all of which are minor.
Only 17% of crashes (or 26%
of serious crashes) involve automobiles, but approximately 90% of
cycling fatalities involve
crashes with cars.
But in roughly half of car-bike crashes, it is the bicyclist who is at
fault, often grossly at fault.
Riding under the influence of alcohol, riding facing traffic, riding
on sidewalks (a dangerous
practice), riding in the dark without lights, riding out from
driveways or stop signs in front of cars,
are all significant contributions to serious bike crashes. Bicyclists
who obey fundamental traffic
laws are roughly twice as safe as “average” cyclists.
Finally, there is more to be learned. Once a cyclist attains the
knowledge to obey the laws,
techniques known as Vehicular Cycling add even more safety. These
include the knowledge and
skill to avoid inviting close passes, by riding centered in narrow
lanes; to properly merge into
appropriate lanes at intersections; to avoid doors of parked cars that
could potentially open; and in
general, to ride in confidence, using a cyclist’s legal right to the
road.
In summary, bicycling should not be portrayed as dangerous. Under
current policies and laws,
ordinary bicycling on ordinary roads in America is not only safe, but
clearly beneficial. Bicycling’s
benefits greatly exceed its risks. Future policies and laws regarding
bicycling should be
informed by that fact, and by the realization that society is thus
unlikely to benefit from restrictions
placed on cycling.
- Frank Krygowski April 3, 2012
> That by itself proves that the document not only contains lies, but that Krygowski knows they are lies, and is trying to avoid discussion of his lies.
Non sequitur.
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- gpsman