#SpaceWatchME Op'ed: Asteroid Mining: Prospecting our Future?
Hayabusa, Credits: JAXA
(nice graphics at the site.)
It truly sounds like the stuff of science fiction, but using spacecraft to
prospect and mine asteroids in near space is fast becoming science fact. We
are well on the way to exhausting planet Earth's resources. SpaceWatch
Middle East contributing editor Helen Jameson, gives her take on Asteroid
Mining; Prospecting our Future?
We are fast running out of precious metals and minerals and we could
potentially be looking at a situation where we have only 50-60 years of
resources left. Space, the next frontier, appears to offer rich rewards for
those that are prepared to go and look for resources in space, and
asteroids, that are known to have deposited large amounts of their rich
materials on Earth over the millennia, are a logical starting point.
Asteroids are rich in minerals and other substances such as gold, silver,
platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhenium, tungsten and ruthenium along
with substances and gases such as water, ammonia, hydrogen and oxygen. The
exploitation of asteroids means that these raw materials could either be
used in space to help sustain astronauts for example, or even provide rocket
propellant for spacecraft to continue their journey. The other option is to
return asteroid material back to Earth for use. However, other options are
being discussed that would involve transporting the asteroid to a safe orbit
around the moon, Earth or even to the ISS to allow the majority of the
materials to be used and not wasted.
JAXA, the Japanese Space Agency, was the first to ever send a spacecraft to
the surface of an asteroid. In 2005, the Hayabusa spacecraft landed on the
Itokawa asteroid, a near Earth asteroid, and stayed on its surface for 30
minutes before launching itself back off into space and returning to Earth
in June 2010 where the re-entry capsule was retrieved from Woomera,
Australia. Unfortunately, the sampling sequence was not activated, but
despite this, Hayabusa did manage to collect some samples. This was a
pioneering mission for JAXA. Further analysis found that the particles that
were returned from Itokawa comprised minerals olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase
and iron sulphide.
Hayabusa, Credits: JAXA
The Itokawa asteroid was an S-Type asteroid, rich in metals. Other types of
asteroid include the C-type, which contains a high abundance of water, and
the X-type which contains many more times the amount of metals than an
S-type. These are the three different types of asteroid that lend themselves
to mining.
JAXA and other national space agencies such as NASA have launched a variety
of programmes that explore the exploitation of asteroids. For example, NASA's
OSIRIS-REx mission, which was successfully launched in September 2016, is
set to arrive at Bennu, a specially selected near-Earth asteroid. The
spacecraft will arrive at Bennu in October 2018 and study it in detail
before returning with a sample of material from its surface. The analysis of
the sample is hoped to enlighten scientists on how planets were formed and
how life began. It will also attempt to measure how the tiny push from
sunlight can alter the orbit of the asteroid to help scientists to gain more
knowledge on whether this could help them to predict the path of asteroids
and whether they present any threat to the Earth. NASA also is developing a
Robotic Asteroid Prospector Project to examine and evaluate the feasibility
of asteroid mining.
But there are some absolutely fascinating developments going on in the
private sector, with companies developing their own asteroid mining
capabilities. Deep Space Industries and Planetary Resources are leaders in
the private asteroid mining field. This is no simple sector to become
involved in. Can enough investment be secured? Could this outside sourcing
of precious metals and minerals result in lower value is their supply is
rapidly increased? This is a new, high-risk industry with long lead-times
and, above all, it is not yet proven. There are still enormous question
marks that hang over its feasibility. Yet we know the technology is out
there and the value of asteroids could be staggering. In September 2016,
there were 711 known asteroids with a value exceeding 10 trillion US
Dollars. The ten most realistic and best asteroid targets have an estimated
value of between 0.06 billion US Dollars and 1250 billion US Dollars.
Luxembourg: The Asteroid Mining Hub
When speaking about asteroid mining, there is one country that comes up in
conversation more than any other - and that is Luxembourg. It seems bizarre
that this tiny country has put itself at the very centre if the asteroid
mining business. However, if the concept of asteroid mining becomes a
reality, the truth is that Luxembourg is onto a very lucrative path.
The country already boasts the highest GDP per capita, and is very forward
thinking in terms of the fact that it is careful to diversify its
industries. The focus on asteroid mining is true evidence of this. In early
2016, the government of Luxembourg announced that it was basically
fast-tracking the development of the asteroid mining business by developing
a regulatory framework and financial incentives, co-investment in R&D and
eventual capital investment for companies that would seek to base themselves
within its borders. This would encourage the re-direction of some space
companies from Silicon Valley to Luxembourg so that increasing amounts of
R&D activity would take place there. Then, in November, Luxembourg passed a
law that any private companies based in the country, would be able to keep
any resources that they obtained from space, making the prospect of basing
themselves there even more attractive.
But it's not just Luxembourg that is positioning itself as a hub for space
resources. It seems that the UAE may be preparing, through legislation, to
become an economic exchange for space resources harvested by private
companies. In September 2016, The Précis' Michael Listner, reported that The
UAE National Space Policy's domestic space law: '.purportedly addresses both
the civil space sector and creates a private interest in commercial space
activities, which would fit together with the UAE's goal of becoming a
regional hub of space activities'. It is thought that within the law, there
is a provision for the development of a legal and regulatory framework that
would support future asteroid mining. This is similar to the Space Resource
law passed by the Obama Administration in 2015. This kind of legislation
would allow the UAE to become another space resource hub. Listner says: 'The
UAE would also include "space resources" in its domestic space law as a
hedge for the law's acceptance as customary international law, which would
allow the UAE to position itself as a legal and economic epicenter for
facilitating the acquisition of "space resources" and to act as an economic
exchange for their sale.'
However, Luxembourg has taken the first step in pushing through the
necessary legal and regulatory framework, and now is at the very forefront
of the asteroid mining industry. It does already have experience of hosting
commercial space companies such as global satellite operator SES that
operates over 50 satellites. One of the companies that it has already
succeeded in attracting is Deep Space Industries that has opened a
Luxembourg subsidiary.
Credits: Deep Space Industries
Deep Space Industries (DSI) aims to execute the world's first commercial
interplanetary mining mission with its Proposector-1 spacecraft.
Prospector-1 will fly to and rendezvous with a near-Earth asteroid in order
to determine its potential for value as a source of space resources. This
hugely ambitious project will be preceded by the Prospector-X mission.
Excitingly, this is slated for 2017, and will involve the launch of a
spacecraft that will demonstrate and test the key technology required for an
asteroid mining mission to be completed.
The company, which is partnered with the government of Luxembourg, is
focused upon the delivery of an affordable platform that can enable low-cost
space exploration. When fuelled the Prospector-1 spacecraft is expected to
weight just 50Kg. This, DSI believes, will enable the company to strike the
balance between cost and performance and the company is confident that its
ducks are in a row in terms of the team and technology.
Water is set to be the first substance to be obtained from an asteroid. The
Prospector-1 spacecraft will feature DSI's Comet water propulsion system,
and water mined from any asteroid will enable it to refuel in space, thus
creating sustainability. The actual job of selecting an asteroid that holds
the most potential in terms of resources will be tackled by a team of
experts at DSI. Once Prospector-1 arrives at the target asteroid, it will
map the surface and sub-surface, taking visual and infrared imagery and will
then use its water thrusters to attempt touchdown on its surface to measure
the asteroid's characteristics.
DSI's Chairman of the Board, Rick Tumlinson has stressed the importance of
being able to effectively 'live off the land' in deep space and believes
that this will herald an era of unlimited economic expansion.
Arkyd; Credits: Planetary Resources
Planetary Resources, another private asteroid mining company, has secured
funding from the government of Luxembourg. In June last year, the company
signed an agreement with the government that means that it is considering a
direct capital investment in the company's Luxembourg subsidiary. Planetary
Resources intends to invest this funding into R&D activities that will
enable it to develop its technologies. It is intended that the company's
Earth observation business, Ceres, will generate revenue and intellectual
property in Europe and around the world which will further develop the
technologies and services required for asteroid prospecting missions. The
company has already garnered some big names and investors such as James
Cameron and Richard Branson.
Core hardware and software technologies developed at Planetary Resources
were tested last year when the Arkyd-3R satellite was deployed from the
International Space Station. The company has completed its next spacecraft,
the Arkyd-6. This mission will validate the thermographic sensor that will
precisely measure temperature differences of objects on Earth, and when
deployed on future asteroid missions it will acquire key data related to the
presence of water and water-bearing minerals on asteroids.
Also focused, like DSI, on low-cost interplanetary exploration, Planetary
Resources has brought all its capabilities under one roof. It has vertically
integrated its processes so that 90 percent of its systems are built
in-house, helping to keep costs down.
Legal and Regulatory Challenges
The technology to allow asteroid mining is available or in development, but
there are a whole host of legal questions that are still to be answered -
and this potentially raises a much bigger problem than actually harvesting
the resources!
The current legal situation looks like this.
As it stands, the Outer Space Treaty (OST), which was signed in 1967, says
that the moon or any other celestial body 'is not subject to national
appropriation by claim of sovereignty'. However, once asteroid mining
companies begin operations, the question is who owns the harvested
resources? The law passed in the United States in 2015 states that companies
that mine the asteroids will be permitted to 'possess, own, transport, use
and sell' their resources. Luxembourg has also passed a similar law that
grants ownership of the resources to the company that mined them. This
blatantly violates the OST.
Legal experts are calling for calm and a measured approach to what could
result in a myriad of problems. As we have seen, Luxembourg, the UAE and the
US are already preparing the ground for asteroid mining activities, and
surely it will not stop there. Other countries will be eager to get involved
in what is set to be an extremely lucrative business. So, it is vitally
important that this does not become a free-for-all. With talk of a base on
the moon with 3D printing facilities to equip asteroid mining missions, this
is set to become even more complex and challenging. It will be critical to
get the legal framework right in the first place, because once it is in
place, it is difficult to reverse. This is a very tricky scenario and will
demand the coming together of everyone involved to decide upon the best path
forward.
A Lucrative Leap into the Unknown?
Low cost interplanetary exploration. Harvesting of space resources.
Sustainability in space. It's hard to believe we are at this point - but we
are. Yes it's risky - very risky and no one can be sure how just how
successful it will be. However, facts are facts. Has a spacecraft landed on
an asteroid? Yes. Has the spacecraft managed to take a sample from that
asteroid? Yes. Has the sample been safely returned to Earth? Yes. The fact
that this has been achieved pushes asteroid mining well into the realms of
possibility. There are massive challenges ahead. How will the space
resources be identified? How can the infrastructure required to process said
resources be constructed and maintained? How will the resources be returned
to Earth? The technologies are being developed and some already exist. So
now it will take companies and bold leaders with great ambition to ensure
that this becomes a reality. In the long-term, this could herald massive
opportunity for small countries, like Luxembourg, to become involved in and
diversify their economy through asteroid mining.
For the pioneers, DSI and Planetary Resources, this is the time. Talk is
truly turning to space for all sorts of reasons, but given the situation
here on Earth, where resources are depleting rapidly, they are presenting
what appears to be a realistic alternative. This is an extremely exciting
time where, in the coming years, perhaps even this year, we will see some
major developments that put mankind on the road to successful mining of
asteroids.
Even more pressing than the technology is the legal framework that will
govern asteroid mining activities. If it is not right, it could be hugely
damaging and could even result in political tensions as increasing amounts
of countries become involved.
As with everything in space, things take time, but there is the appetite to
make this a success with famous backers and a government like Luxembourg
that is prepared to put its neck on the line to make the sector a reality -
and quickly. With the majority of funding coming from the private sector,
and through international partnerships such as the one signed between DSI
and MxSpace, it certainly gives the feeling that there is a quite solid
chance of success.
Asteroid mining? What a time to be alive!
Original published at:
http://spacewatchme.com/2017/02/asteroid-mining-prospecting-future/
http://spacewatchme.com/2017/02/asteroid-mining-prospecting-future/