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OT true - Asteroid Mining: Prospecting our Future?

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a425couple

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Feb 5, 2017, 1:40:54 PM2/5/17
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#SpaceWatchME Op'ed: Asteroid Mining: Prospecting our Future?
Hayabusa, Credits: JAXA

(nice graphics at the site.)

It truly sounds like the stuff of science fiction, but using spacecraft to
prospect and mine asteroids in near space is fast becoming science fact. We
are well on the way to exhausting planet Earth's resources. SpaceWatch
Middle East contributing editor Helen Jameson, gives her take on Asteroid
Mining; Prospecting our Future?

We are fast running out of precious metals and minerals and we could
potentially be looking at a situation where we have only 50-60 years of
resources left. Space, the next frontier, appears to offer rich rewards for
those that are prepared to go and look for resources in space, and
asteroids, that are known to have deposited large amounts of their rich
materials on Earth over the millennia, are a logical starting point.

Asteroids are rich in minerals and other substances such as gold, silver,
platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhenium, tungsten and ruthenium along
with substances and gases such as water, ammonia, hydrogen and oxygen. The
exploitation of asteroids means that these raw materials could either be
used in space to help sustain astronauts for example, or even provide rocket
propellant for spacecraft to continue their journey. The other option is to
return asteroid material back to Earth for use. However, other options are
being discussed that would involve transporting the asteroid to a safe orbit
around the moon, Earth or even to the ISS to allow the majority of the
materials to be used and not wasted.

JAXA, the Japanese Space Agency, was the first to ever send a spacecraft to
the surface of an asteroid. In 2005, the Hayabusa spacecraft landed on the
Itokawa asteroid, a near Earth asteroid, and stayed on its surface for 30
minutes before launching itself back off into space and returning to Earth
in June 2010 where the re-entry capsule was retrieved from Woomera,
Australia. Unfortunately, the sampling sequence was not activated, but
despite this, Hayabusa did manage to collect some samples. This was a
pioneering mission for JAXA. Further analysis found that the particles that
were returned from Itokawa comprised minerals olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase
and iron sulphide.
Hayabusa, Credits: JAXA

The Itokawa asteroid was an S-Type asteroid, rich in metals. Other types of
asteroid include the C-type, which contains a high abundance of water, and
the X-type which contains many more times the amount of metals than an
S-type. These are the three different types of asteroid that lend themselves
to mining.

JAXA and other national space agencies such as NASA have launched a variety
of programmes that explore the exploitation of asteroids. For example, NASA's
OSIRIS-REx mission, which was successfully launched in September 2016, is
set to arrive at Bennu, a specially selected near-Earth asteroid. The
spacecraft will arrive at Bennu in October 2018 and study it in detail
before returning with a sample of material from its surface. The analysis of
the sample is hoped to enlighten scientists on how planets were formed and
how life began. It will also attempt to measure how the tiny push from
sunlight can alter the orbit of the asteroid to help scientists to gain more
knowledge on whether this could help them to predict the path of asteroids
and whether they present any threat to the Earth. NASA also is developing a
Robotic Asteroid Prospector Project to examine and evaluate the feasibility
of asteroid mining.

But there are some absolutely fascinating developments going on in the
private sector, with companies developing their own asteroid mining
capabilities. Deep Space Industries and Planetary Resources are leaders in
the private asteroid mining field. This is no simple sector to become
involved in. Can enough investment be secured? Could this outside sourcing
of precious metals and minerals result in lower value is their supply is
rapidly increased? This is a new, high-risk industry with long lead-times
and, above all, it is not yet proven. There are still enormous question
marks that hang over its feasibility. Yet we know the technology is out
there and the value of asteroids could be staggering. In September 2016,
there were 711 known asteroids with a value exceeding 10 trillion US
Dollars. The ten most realistic and best asteroid targets have an estimated
value of between 0.06 billion US Dollars and 1250 billion US Dollars.

Luxembourg: The Asteroid Mining Hub

When speaking about asteroid mining, there is one country that comes up in
conversation more than any other - and that is Luxembourg. It seems bizarre
that this tiny country has put itself at the very centre if the asteroid
mining business. However, if the concept of asteroid mining becomes a
reality, the truth is that Luxembourg is onto a very lucrative path.

The country already boasts the highest GDP per capita, and is very forward
thinking in terms of the fact that it is careful to diversify its
industries. The focus on asteroid mining is true evidence of this. In early
2016, the government of Luxembourg announced that it was basically
fast-tracking the development of the asteroid mining business by developing
a regulatory framework and financial incentives, co-investment in R&D and
eventual capital investment for companies that would seek to base themselves
within its borders. This would encourage the re-direction of some space
companies from Silicon Valley to Luxembourg so that increasing amounts of
R&D activity would take place there. Then, in November, Luxembourg passed a
law that any private companies based in the country, would be able to keep
any resources that they obtained from space, making the prospect of basing
themselves there even more attractive.

But it's not just Luxembourg that is positioning itself as a hub for space
resources. It seems that the UAE may be preparing, through legislation, to
become an economic exchange for space resources harvested by private
companies. In September 2016, The Précis' Michael Listner, reported that The
UAE National Space Policy's domestic space law: '.purportedly addresses both
the civil space sector and creates a private interest in commercial space
activities, which would fit together with the UAE's goal of becoming a
regional hub of space activities'. It is thought that within the law, there
is a provision for the development of a legal and regulatory framework that
would support future asteroid mining. This is similar to the Space Resource
law passed by the Obama Administration in 2015. This kind of legislation
would allow the UAE to become another space resource hub. Listner says: 'The
UAE would also include "space resources" in its domestic space law as a
hedge for the law's acceptance as customary international law, which would
allow the UAE to position itself as a legal and economic epicenter for
facilitating the acquisition of "space resources" and to act as an economic
exchange for their sale.'

However, Luxembourg has taken the first step in pushing through the
necessary legal and regulatory framework, and now is at the very forefront
of the asteroid mining industry. It does already have experience of hosting
commercial space companies such as global satellite operator SES that
operates over 50 satellites. One of the companies that it has already
succeeded in attracting is Deep Space Industries that has opened a
Luxembourg subsidiary.
Credits: Deep Space Industries

Deep Space Industries (DSI) aims to execute the world's first commercial
interplanetary mining mission with its Proposector-1 spacecraft.
Prospector-1 will fly to and rendezvous with a near-Earth asteroid in order
to determine its potential for value as a source of space resources. This
hugely ambitious project will be preceded by the Prospector-X mission.
Excitingly, this is slated for 2017, and will involve the launch of a
spacecraft that will demonstrate and test the key technology required for an
asteroid mining mission to be completed.

The company, which is partnered with the government of Luxembourg, is
focused upon the delivery of an affordable platform that can enable low-cost
space exploration. When fuelled the Prospector-1 spacecraft is expected to
weight just 50Kg. This, DSI believes, will enable the company to strike the
balance between cost and performance and the company is confident that its
ducks are in a row in terms of the team and technology.

Water is set to be the first substance to be obtained from an asteroid. The
Prospector-1 spacecraft will feature DSI's Comet water propulsion system,
and water mined from any asteroid will enable it to refuel in space, thus
creating sustainability. The actual job of selecting an asteroid that holds
the most potential in terms of resources will be tackled by a team of
experts at DSI. Once Prospector-1 arrives at the target asteroid, it will
map the surface and sub-surface, taking visual and infrared imagery and will
then use its water thrusters to attempt touchdown on its surface to measure
the asteroid's characteristics.

DSI's Chairman of the Board, Rick Tumlinson has stressed the importance of
being able to effectively 'live off the land' in deep space and believes
that this will herald an era of unlimited economic expansion.
Arkyd; Credits: Planetary Resources

Planetary Resources, another private asteroid mining company, has secured
funding from the government of Luxembourg. In June last year, the company
signed an agreement with the government that means that it is considering a
direct capital investment in the company's Luxembourg subsidiary. Planetary
Resources intends to invest this funding into R&D activities that will
enable it to develop its technologies. It is intended that the company's
Earth observation business, Ceres, will generate revenue and intellectual
property in Europe and around the world which will further develop the
technologies and services required for asteroid prospecting missions. The
company has already garnered some big names and investors such as James
Cameron and Richard Branson.

Core hardware and software technologies developed at Planetary Resources
were tested last year when the Arkyd-3R satellite was deployed from the
International Space Station. The company has completed its next spacecraft,
the Arkyd-6. This mission will validate the thermographic sensor that will
precisely measure temperature differences of objects on Earth, and when
deployed on future asteroid missions it will acquire key data related to the
presence of water and water-bearing minerals on asteroids.

Also focused, like DSI, on low-cost interplanetary exploration, Planetary
Resources has brought all its capabilities under one roof. It has vertically
integrated its processes so that 90 percent of its systems are built
in-house, helping to keep costs down.

Legal and Regulatory Challenges

The technology to allow asteroid mining is available or in development, but
there are a whole host of legal questions that are still to be answered -
and this potentially raises a much bigger problem than actually harvesting
the resources!

The current legal situation looks like this.

As it stands, the Outer Space Treaty (OST), which was signed in 1967, says
that the moon or any other celestial body 'is not subject to national
appropriation by claim of sovereignty'. However, once asteroid mining
companies begin operations, the question is who owns the harvested
resources? The law passed in the United States in 2015 states that companies
that mine the asteroids will be permitted to 'possess, own, transport, use
and sell' their resources. Luxembourg has also passed a similar law that
grants ownership of the resources to the company that mined them. This
blatantly violates the OST.

Legal experts are calling for calm and a measured approach to what could
result in a myriad of problems. As we have seen, Luxembourg, the UAE and the
US are already preparing the ground for asteroid mining activities, and
surely it will not stop there. Other countries will be eager to get involved
in what is set to be an extremely lucrative business. So, it is vitally
important that this does not become a free-for-all. With talk of a base on
the moon with 3D printing facilities to equip asteroid mining missions, this
is set to become even more complex and challenging. It will be critical to
get the legal framework right in the first place, because once it is in
place, it is difficult to reverse. This is a very tricky scenario and will
demand the coming together of everyone involved to decide upon the best path
forward.

A Lucrative Leap into the Unknown?

Low cost interplanetary exploration. Harvesting of space resources.
Sustainability in space. It's hard to believe we are at this point - but we
are. Yes it's risky - very risky and no one can be sure how just how
successful it will be. However, facts are facts. Has a spacecraft landed on
an asteroid? Yes. Has the spacecraft managed to take a sample from that
asteroid? Yes. Has the sample been safely returned to Earth? Yes. The fact
that this has been achieved pushes asteroid mining well into the realms of
possibility. There are massive challenges ahead. How will the space
resources be identified? How can the infrastructure required to process said
resources be constructed and maintained? How will the resources be returned
to Earth? The technologies are being developed and some already exist. So
now it will take companies and bold leaders with great ambition to ensure
that this becomes a reality. In the long-term, this could herald massive
opportunity for small countries, like Luxembourg, to become involved in and
diversify their economy through asteroid mining.

For the pioneers, DSI and Planetary Resources, this is the time. Talk is
truly turning to space for all sorts of reasons, but given the situation
here on Earth, where resources are depleting rapidly, they are presenting
what appears to be a realistic alternative. This is an extremely exciting
time where, in the coming years, perhaps even this year, we will see some
major developments that put mankind on the road to successful mining of
asteroids.

Even more pressing than the technology is the legal framework that will
govern asteroid mining activities. If it is not right, it could be hugely
damaging and could even result in political tensions as increasing amounts
of countries become involved.

As with everything in space, things take time, but there is the appetite to
make this a success with famous backers and a government like Luxembourg
that is prepared to put its neck on the line to make the sector a reality -
and quickly. With the majority of funding coming from the private sector,
and through international partnerships such as the one signed between DSI
and MxSpace, it certainly gives the feeling that there is a quite solid
chance of success.

Asteroid mining? What a time to be alive!

Original published at:
http://spacewatchme.com/2017/02/asteroid-mining-prospecting-future/

http://spacewatchme.com/2017/02/asteroid-mining-prospecting-future/

a425couple

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Feb 5, 2017, 3:45:08 PM2/5/17
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"a425couple" <a425c...@hotmail.com> wrote in message ...
> #SpaceWatchME Op'ed: Asteroid Mining: Prospecting our Future?
> Hayabusa, Credits: JAXA
> http://spacewatchme.com/2017/02/asteroid-mining-prospecting-future/ (nice
> graphics at the site.)

One of the nice graphics was titled,
"The Space Economy: a modern day gold rush"

This is the best 'other site' copy of it I found.
http://pandawhale.com/post/49925/asteroid-mining-and-the-space-economy-a-modern-day-gold-rush

Does anyone know how to get the words,
without the graphics?

The below are repeats of the graphics.
The Space Economy: A Modern Day Gold Rush | Planetary Resources
www.planetaryresources.com/2012/.../the-space-economy-a-modern-day-gold-rush-2...
Apr 24, 2012 - The Space Economy: A Modern Day Gold Rush. Tags: asteroids.
investment. Asteroid mining will create a trillion-dollar industry. Space-
...
The Space Economy - a Modern Day Gold Rush? - Relatively ...
www.relativelyinteresting.com/the-space-economy-a-modern-day-gold-rush/
Oct 22, 2012 - This infographic takes into consideration the economic
potential of space objects, like asteroids.
Luxembourg hopes to spur the next 'gold rush' in space | Public Radio ...
https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-02.../luxembourg-hopes-spur-next-gold-rush-space
Feb 3, 2016 - Luxembourg hopes to spur the next 'gold rush' in space ... "In
the long-term, space resources could lead to a thriving new space economy
and human ... from the International Space Station last year and carried out
a 90-day ...
"The Space Economy: A Modern Day Gold Rush" infographic from ...
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/553872454143032134/
"The Space Economy: A Modern Day Gold Rush" infographic from Planetary
Resources. | See more about Gold Rush, Asteroid Mining and Infographic.
The space economy: a modern day gold rush | Oksana Zhelnina ...
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/space-economy-modern-day-gold-rush-oksana-zhelnina
Jun 25, 2016 - One week from today, the final curtain will be drawn on the
2016 Summer Olympics, and life in Rio de Janeiro will begin to return to
normal.
Asteroid Mining and the Space Economy: A Modern Day Gold Rush ...
pandawhale.com/.../asteroid-mining-and-the-space-economy-a-modern-day-gold-rus...
Aug 31, 2014 - Asteroid Mining and the Space Economy: A Modern Day Gold
Rush. Jared Sperli stashed this in space · Asteroid Mining and the Space ...
The New Gold Rush - The Riches of Space Beckon! | Joseph N. Pelton ...
www.springer.com/us/book/9783319392721
Innovative space industries are vital to the survival of modern human life,
and ... this new industry will have profound effects on Earth, especially on
its economy.
The Space Economy: A Modern Day Gold Rush ...
https://unophilosophyphysics.blogspot.com/.../the-space-economy-modern-day-gold-...
The Space Economy: A Modern Day Gold Rush............................ One.
Posted 24th March 2015 by Mario Antonio. 0 ...
The Space Economy - Modern Gold Rush - Infographic - The Main ...
www.themainstreetanalyst.com/the-space-economy-modern-gold-rush-infographic/
The Space Economy - Modern Gold Rush - Infographic. by V. · May 17, 2012.
Asteroid mining is now being touted as the next frontier for minerals and
with big ...
Planetary Resources on Twitter: "The Space Economy: A Modern Day ...
https://twitter.com/planetaryrsrcs/status/199571811552342019
May 7, 2012 - ... @PlanetaryRsrcs 7 May 2012. The Space Economy: A Modern
Day Gold Rush, how asteroid mining will create a trillion-dollar industry
...

Michael F. Stemper

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Feb 5, 2017, 7:01:31 PM2/5/17
to
On 2017-02-05 14:44, a425couple wrote:
> "a425couple" <a425c...@hotmail.com> wrote in message ...
>> #SpaceWatchME Op'ed: Asteroid Mining: Prospecting our Future?
>> Hayabusa, Credits: JAXA
>> http://spacewatchme.com/2017/02/asteroid-mining-prospecting-future/
>> (nice graphics at the site.)
>
> One of the nice graphics was titled,
> "The Space Economy: a modern day gold rush"
>
> This is the best 'other site' copy of it I found.
> http://pandawhale.com/post/49925/asteroid-mining-and-the-space-economy-a-modern-day-gold-rush
>
>
> Does anyone know how to get the words,
> without the graphics?

It depends upon your browser. Here's how to do it in Firefox:
<http://www.ghacks.net/2015/03/24/how-to-turn-off-images-in-firefox/>

I was surprised, because it used to be an option available right from
the menu bar.

--
Michael F. Stemper
87.3% of all statistics are made up by the person giving them.

David DeLaney

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Feb 6, 2017, 12:56:14 AM2/6/17
to
On 2017-02-05, a425couple <a425c...@hotmail.com> quoted, so he's not
actually responsible for these opinions & words:

> It truly sounds like the stuff of science fiction, but using spacecraft to
> prospect and mine asteroids in near space is fast becoming science fact. We
> are well on the way to exhausting planet Earth's resources.

Nonsense. Only an extremely tiny percentage of Earth's resources have ever
left its gravity well, and almost all of that was light gases. The resources
are _all still here_.

You may MEAN "easily exploitable resources in forms that let us extract work
from them or easily craft them". But that's not what you SAID.

Plus which we get an extreme amount of free energy input every day. We're
just not USING most of it.

> We are fast running out of precious metals and minerals

These are just about all _still here_. You're thinking of "in the form of ore
extracted from mines that can be shaped into precious metals and minerals",
almost certainly. About the only place you can actually get RID of metals and
minerals is 'into the sea', and it's got enough dissolved in it that you can
extract them back OUT of it.

It's like saying "we're running out of grain" when what we're running out of
is the specific strain Monsanto offered for sale in 2013, copyright by them.

This is not to dispute that asteroid mining _could_ get us lots more easily-
exploitable elements and minerals, ready to craft with. Just pointing out that
your language is way off with respect to what we already have access to down
_here_, at the well's bottom.

{And remember that anything involving both asteroid mining AND using the
results here on Earth will, of necessity, involve getting the product DOWN
that well... so yeah, plan first on shaping and using it in space, THEN tackle
the hard problem. Preferably without destroying Sydney by accident.}

> where resources are

not

> depleting rapidly,

just becoming more inconvenient to get at / make / craft

Dave
--
\/David DeLaney posting thru EarthLink - "It's not the pot that grows the flower
It's not the clock that slows the hour The definition's plain for anyone to see
Love is all it takes to make a family" - R&P. VISUALIZE HAPPYNET VRbeable<BLINK>
gatekeeper.vic.com/~dbd - net.legends FAQ & Magic / I WUV you in all CAPS! --K.

Peter Trei

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Feb 6, 2017, 9:47:22 AM2/6/17
to
On Monday, February 6, 2017 at 12:56:14 AM UTC-5, David DeLaney wrote:

> {And remember that anything involving both asteroid mining AND using the
> results here on Earth will, of necessity, involve getting the product DOWN
> that well... so yeah, plan first on shaping and using it in space, THEN tackle
> the hard problem. Preferably without destroying Sydney by accident.}

I wonder how getting bulk metals down from orbit varies from getting squishy
humans down safely. It's quite common for the heavier metal portions of
satellites in LEO to make it through re-entry and land without making any
crater to speak of, having slowed to terminal velocity.

Of course, metal meteors land all the time, burning off some portion of
their bulk as they do so. They are coming in a lot faster than LEO satellite
fragments.

I imagine that wrapping a chunk of metal asteroid in a thick layer of ablative
foam might reduce the cross-sectional density enough that it slows down quickly
in the atmosphere.

The insurance and security issues might be difficult to overcome.

pt

Greg Goss

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Feb 6, 2017, 10:35:34 AM2/6/17
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Peter Trei <pete...@gmail.com> wrote:

>I wonder how getting bulk metals down from orbit varies from getting squishy
>humans down safely. It's quite common for the heavier metal portions of
>satellites in LEO to make it through re-entry and land without making any
>crater to speak of, having slowed to terminal velocity.
>
>Of course, metal meteors land all the time, burning off some portion of
>their bulk as they do so. They are coming in a lot faster than LEO satellite
>fragments.
>
>I imagine that wrapping a chunk of metal asteroid in a thick layer of ablative
>foam might reduce the cross-sectional density enough that it slows down quickly
>in the atmosphere.
>
>The insurance and security issues might be difficult to overcome.

You probably want to foam a considerable amount of the metal so that
the resulting "lander" can come down on an ocean and not-sink. That's
easier than thumping it down onto Siberia and trying to gather the
pieces.
--
We are geeks. Resistance is voltage over current.

a425couple

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Feb 6, 2017, 11:51:08 AM2/6/17
to
"David DeLaney" <davidd...@earthlink.net> wrote in message...
> a425couple <a425c...@hotmail.com>

> quoted, so he's not actually responsible for these opinions & words:

Yes, that post was/is just a clean and pure posting of
an article that had 'interesting' and on topic information.
It contained no words, or opinion of mine.

>> It truly sounds like the stuff of science fiction, but using spacecraft
>> to
>> prospect and mine asteroids in near space is fast becoming science fact.
>> We
>> are well on the way to exhausting planet Earth's resources.
>
> Nonsense. Only an extremely tiny percentage of Earth's resources have ever
> left its gravity well, and almost all of that was light gases. The
> resources
> are _all still here_.
> You may MEAN "easily exploitable resources in forms that let us extract
> work
> from them or easily craft them". -------

I agree. I was intending on doing a follow-up or 'reply'
to disagree with the overstated article.

> This is not to dispute that asteroid mining _could_ get us lots more
> easily-
> exploitable elements and minerals, ready to craft with. -----
> {And remember that anything involving both asteroid mining AND using the
> results here on Earth will, of necessity, involve getting the product DOWN
> that well... so yeah, plan first on shaping and using it in space, THEN
> tackle
> the hard problem. Preferably without destroying Sydney by accident.}

I am somewhat surprised that I have not found any estimates
or guesses, about the cost getting wanted metals, and altering
them into earth orbit, and delivering down to earth.
Do it somehow with 'raw ore' direct from asteroid?
Or, have a small refinery to at least mostly refine it?

Years away, It seems most likely to me that the biggest use of
"Asteroid Mining" will be to construct our interplanetary
spacecraft. It seems much more efficient to do it
1) out of our gravety well, and
2) in space where aerodynamics do not matter.

a425couple

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Feb 6, 2017, 12:58:15 PM2/6/17
to
"David DeLaney" <davidd...@earthlink.net> wrote in message...
> a425couple <a425c...@hotmail.com> quoted,
>
> {And remember that anything involving both asteroid mining AND using the
> results here on Earth will, of necessity, involve getting the product DOWN
> that well... so yeah, plan first on shaping and using it in space, THEN
> tackle
> the hard problem. Preferably without destroying Sydney by accident.}

OK, it keeps nagging at edges of my memory
(the "without destroying Sydney by accident." line).

Is that something from an Arthur Clarke book?

Magewolf

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Feb 7, 2017, 10:58:02 AM2/7/17
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It brings to mind the first space colony drop from Mobile Suit Gundam.
They were trying to hit a fortress in South America but due to
interference it ends up taking out Sydney,and nothing of value was lost.

David DeLaney

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Feb 8, 2017, 12:31:43 AM2/8/17
to
On 2017-02-06, a425couple <a425c...@hotmail.com> wrote:
> "David DeLaney" <davidd...@earthlink.net> wrote in message...
>> {And remember that anything involving both asteroid mining AND using the
>> results here on Earth will, of necessity, involve getting the product DOWN
>> that well... so yeah, plan first on shaping and using it in space, THEN
>> tackle the hard problem. Preferably without destroying Sydney by accident.}
>
> OK, it keeps nagging at edges of my memory
> (the "without destroying Sydney by accident." line).
>
> Is that something from an Arthur Clarke book?

Not that I know of, apologies; it came out of my brain into my fingers. So now
I guess it's in your brain?

Dave, conductor, when you receive a fare / punch in the presence of the
passen-jare!
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